4,067
Views
177
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Fine cuts of empathy and the amygdala: Dissociable deficits in psychopathy and autism

Pages 157-170 | Published online: 30 Sep 2010

REFERENCES

  • Adolphs , R. 2002 . Neural systems for recognizing emotion . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 12 : 169 – 177 .
  • Adolphs , R. 2003 . Is the human amygdala specialized for processing social information? . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 985 : 326 – 340 .
  • Adolphs , R. , Baron-Cohen , S. and Tranel , D. 2002 . Impaired recognition of social emotions following amygdala damage . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 14 : 1264 – 1274 .
  • Adolphs , R. , Gosselin , F. , Buchanan , T. W. , Tranel , D. , Schyns , P. and Damasio , A. R. 2005 . A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage . Nature , 433 : 68 – 72 .
  • Adolphs , R. , Sears , L. and Piven , J. 2001 . Abnormal processing of social information from faces in autism . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 13 : 232 – 240 .
  • Adolphs , R. , Tranel , D. and Damasio , A. R. 1998 . The human amygdala in social judgment . Nature , 393 : 470 – 474 .
  • Amaral , D. G. 2003 . The amygdala, social behavior, and danger detection . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1000 : 337 – 347 .
  • Amaral , D. G. , Bauman , M. D. , Capitanio , J. P. , Lavenex , P. , Mason , W. A. Mauldin-Jourdain , M. L. 2003 . The amygdala: Is it an essential component of the neural network for social cognition? . Neuropsychologia , 41 : 517 – 522 .
  • American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , (4 , Washington, DC : Author .
  • Arsenio , W. F. and Fleiss , K. 1996 . Typical and behaviourally disruptive children's understanding of the emotion consequences of socio-moral events . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 14 : 173 – 186 .
  • Ashwin , C. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Wheelwright , S. , O'Riordan , M. and Bullmore , E. T. 2007 . Differential activation of the amygdala and the “social brain” during fearful face-processing in Asperger syndrome . Neuropsychologia , 45 : 2 – 14 .
  • Attwood , A. , Frith , U. and Hermelin , B. 1988 . The understanding and use of interpersonal gestures by autistic and Down's syndrome children . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 18 : 241 – 257 .
  • Bachevalier , J. 1994 . Medial temporal lobe structures and autism: A review of clinical and experimental findings . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 627 – 648 .
  • Baron-Cohen , S. 2006 . The hyper-systemizing, assortative mating theory of autism . Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 30 : 865 – 872 .
  • Baron-Cohen , S. , Leslie , A. M. and Frith , U. 1985 . Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? . Cognition , 21 : 37 – 46 .
  • Baron-Cohen , S. , Ring , H. A. , Bullmore , E. T. , Wheelwright , S. , Ashwin , C. and Williams , S. C. 2000 . The amygdala theory of autism . Neuroscience Biobehavior Review , 24 : 355 – 364 .
  • Baron-Cohen , S. , Ring , H. A. , Wheelwright , S. , Bullmore , E. T. , Brammer , M. J. Simmons , A. 1999 . Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study . European Journal of Neuroscience , 11 : 1891 – 1898 .
  • Baron-Cohen , S. , Wheelwright , S. and Joliffe , T. 1997 . Is there a “language of the eyes”? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or Asperger syndrome . Visual Cognition , 4 : 311 – 331 .
  • Bauman , M. D. , Lavenex , P. , Mason , W. A. , Capitanio , J. P. and Amaral , D. G. 2004 . The development of social behavior following neonatal amygdala lesions in rhesus monkeys . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 : 1388 – 1411 .
  • Bauman , M. D. , Toscano , J. E. , Mason , W. A. , Lavenex , P. and Amaral , D. G. 2006 . The expression of social dominance following neonatal lesions of the amygdala or hippocampus in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) . Behavioral Neuroscience , 120 : 749 – 760 .
  • Baxter , M. G. and Murray , E. A. 2002 . The amygdala and reward . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 3 : 563 – 573 .
  • Bechara , A. , Tranel , D. , Damasio , H. , Adolphs , R. , Rockland , C. and Damasio , A. R. 1995 . Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans . Science , 269 : 1115 – 1118 .
  • Bernier , R. , Dawson , G. , Panagiotides , H. and Webb , S. 2005 . Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show normal responses to a fear potential startle paradigm . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 35 : 1 – 9 .
  • Birbaumer , N. , Veit , R. , Lotze , M. , Erb , M. , Hermann , C. Grodd , W. 2005 . Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 62 : 799 – 805 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. 1995 . A cognitive developmental approach to morality: Investigating the psychopath . Cognition , 57 : 1 – 29 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. 1996 . Brief report: Morality in the autistic child . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 26 : 571 – 579 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. 2001 . Neuro-cognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders and psychopathy . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 71 : 727 – 731 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. 2003 . Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neuro-cognitive substrates . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B , 358 : 561 – 572 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. 2004 . The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior . Brain and Cognition , 55 : 198 – 208 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. 2005 . Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations . Consciousness and Cognition , 14 : 698 – 718 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. 2006 . “ Dissociable systems for empathy ” . In Empathy and fairness , Edited by: Bock , G. and Goode , J. 134 – 141 . Chichester, UK : John Wiley and Sons .
  • Blair , R. J. R. , Colledge , E. , Murray , L. and Mitchell , D. G. 2001 . A selective impairment in the processing of sad and fearful expressions in children with psychopathic tendencies . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 29 : 491 – 498 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. , Frith , U. , Smith , N. , Abell , F. and Cipolotti , L. 2002 . Fractionation of visual memory: Agency detection and its impairment in autism . Neuropsychologia , 40 : 108 – 118 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. , Marsh , A. A. , Finger , E. , Blair , K. S. and Luo , Q. 2006 . Neuro-cognitive systems involved in morality . Philosophical Explorations , 9 : 13 – 27 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. , Mitchell , D. G. V. and Blair , K. S. 2005 . The psychopath: Emotion and the brain , Oxford, UK : Blackwell .
  • Blair , R. J. R. , Mitchell , D. G. V. , Colledge , E. , Leonard , R. A. , Shine , J. H. Murray , L. K. 2004 . Reduced sensitivity to other's fearful expressions in psychopathic individuals . Personality & Individual Differences , 37 : 1111 – 1121 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. , Morris , J. S. , Frith , C. D. , Perrett , D. I. and Dolan , R. 1999 . Dissociable neural responses to facial expressions of sadness and anger . Brain , 122 : 883 – 893 .
  • Blair , R. J. R. , Sellars , C. , Strickland , I. , Clark , F. , Williams , A. Smith , M. 1996 . Theory of mind in the psychopath . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 7 : 15 – 25 .
  • Bormann-Kischkel , C. , Vilsmeier , M. and Baude , B. 1995 . The development of emotional concepts in autism . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 36 : 1243 – 1259 .
  • Boucher , J. and Lewis , V. 1992 . Unfamiliar face recognition in relatively able autistic children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 33 : 843 – 859 .
  • Buchel , C. and Dolan , R. J. 2000 . Classical fear conditioning in functional neuroimaging . Current Opinions in Neurobiology , 10 : 219 – 223 .
  • Buchel , C. , Morris , J. , Dolan , R. J. and Friston , K. J. 1998 . Brain systems mediating aversive conditioning: An event-related fMRI study . Neuron , 20 : 947 – 957 .
  • Castelli , F. , Frith , C. , Happé , F. and Frith , U. 2002 . Autism, Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes . Brain , 125 : 1839 – 1849 .
  • Castelli , F. , Happé , F. , Frith , U. and Frith , C. 2000 . Movement and mind: A functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns . Neuroimage , 12 : 314 – 325 .
  • Cleckley , H. 1941 . The mask of sanity , (1 , St Louis, MO : Mosby .
  • Critchley , H. D. , Daly , E. M. , Bullmore , E. T. , Williams , S. C. , Van Amelsvoort , T. Robertson , D. M. 2000 . The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour: Changes in cerebral blood flow when people with autistic disorder process facial expressions . Brain , 123 : 2203 – 2212 .
  • Cubero , I. , Thiele , T. E. and Bernstein , I. L. 1999 . Insular cortex lesions and taste aversion learning: Effects of conditioning method and timing of lesion . Brain Research , 839 : 323 – 330 .
  • Dadds , M. R. , Perry , Y. , Hawes , D. J. , Merz , S. , Riddell , A. C. Haines , D. J. 2006 . Attention to the eyes and fear-recognition deficits in child psychopathy . British Journal of Psychiatry , 189 : 280 – 281 .
  • Davis , M. 2000 . “ The role of the amygdala in conditioned and unconditioned fear and anxiety ” . In The amygdala: A functional analysis , Edited by: Aggleton , J. P. 289 – 310 . Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Dolan , M. and Fullam , R. 2004 . Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy . Psychological Medicine , 34 : 1093 – 1102 .
  • Dolan , M. and Fullam , R. 2006 . Face affect recognition deficits in personality-disordered offenders: Association with psychopathy . Psychological Medicine , 36 : 1563 – 1569 .
  • Emery , N. J. , Capitanio , J. P. , Mason , W. A. , Machado , C. J. , Mendoza , S. P. and Amaral , D. G. 2001 . The effects of bilateral lesions of the amygdala on dyadic social interactions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) . Behavioral Neuroscience , 115 : 515 – 544 .
  • Everitt , B. J. , Cardinal , R. N. , Parkinson , J. A. and Robbins , T. W. 2003 . Appetitive behavior: Impact of amygdala-dependent mechanisms of emotional learning . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 985 : 233 – 250 .
  • Fitzgerald , D. A. , Angstadt , M. , Jelsone , L. M. , Nathan , P. J. and Phan , K. L. 2006 . Beyond threat: Amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect . Neuroimage , 30 : 1441 – 1448 .
  • Fletcher , P. C. , Happé , F. , Frith , U. , Baker , S. C. , Dolan , R. J. Frackowiak , R. S. 1995 . Other minds in the brain: A functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension . Cognition , 57 : 109 – 128 .
  • Flor , H. , Birbaumer , N. , Hermann , C. , Ziegler , S. and Patrick , C. J. 2002 . Aversive Pavlovian conditioning in psychopaths: Peripheral and central correlates . Psychophysiology , 39 : 505 – 518 .
  • Frick , P. J. 1995 . Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems: A two-factor model of psychopathy in children . Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology , 24 : 47 – 51 .
  • Frick , P. J. and Hare , R. D. 2001 . The antisocial process screening device , Toronto, Canada : Multi-Health Systems .
  • Frith , C. D. and Frith , U. 1999 . Interacting minds: A biological basis . Science , 286 : 1692 – 1695 .
  • Frith , C. D. and Frith , U. 2006 . The neural basis of mentalizing . Neuron , 50 : 531 – 534 .
  • Frith , U. 1989 . Autism: Explaining the enigma , Oxford, UK : Blackwell .
  • Frith , U. and Frith , C. D. 2003 . Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 358 : 459 – 473 .
  • Frith , U. and Happé , F. 1994 . Autism: Beyond “theory of mind” . Cognition , 50 : 115 – 132 .
  • Frith , U. and Happé , F. 2005 . Autism spectrum disorder . Current Biology , 15 : R786 – 790 .
  • Gaigg , S. B. and Bowler , D. M. 2007 . Differential fear conditioning in Asperger's syndrome: Implications for an amygdala theory of autism . Neuropsychlogia , 45 : 2125 – 2134 .
  • Goel , V. , Grafman , J. , Sadato , N. and Hallett , M. 1995 . Modeling other minds . Neuroreport , 11 : 1741 – 1746 .
  • Gordon , H. L. , Baird , A. A. and End , A. 2004 . Functional differences among those high and low on a trait measure of psychopathy . Biological Psychiatry , 56 : 516 – 521 .
  • Grant , C. M. , Boucher , J. , Riggs , K. J. and Grayson , A. 2005 . Moral understanding in children with autism . Autism , 9 : 317 – 331 .
  • Happé , F. , Ehlers , S. , Fletcher , P. , Frith , U. , Johansson , M. Gillberg , C. 1996 . “Theory of mind” in the brain . Neuroreport , 8 : 197 – 201 .
  • Happé , F. G. E. and Frith , U. 1996a . The neuropsychology of autism . Brain , : 1377 – 1400 .
  • Happé , F. G. E. and Frith , U. 1996b . Theory of mind and social impairment in children with conduct disorder . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 14 : 385 – 398 .
  • Hare , R. D. 1991 . The Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised , Toronto, Canada : Multi-Health Systems .
  • Hare , R. D. 2003 . Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (PCL-R) , (2nd ed.) , Toronto, Canada : Multi Health Systems .
  • Harpur , T. J. , Hakstian , A. R. and Hare , R. D. 1988 . The factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 56 : 741 – 747 .
  • Herba , C. and Phillips , M. 2004 . Annotation: Development of facial expression recognition from childhood to adolescence: Behavioural and neurological perspectives . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 45 : 1185 – 1198 .
  • Herpertz , S. C. , Werth , U. , Lukas , G. , Qunaibi , M. , Schuerkens , A. Kunert , H. J. 2001 . Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 : 737 – 745 .
  • Hill , E. L. and Frith , U. 2003 . Understanding autism: Insights from mind and brain . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B , 358 : 281 – 289 .
  • Hobson , P. 1986 . The autistic child's appraisal of expressions of emotion . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 27 : 321 – 342 .
  • Hobson , R. P. 1993 . Autism and the development of mind , Hove, UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
  • Hooker , C. I. , Germine , L. T. , Knight , R. T. and D'Esposito , M. 2006 . Amygdala response to facial expressions reflects emotional learning . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 : 8915 – 8922 .
  • Howard , M. A. , Cowell , P. E. , Boucher , J. , Broks , P. , Mayes , A. Farrant , A. 1931–1935 . Convergent neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence of an amygdala hypothesis of autism . Neuroreport , 11
  • Hughes , C. , Dunn , J. and White , A. 1998 . Trick or treat?: Uneven understanding of mind and emotion and executive dysfunction in “hard-to-manage” preschoolers . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 39 : 981 – 994 .
  • Hughes , C. and Ensor , R. 2006 . Behavioural problems in 2-year-olds: Links with individual differences in theory of mind, executive function and harsh parenting . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 47 : 488 – 497 .
  • Hume , D. 1967 . A treatise of human nature , Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press . (Original work published 1740)
  • Humphreys , K. , Minshew , N. , Leonard , G. L. and Behrmann , M. 2007 . A fine-grained analysis of facial expression processing in high-functioning adults with autism . Neuropsychologia , 45 : 685 – 695 .
  • Kanner , L. 1943 . Autistic disturbances of affective contact . Nervous Child , 2 : 217 – 250 .
  • Kennett , J. 2002 . Autism, empathy and moral agency . The Philosophical Quarterly , 52 : 340 – 357 .
  • Kiehl , K. A. 2006 . A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction . Psychiatry Research , 142 : 107 – 128 .
  • Klin , A. , Jones , W. , Schultz , R. , Volkmar , F. and Cohen , D. 2002 . Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism . Archives of General Psychiatry , 59 : 809 – 816 .
  • Klin , A. , Sparrow , S. S. , de Bildt , A. , Cicchetti , D. V. , Cohen , D. J. and Volkmar , F. R. 1999 . A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities , 29 : 499 – 508 .
  • Kling , A. S. and Brothers , L. A. 1992 . “ The amygdala and social behaviour ” . In The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction , Edited by: Aggleton , J. P. 353 – 378 . New York : Wiley .
  • Kosson , D. S. , Suchy , Y. , Mayer , A. R. and Libby , J. 2002 . Facial affect recognition in criminal psychopaths . Emotion , 2 : 398 – 411 .
  • LaBar , K. S. , Crupain , M. J. , Voyvodic , J. T. and McCarthy , G. 2003 . Dynamic perception of facial affect and identity in the human brain . Cerebral Cortex , 13 : 1023 – 1033 .
  • LaBar , K. S. , Gatenby , J. C. , Gore , J. C. , LeDoux , J. E. and Phelps , E. A. 1998 . Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI study . Neuron , 20 : 937 – 945 .
  • LeDoux , J. 1998 . The emotional brain , New York : Weidenfeld & Nicolson .
  • LeDoux , J. E. 2000 . “ The amygdala and emotion: A view through fear ” . In The amygdala: A functional analysis , Edited by: Aggleton , J. P. 289 – 310 . Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Leslie , A. M. and Thaiss , L. 1992 . Domain specificity in conceptual development: Neuropsychological evidence from autism . Cognition , 43 : 225 – 251 .
  • Levenston , G. K. , Patrick , C. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Lang , P. J. 2000 . The psychopath as observer: Emotion and attention in picture processing . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 109 : 373 – 386 .
  • Lissek , S. , Powers , A. S. , McClure , E. B. , Phelps , E. A. , Woldehawariat , G. Grillon , C. 2005 . Classical fear conditioning in the anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis . Behavior Research and Therapy , 43 : 1391 – 1424 .
  • Luo , Q. , Holroyd , T. , Jones , M. , Hendler , T. and Blair , J. 2007 . Neural dynamics for facial threat processing as revealed by gamma band synchronization using MEG . Neuroimage , 34 : 839 – 847 .
  • Lykken , D. T. 1957 . A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 55 : 6 – 10 .
  • Marsh , A. A. and Blair , R. J. R. in press . Antisocial behavior is associated with specific deficits in recognition of the fear facial expression: A meta-analysis ,
  • Mineka , S. and Cook , M. 1993 . Mechanisms involved in the observational conditioning of fear . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 122 : 23 – 38 .
  • Montagne , B. , van Honk , J. , Kessels , R. P. C. , Frigerio , E. , Burt , M. van Zandvoort , M. J. E. 2005 . Reduced efficiency in recognising fear in subjects scoring high on psychopathic personality characteristics . Personality and Individual Differences , 38 : 5 – 11 .
  • Moore , D. G. 2001 . Reassessing emotion recognition performance in people with mental retardation: A review . American Journal on Mental Retardation , 106 : 481 – 502 .
  • Morris , J. S. , Frith , C. D. , Perrett , D. I. , Rowland , D. , Young , A. W. Calder , A. J. 1996 . A differential response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions . Nature , 383 : 812 – 815 .
  • Morris , J. S. , Ohman , A. and Dolan , R. A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating “unseen” fear . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , Vol. 96 , pp. 1680 – 1685 .
  • Newman , J. P. 1998 . “ Psychopathic behaviour: An information processing perspective ” . In Psychopathy: Theory, research and implications for society , Edited by: Cooke , D. J. , Forth , A. E. and Hare , R. D. 81 – 105 . Dordrecht, , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
  • Nucci , L. P. and Herman , S. 1982 . Behavioral disordered children's conceptions of moral, conventional, and personal issues . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 10 : 411 – 425 .
  • Ozonoff , S. , Pennington , B. and Rogers , S. 1990 . Are there emotion perception deficits in young autistic children? . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 31 : 343 – 363 .
  • Patrick , C. J. 1994 . Emotion and psychopathy: Startling new insights . Psychophysiology , 31 : 319 – 330 .
  • Patrick , C. J. , Cuthbert , B. N. and Lang , P. J. 1994 . Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Fear image processing . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 103 : 523 – 534 .
  • Perner , J. and Leekam , S. 2008 . The curious incident of the photo that was accused of being false: Issues of domain specificity in development, autism, and brain imaging . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 61 : 76 – 89 .
  • Phillips , M. L. , Young , A. W. , Scott , S. K. , Calder , A. J. , Andrew , C. Giampietro , V. Neural responses to facial and vocal expressions of fear and disgust . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B , Vol. 265 , pp. 1809 – 1817 .
  • Pierce , K. , Muller , R. A. , Ambrose , J. , Allen , G. and Courchesne , E. 2001 . Face processing occurs outside the fusiform “face area” in autism: Evidence from functional MRI . Brain , 124 : 2059 – 2073 .
  • Pizzagalli , D. , Regard , M. and Lehmann , D. 1999 . Rapid emotional face processing in the human right and left brain hemispheres: An ERP study . Neuroreport , 10 : 2691 – 2698 .
  • Prather , M. D. , Lavenex , P. , Mauldin-Jourdain , M. L. , Mason , W. A. , Capitanio , J. P. Mendoza , S. P. 2001 . Increased social fear and decreased fear of objects in monkeys with neonatal amygdala lesions . Neuroscience , 106 : 653 – 658 .
  • Prior , M. , Dahlstrom , B. and Squires , T. 1990 . Autistic children's knowledge of thinking and feeling states in other people . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 31 : 587 – 602 .
  • Richell , R. A. , Mitchell , D. G. , Newman , C. , Leonard , A. , Baron-Cohen , S. and Blair , R. J. 2003 . Theory of mind and psychopathy: Can psychopathic individuals read the “language of the eyes”? . Neuropsychologia , 41 : 523 – 526 .
  • Richell , R. A. , Mitchell , D. G. V. , Peschardt , K. S. , Winston , J. S. , Leonard , A. Dolan , R. J. 2005 . Trust and distrust: The perception of trustworthiness of faces in psychopathic and non-psychopathic offenders . Personality and Individual Differences , 38 : 1735 – 1744 .
  • Rogers , J. , Viding , E. , Blair , J. R. , Frith , U. and Happé , F. 2006 . Autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy: Shared cognitive underpinnings or double hit? . Psychological Medicine , 36 : 1789 – 1798 .
  • Rolls , E. T. 1999 . The brain and emotion , Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Rosvold , H. , Mirsky , A. and Pribram , K. 1954 . Influence of amygdalectomy on social behavior in monkeys . Journal of Comparative Physiology A , 47 : 173 – 178 .
  • Rozin , P. , Haidt , J. and McCauley , C. R. 1993 . “ Disgust ” . In Handbook of emotions , Edited by: Lewis , M. and Haviland , J. M. 575 – 594 . New York : The Guilford Press .
  • Rutter , M. 2005 . Commentary: What is the meaning and utility of the psychopathy concept? . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 33 : 499 – 503 .
  • Schultz , R. T. , Gauthier , I. , Klin , A. , Fulbright , R. K. , Anderson , A. W. Volkmar , F. 2000 . Abnormal ventral temporal cortical activity during face discrimination among individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 : 331 – 340 .
  • Sprengelmeyer , R. , Rausch , M. , Eysel , U. T. and Przuntek , H. Neural structures associated with the recognition of facial basic emotions . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B , Vol. 265 , pp. 1927 – 1931 .
  • Steele , S. , Joseph , R. M. and Tager-Flusberg , H. 2003 . Brief report: Developmental change in theory of mind abilities in children with autism . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 33 : 461 – 467 .
  • Stone , V. E. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Calder , A. , Keane , J. and Young , A. 2003 . Acquired theory of mind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions . Neuropsychologia , 41 : 209 – 220 .
  • Sutton , J. , Reeves , M. and Keogh , E. 2000 . Disruptive behaviour, avoidance of responsibility and theory of mind . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 18 : 1 – 11 .
  • Sutton , J. , Smith , P. K. and Swettenham , J. 1999 . Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 17 : 435 – 450 .
  • Veit , R. , Flor , H. , Erb , M. , Hermann , C. , Lotze , M. Grodd , W. 2002 . Brain circuits involved in emotional learning in antisocial behavior and social phobia in humans . Neuroscience Letters , 328 : 233 – 236 .
  • Vuilleumier , P. , Armony , J. L. , Driver , J. and Dolan , R. J. 2003 . Distinct spatial frequency sensitivities for processing faces and emotional expressions . Nature Neuroscience , 6 : 624 – 631 .
  • Wang , A. T. , Dapretto , M. , Hariri , A. R. , Sigman , M. and Bookheimer , S. Y. 2004 . Neural correlates of facial affect processing in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 43 : 481 – 490 .
  • White , S. , Hill , E. , Winston , J. and Frith , U. 2006 . An islet of social ability in Asperger syndrome: Judging social attributes from faces . Brain and Cognition , 61 : 69 – 77 .
  • Widom , C. S. 1976 . Interpersonal and personal construct systems in psychopaths . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 44 : 614 – 623 .
  • Widom , C. S. 1978 . An empirical classification of female offenders . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 5 : 35 – 52 .
  • Winston , J. S. , O'Doherty , J. and Dolan , R. J. 2003 . Common and distinct neural responses during direct and incidental processing of multiple facial emotions . Neuroimage , 20 : 84 – 97 .
  • Winston , J. S. , Strange , B. A. , O'Doherty , J. and Dolan , R. J. 2002 . Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces . Nature Neuroscience , 5 : 277 – 283 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.