Selective impairment of masked priming in dual-task performance

REFERENCES

• Abrams , R. L. , Klinger , M. R. and Greenwald , A. G. 2002 . Subliminal words activate semantic categories (not automated motor responses) . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 9 : 100 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ach , N. 1905 . Über die Willenstätigkeit und das Denken , Göttingen, , Germany : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . [Willing and thinking]
   Google Scholar
• Ansorge , U. 2004 . Top-down contingencies of nonconscious priming revealed by dual-task interference . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 57A : 1123 – 1148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansorge , U. , Heumann , M. and Scharlau , I. 2002 . Influences of visibility, intentions, and probability in a peripheral cuing task . Consciousness & Cognition , 11 : 528 – 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansorge , U. , Klotz , W. and Neumann , O. 1998 . Manual and verbal responses to completely masked (unreportable) stimuli: Exploring some conditions for the metacontrast dissociation . Perception , 27 : 1177 – 1189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh , J. A. and Chartrand , T. L. 1999 . The unbearable automaticity of being . American Psychologist , 54 : 462 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besner , D. , Risko , E. F. and Sklair , N. 2005 . Spatial attention as a necessary preliminary to early processes in reading . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 59 : 99 – 108 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner , G. E. and Dypvik , A. T. 2005 . Masked priming of number judgments depends on prime validity and task . Memory & Cognition , 33 : 29 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner , G. E. and Masson , M. E. J. 1997 . Masked repetition priming of words and nonwords: Evidence for a nonlexical basis for priming . Journal of Memory and Language , 37 : 268 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner , G. E. and Masson , M. E. 2003 . Beyond spreading activation: An influence of relatedness proportion on masked semantic priming . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 10 : 645 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodner , G. E. and Stalinski , S. M. 2008 . Masked repetition priming and proportion effects under cognitive load . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 62 ( 2 ) : 127 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton , P. and Lavie , N. 2004 . Auditory attentional capture: Effects of singleton distractor sounds . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 30 : 180 – 193 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damian , M. F. 2001 . Congruity effects evoked by subliminally presented primes: Automaticity rather than semantic processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 27 : 154 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehaene , S. , Naccache , L. , Le Clec'h , G. , Koechlin , E. , Müller , M. Dehaene-Lambertz , G. 1998 . Imaging unconscious semantic priming . Nature , 395 : 597 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draine , S. C. and Greenwald , A. G. 1998 . Replicate unconscious semantic priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 127 : 286 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eimer , M. and Schlaghecken , F. 1998 . Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 24 : 1737 – 1747 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira , V. S. and Pashler , H. 2002 . Central bottleneck influences on the processing stages of word production . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition , 28 : 1187 – 1199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , R. 2006 . Parallel memory retrieval in dual-task situations? , Lengerich, , Germany : Pabst Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , R. , Miller , J. O. and Schubert , T. 2007a . Evidence for parallel semantic memory retrieval in dual-tasks . Memory & Cognition , 35 : 1685 – 1695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , R. and Schubert , T. 2008 . Valence processing bypassing the response selection bottleneck? . Experimental Psychology , 55 : 203 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer , R. , Schubert , T. and Liepelt , R. 2007b . Accessory stimuli modulate effects of nonconscious priming . Perception and Psychophysics , 69 : 9 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. 1992 . Unconscious cognition claimed . American Psychologist , 47 : 766 – 779 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A. G. , Abrams , R. L. , Naccache , L. and Dehaene , S. 2003 . Long-term semantic memory versus contextual memory in unconscious number processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 29 : 235 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heil , M. and Rolke , B. 2004 . Unattended distractor induced priming in a visual selective attention task: N400 effects in the absence of RT effects . Journal of Psychophysiology , 18 : 164 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , J. 2003 . “ Anticipatory behavioral control ” . In Anticipatory behavior in adaptive learning systems , Edited by: Butz , M. , Sigaud , O. and Gerard , P. 44 – 65 . Heidelberg, , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. 1998 . Automatic stimulus–response translation in dual-task performance . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 24 : 1368 – 1384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hommel , B. 2000 . “ The prepared reflex: Automaticity and control in stimulus–response translation ” . In Attention and Performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes , Edited by: Monsell , S. and Driver , J. 247 – 273 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Chajczyk , D. 1983 . Tests of the automaticity of reading: Dilution of Stroop effects by color-irrelevant stimuli . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 9 : 497 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer , M. 2002 . The N400 is modulated by unconsciously perceived masked words: Further evidence for a spreading activation account of N400 priming effects . Cognitive Brain Research , 13 : 27 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiefer , M. and Brendel , D. 2006 . Attentional modulation of unconscious “automatic” processes: Evidence from event-related potentials in a masked priming paradigm . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 18 : 184 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer , M. and Spitzer , M. 2000 . Time course of conscious and unconscious semantic brain activation . Cognitive Neuroscience , 11 : 2401 – 2407 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiesel , A. , Kunde , W. and Hoffmann , J. 2007a . Mechanisms of subliminal response priming . Advances in Cognitive Psychology , 3 : 307 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiesel , A. , Kunde , W. and Hoffmann , J. 2007b . Unconscious priming according to multiple S–R rules . Cognition , 104 : 89 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesel , A. , Kunde , W. , Pohl , C. and Hoffmann , J. 2006a . Priming from novel masked stimuli depends on target set size . Advances in Cognitive Psychology , 2 : 37 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Kiesel , A. , Steinhauser , M. , Wendt , M. , Falkenstein , M. , Jost , K. Phillip , A. in press . Control and interference in task switching—a review . Psychological Bulletin ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiesel , A. , Wagener , A. , Kunde , W. , Hoffmann , J. , Fallgatter , A. J. and Stöcker , C. 2006b . Unconscious manipulation of free choice in humans . Consciousness & Cognition , 15 : 397 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klauer , K. C. , Musch , J. and Eder , A. B. 2005 . Priming of semantic classifications: Late and response related, or earlier and more central? . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 12 : 897 – 903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , I. and Prinz , W. 2002 . Process interference and code overlap in dual-task performance . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance , 28 : 192 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koechlin , E. , Naccache , L. , Block , E. and Dehaene , S. 1999 . Primed numbers: Exploring the modularity of numerical representations with masked and unmasked semantic priming . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 25 : 1882 – 1905 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunde , W. , Kiesel , A. and Hoffmann , J. 2003 . Conscious control over the content of unconscious cognition . Cognition , 88 : 223 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachter , J. , Forster , K. I. and Ruthruff , E. 2004 . Forty-five years after Broadbent (1958): Still no identification without attention . Psychological Review , 111 : 880 – 913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuthold , H. and Kopp , B. 1998 . Mechanisms of priming by masked stimuli: Inferences from event-related brain potentials . Psychological Science , 9 : 263 – 269 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien , M. C. and Proctor , R. W. 2002 . Stimulus–response compatibility and psychological refractory period effects: Implications for response selection . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 9 : 212 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , G. D. and Gordon , R. D. 2001 . Executive control of visual attention in dual-task situations . Psychological Review , 108 : 393 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , G. D. and Schulkind , M. D. 2000 . Parallel memory retrieval in dual-task situations: I. Semantic memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 26 : 1072 – 1090 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mari-Beffa , P. , Valdes , B. , Cullen , D. J. D. , Catena , A. and Houghton , G. 2005 . ERP analyses of task effects on semantic processing from words . Cognitive Brain Research , 23 : 293 – 305 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marzouki , Y. , Grainger , J. and Theeuwes , J. 2007 . Exogenous spatial cueing modulates subliminal masked priming . Acta Psychologica , 126 : 34 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiran , N. 1996 . Reconfiguration of processing mode prior to task performance . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition , 22 : 1423 – 1442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikle , P. M. , Smilek , D. and Eastwood , J. D. 2001 . Perception without awareness: Perspectives from cognitive psychology . Cognition , 79 : 115 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , D. E. and Kieras , D. E. 1997 . A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: Part 2. Accounts of psychological refractory-period phenomena . Psychological Review , 104 : 749 – 791 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. 2006 . Backward crosstalk effects in psychological refractory period paradigms: Effects of second-task response types on first-task response latencies . Psychological Research , 70 : 484 – 493 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. and Alderton , M. 2006 . Backward response-level crosstalk in the psychological refractory period paradigm . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 32 : 149 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. and Reynolds , A. 2003 . The locus of redundant-targets and nontargets effects: Evidence from the psychological refractory period paradigm . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 29 : 1126 – 1142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naccache , L. , Blandin , E. and Dehaene , S. 2002 . Unconscious masked priming depends on temporal attention . Psychological Science , 13 : 416 – 424 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naccache , L. and Dehaene , S. 2001 . Unconscious semantic priming extends to novel unseen stimuli . Cognition , 80 : 215 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navon , D. and Miller , J. 2002 . Queuing or sharing? A critical evaluation of the single-bottleneck notion . Cognitive Psychology , 44 : 193 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neely , J. H. 1991 . “ Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories ” . In Basic progress in reading—visual word recognition , Edited by: Besner , D. and Humphreys , G. W. 264 – 333 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Neely , J. H. and Kahan , T. A. 2001 . “ Is semantic activation automatic? A critical re-evaluation ” . In The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of R. G. Crowder , Edited by: Roediger , H. L. 69 – 93 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Neumann , O. 1990 . Direct parameter specification and the concept of perception . Psychological Research , 52 : 207 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann , O. and Klotz , W. 1994 . “ Motor responses to non-reportable masked stimuli: Where is the limit of direct motor specification? ” . In Attention and Performance XV , Edited by: Umilta , C. and Moscovitch , M. 123 – 150 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oriet , C. , Tombu , M. and Jolicoeur , P. 2005 . Symbolic distance affects two processing loci in the number comparison task . Memory & Cognition , 33 : 913 – 926 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashler , H. E. 1994 . Graded capacity-sharing in dual-task interference? . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 20 : 330 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashler , H. E. 1998 . The psychology of attention , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pashler , H. E. and Johnston , J. C. 1989 . Chronometric evidence for central postponement in temporally overlapping tasks . The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 41A : 19 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl , C. , Kiesel , A. , Kunde , W. and Hoffmann , J. 2010 . Early and late selection in unconscious information processing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 36 : 268 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pöppel , E. , Held , R. and Frost , D. 1973 . Letter: Residual visual function after brain wounds involving the central visual pathways in man . Nature , 243 : 295 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , M. I. and Snyder , C. R. R. 1975 . “ Attention and cognitive control ” . In Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium , Edited by: Solso , R. L. 55 – 85 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Reynvoet , B. , Caessens , B. and Brysbaert , M. 2002 . Automatic stimulus–response associations may be semantically mediated . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 9 : 107 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynvoet , B. , Gevers , W. and Caessens , B. 2005 . Unconscious primes activate motor codes through semantics . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 31 : 991 – 1000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , R. D. and Monsell , S. 1995 . Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 124 : 207 – 231 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruthruff , E. , Johnston , J. C. and Van Selst , M. 2001 . Why practice reduces dual-task interference . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance , 27 : 3 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharlau , I. 2007 . Perceptual latency priming: A measure of attentional facilitation . Psychological Research , 71 : 678 – 686 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharlau , I. and Ansorge , U. 2003 . Direct parameter specification of an attention shift: Evidence from perceptual latency priming . Vision Research , 43 : 1351 – 1363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlaghecken , F. and Eimer , M. 2000 . A central/peripheral asymmetry in subliminal priming . Perception & Psychophysics , 62 : 1367 – 1382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlaghecken , F. and Eimer , M. 2004 . Masked prime stimuli can bias “free” choices between response alternatives . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 11 : 463 – 468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , T. and Seydell , A. 2008 . Visual attention amplifies response priming of pointing movements to color targets . Perception & Psychophysics , 70 : 443 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , W. , Eschman , A. and Zuccolotto , A. 2002 . E-prime user's guide , Pittsburgh, PA : Psychology Software Tools .
   Google Scholar
• Schubert , T. 1999 . Processing differences between simple and choice reactions affect bottleneck localization in overlapping tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 25 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert , T. , Fischer , R. and Stelzel , C. 2008 . Response activation in overlapping tasks and the response-selection bottleneck . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance , 34 : 376 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweinberger , S. R. and Stief , V. 2001 . Implicit perception in patients with visual neglect: Lexical specificity in repetition priming . Neuropsychologia , 39 : 420 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner , P. , Tsai , P. C. , Yu , K. and Nachev , P. 2006 . Attentional modulation of sensorimotor processes in the absence of perceptual awareness . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 103 : 10520 – 10525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombu , M. and Jolicoeur , P. 2002 . All-or-none bottleneck versus capacity sharing accounts of the psychological refractory period phenomenon . Psychological Research , 66 : 274 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombu , M. and Jolicoeur , P. 2003 . A central capacity sharing model of dual-task performance . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 29 : 3 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Bussche , E. , Van den Noortgate , W. and Reynvoet , B. 2009 . Mechanisms of masked priming: A meta-analysis . Psychological Bulletin , 135 : 452 – 477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verleger , R. , Jaskowski , P. , Aydemir , A. , van der Lubbe , R. H. and Groen , M. 2004 . Qualitative differences between conscious and nonconscious processing? On inverse priming induced by masked arrows . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 133 : 494 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel , E. K. , Luck , S. J. and Shapiro , K. L. 1998 . Electrophysiological evidence for a postperceptual locus of suppression during the attentional blink . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 24 : 1656 – 1674 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorberg , D. , Mattler , U. , Heinecke , A. , Schmidt , T. and Schwarzbach , J. 2003 . Different time courses for visual perception and action priming . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 100 : 6275 – 6280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskrantz , L. 1986 . Some aspects of memory functions and the temporal lobes . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 109 ( Suppl. ) : 69 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiskrantz , L. 2002 . Prime-sight and blindsight . Consciousness and Cognition , 11 : 568 – 581 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yantis , S. and Jonides , J. 1984 . Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Evidence from visual search . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 10 : 601 – 621 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , A. and de Haan , E. H. F. 1993 . “ Impairments of visual awareness ” . In Consciousness: Psychological and philosophical essays. Readings in mind and language , Edited by: Davies , M. and Humphreys , G. Vol. 2 , 58 – 73 . Malden, MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar