A dissociation between causal judgement and the ease with which a cause is categorized with its effect

REFERENCES

• Baeyens , F. , Vervliet , B. , Vansteenwegen , D. , Beckers , T. , Hermans , D. and Eelen , P. 2004 . Simultaneous and sequential feature negative discriminations: Elemental learning and occasion setting in human Pavlovian conditioning . Learning and Motivation , 35 : 136 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batsell , W. R. , Paschall , G. Y. , Gleason , D. I. and Batson , J. D. 2001 . Taste preconditioning augments odor-aversion learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 27 : 30 – 47 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman , G. B. and Robbins , S. J. 1990 . Cue interaction in human contingency judgment . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Memory and Cognition , 18 : 537 – 545 .
   Google Scholar
• De Houwer , J. , Beckers , T. and Glautier , S. 2002 . Outcome and cue properties modulate blocking . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 55A : 965 – 985 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson , A. 2001 . Causal learning: An associative analysis . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 54B : 3 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson , A. , Shanks , D. and Evenden , J. 1984 . Judgment of act–outcome contingency: The role of selective attribution . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 36A : 29 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlach , P. J. and Rescorla , R. A. 1980 . Potentiation rather than overshadowing in flavor-aversion learning: An analysis in terms of within-compound associations . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 6 : 175 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopnik , A. , Glymour , C. , Sobel , D. M. , Schulz , L. E. , Kushnir , T. and Danks , D. 2004 . A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets . Psychological Review , 111 : 3 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , G. 1996 . Learning about associatively activated representations: Implications for acquired equivalence and perceptual learning . Animal Learning & Behavior , 24 : 233 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , G. , Mitchell , C. J. , Graham , S. and Lavis , Y. 2003 . Acquired equivalence and distinctiveness in human discrimination learning: Evidence for associative mediation . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 132 : 266 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , P. C. 1990 . Event representation in Pavlovian conditioning: Image and action . Cognition , 37 : 105 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacoby , L. L. , Toth , J. P. , Yonelinas , A. P. and Debner , J. A. 1994 . The relationship between conscious and unconscious influences: Independence or redundancy? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 123 : 216 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1983 . Mental models , Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kamin , L. J. 1969 . “ Predictability, surprise, attention and conditioning ” . In Punishment and aversive behavior , Edited by: Campbell , B. A. and Church , R. M. 279 – 296 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Karazinov , D. M. and Boakes , R. A. 2004 . Learning about cues that prevent an outcome: Conditioned inhibition and differential inhibition in human predictive learning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 57B : 153 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karazinov , D. M. and Boakes , R. A. 2007 . Second-order conditioning in human predictive judgements when there is little time to think . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 448 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Pelley , M. E. , Oakeshott , S. M. and McLaren , I. P. L. 2005 . Blocking and unblocking in human causal learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 31 : 56 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond , P. F. , Been , S. , Mitchell , C. J. , Bouton , M. E. and Frohardt , R. 2003 . Forward and backward blocking of causal judgment is enhanced by additivity of effect magnitude . Memory & Cognition , 31 : 133 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackintosh , N. J. 1975 . A theory of attention: Variation in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement . Psychological Review , 82 : 276 – 298 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , R. R. and Matzel , L. D. 1988 . “ The comparator hypothesis: A response rule for the expression of associations ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 22 , 51 – 92 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , C. J. and Lovibond , P. F. 2002 . Backward and forward blocking in human electrodermal conditioning: Blocking requires an assumption of outcome additivity . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 55B : 311 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , C. J. , Lovibond , P. F. and Gan , C. 2005 . A dissociation between memory and causal judgments . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 12 : 950 – 954 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell , C. J. , Lovibond , P. F. , Minard , E. and Lavis , Y. 2006 . Forward blocking in human learning sometimes reflects the failure to encode a cue–outcome relationship . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 59 : 830 – 844 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien , R. G. and Kaiser , M. K. 1985 . MANOVA method for analyzing repeated measures designs: An extensive primer . Psychological Bulletin , 97 : 316 – 333 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlov , I. P. 1927 . Conditioned reflexes , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pineño , O. and Miller , R. R. 2007 . Comparing associative, statistical, and inferential reasoning accounts of human contingency learning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 310 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rescorla , R. A. and Wagner , A. R. 1972 . “ A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement ” . In Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory , Edited by: Black , A. H. and Prokasy , W. F. 64 – 99 . New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts .
   Google Scholar
• Rizley , R. C. and Rescorla , R. A. 1972 . Associations in second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning . Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology , 81 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks , D. R. , López , F. J. , Darby , R. J. and Dickinson , A. 1996 . “ Distinguishing associative and probabilistic contrast theories of human contingency judgment ” . In Causal learning , Edited by: Shanks , D. R. , Holyoak , K. and Medin , D. L. 265 – 311 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waldmann , M. R. 2000 . Competition among causes but not effects in predictive and diagnostic learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition , 26 : 53 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin , H. , Barnet , R. C. and Miller , R. R. 1994 . Second-order conditioning and Pavlovian conditioned inhibition: Operational similarities and differences . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes , 20 : 419 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar