Associations compete directly in memory

REFERENCES

• Anderson, J. A. (1970). Two models for memory organization using interacting traces. Mathematical Biosciences, 8, 137–160. doi: 10.1016/0025-5564(70)90147-1
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. C. (2003). Rethinking interference theory: Executive control and the mechanisms of forgetting. Journal of Memory and Language, 49, 415–445. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2003.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. C., & Spellman, B. A. (1995). On the status of inhibitory mechanisms in cognition: Memory retrieval as a model case. Psychological Review, 102(1), 68–100. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asch, S. E., & Ebenholtz, S. M. (1962). The principle of associative symmetry. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106(2), 135–163.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, J. M., & Underwood, B. J. (1959). “Fate” of first-list associations in transfer theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(2), 97–105. doi: 10.1037/h0047507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borsellino, A., & Poggio, T. (1972). Holographic aspects of temporal memory and optomotor responses. Kybernetik, 10(1), 58–60. doi: 10.1007/BF00288785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G. D. A., Neath, I., & Chater, N. (2007). A temporal ratio model of memory. Psychological Review, 114(3), 539–576. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.3.539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G. D. A., Preece, T., & Hulme, C. (2000). Oscillatory-based memory for serial order. Psychological Review, 107(1), 127–181. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, D., & Weaver, G. E. (1973). Retroactive facilitation in short-term retention of minimally learned paired associates. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 100(1), 9–17. doi: 10.1037/h0035488
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, N., & Hitch, G. J. (1999). Memory for serial order: A network model of the phonological loop and its timing. Psychological Review, 106, 551–581. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, R. L., Lek, I., & Caplan, J. B. (2013). Associative independence revisited: Evidence for associative facilitation and competition in AB/AC learning. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Caplan, J. B. (2004). Unifying models of paired associates and serial learning: Insights from simulating a chaining model. NeuroComputing, 58–60, 739–743. doi: 10.1016/j.neucom.2004.01.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, J. B. (2005). Associative isolation: Unifying associative and order paradigms. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 49(5), 383–402. doi: 10.1016/j.jmp.2005.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan, J. B., Glaholt, M., & McIntosh, A. R. (2006). Linking associative and list memory: Pairs versus triples. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(6), 1244–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceraso, J., Timmerman, R., & Velk, R. (1982). Cue versus item commonality in interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 8(4), 289–296.
   Google Scholar
• Chappell, M., & Humphreys, M. S. (1994). An auto-associative neural network for sparse representations: Analysis and application to models of recognition and cued recall. Psychological Review, 101(1), 103–128. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, R. (1965). Order error in immediate recall of sequences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 4, 161–169. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(65)80015-9
   Google Scholar
• Delprato, D. J. (1972). Pair-specific effects in retroactive inhibition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 566–572. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80040-9
   Google Scholar
• Dyne, A. M., Humphreys, M. S., Bain, J. D., & Pike, R. (1990). Associative interference effects in recognition and recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(5), 813–824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller, A. S., Schleifer, I. K., Sederberg, P. B., Jacobs, J., & Kahana, M. J. (2007). PyEPL: A cross-platform experiment-programming library. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 950–958. doi: 10.3758/BF03192990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillund, G., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1984). A retrieval model for both recognition and recall. Psychological Review, 91(1), 1–67. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.91.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson, R. N. A. (1998). Short-term memory for serial order: the Start-End Model. Cognitive Psychology, 36, 73–137. doi: 10.1006/cogp.1998.0685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintzman, D. L. (1972). On testing the independence of associations. Psychological Review, 79(3), 261–264. doi: 10.1037/h0032684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hintzman, D. L. (1984). MINERVA 2: A simulation model of human memory. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 16(2), 96–101. doi: 10.3758/BF03202365
   Google Scholar
• Hintzman, D. L. (1986). “Schema abstraction” in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review, 93(4), 411–428. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.4.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, L. M., Brown, Z. M., & Weissbluth, S. (1964). Availability and the direction of associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68(6), 541–549. doi: 10.1037/h0043309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horowitz, L. M., & Manelis, L. (1972). Toward a theory of redintegrative memory: adjective–noun phrases. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 6, pp. 193–224). New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, L. M., Norman, S. A., & Day, R. S. (1966). Availability and associative symmetry. Psychological Review, 73(1), 1–15. doi: 10.1037/h0022661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, M. W., Jing, B., Rao, V. A., Provyn, J. P., & Datey, A. V. (2009). Bridging the gap: Transitive associations between items presented in similar temporal contexts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(2), 391–407.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, M. W., & Kahana, M. J. (1999). Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(4), 923–941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, C., Roodenrys, S., Schweickert, R., Brown, G. D. A., Martin, S., & Stuart, G. (1997). Word-frequency effect on short-term memory tasks: Evidence for a redintegration process in immediate serial recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(5), 1217–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, M. S., Bain, J. D., & Pike, R. (1989). Different ways to cue a coherent memory system: A theory for episodic, semantic, and procedural tasks. Psychological Review, 96(2), 208–233. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, M. S., Tehan, G., O'Shea, A., & Bolland, S. W. (2000). Target similarity effects: Support for the parallel distributed processing assumptions. Memory & Cognition, 28(5), 798–811. doi: 10.3758/BF03198415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakab, E., & Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (2009). The role of item strength in retrieval-induced forgetting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(3), 607–617.
   Google Scholar
• Kahana, M. J. (2002). Associative symmetry and memory theory. Memory & Cognition, 30(6), 823–840. doi: 10.3758/BF03195769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahana, M. J. (2012). Foundations of human memory. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. L., & Estes, W. K. (1977). Order and position in primary memory for letter strings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16, 395–418. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80036-4
   Google Scholar
• Lewandowsky, S., & Farrell, S. (2000). A redintegration account of the effects of speech rate, lexicality, and word frequency in immediate serial recall. Psychological Research, 63, 163–173. doi: 10.1007/PL00008175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus, G. R., & Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(4), 476–490. doi: 10.3758/BF03210951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce, R. D. (1959). Detection and recognition. In R. D. Luce, R. R. Bush, & E. Galanter (Eds.), Handbook of mathematical psychology (pp. 103–189). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Madan, C. R., Glaholt, M. G., & Caplan, J. B. (2010). The influence of item properties on association-memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 63, 46–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2010.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, E. (1971a). Stimulus component independence. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 715–721. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(71)80080-4
   Google Scholar
• Martin, E. (1971b). Verbal learning theory and independent retrieval phenomena. Psychological Review, 78(4), 314–332. doi: 10.1037/h0031030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGeoch, J. A. (1933). Studies in retroactive inhibition: I. the temporal course of the inhibitory effects of interpolated learning. Journal of General Psychology, 9, 24–43. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1933.9920911
   Google Scholar
• McGeoch, J. A. (1936). Studies in retroactive inhibition: VII. retroactive inhibition as a function of the length and frequency of presentation of the interpolated lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 674–693. doi: 10.1037/h0060533
   Google Scholar
• Melton, A. W., & Irwin, J. M. (1940). The influence of degree of interpolated learning on retroactive inhibition and the overt transfer of specific responses. American Journal of Psychology, 53(2), 173–203. doi: 10.2307/1417415
   Google Scholar
• Mensink, G.-J., & Raaijmakers, J. G. W. (1988). A model for interference and forgetting. Psychological Review, 95(4), 434–455. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.4.434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe Eich, J. (1982). A composite holographic associative recall model. Psychological Review, 89(6), 627–661. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.89.6.627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdock, B. B. (1982). A theory for the storage and retrieval of item and associative information. Psychological Review, 89, 609–626. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.89.6.609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike, R. (1984). Comparison of convolution and matrix distributed memory systems for associative recall and recognition. Psychological Review, 91(3), 281–294. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plate, T. A. (1995). Holographic reduced representations. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 6(3), 623–641. doi: 10.1109/72.377968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postman, L. (1971). Transfer, interference, and forgetting. In J. W. Kling & L. A. Riggs (Eds.), Woodworth and Schlosberg's experimental psychology (3rd ed., pp. 1019–1132). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Primoff, E. (1938). Backward and forward associations as an organizing act in serial and in paired-associate learning. Journal of Psychology, 5, 375–395. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1938.9917578
   Google Scholar
• Provyn, J. P., Sliwinski, M. J., & Howard, M. W. (2007). Effects of age on contextually mediated associations in paired associate learning. Psychology and Aging, 22(4), 846–857. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.4.846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raaijmakers, J. G. W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1981). Search of associative memory. Psychological Review, 88(2), 93–134. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.88.2.93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehani, M., & Caplan, J. B. (2009). Associative interference in human memory. Poster presented at the Banff Annual Seminar in Cognitive Science, Banff, AB.
   Google Scholar
• Rehani, M., & Caplan, J. B. (2011). Interference and the representation of order within associations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(7), 1409–1429. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2010.549945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riefer, D. M., & Batchelder, W. H. (1988). Multinomial modeling and the measurement of cognitive processes. Psychological Review, 95(3), 318–339. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.3.318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzuto, D. S., & Kahana, M. J. (2000). Associative symmetry vs. independent associations. NeuroComputing, 32–33, 973–978. doi: 10.1016/S0925-2312(00)00268-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzuto, D. S., & Kahana, M. J. (2001). An autoassociative neural network model of paired-associate learning. Neural Computation, 13, 2075–2092. doi: 10.1162/089976601750399317
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakyan, L., & Delaney, P. F. (2003). Can encoding differences explain the benefits of directed forgetting in the list method paradigm? Journal of Memory and Language, 48, 195–206. doi: 10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00524-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakyan, L., & Delaney, P. F. (2005). Directed forgetting in incidental learning and recognition testing: Support for a two-factor account. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(4), 789–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahakyan, L., & Kelley, C. M. (2002). A contextual change account of the directed forgetting effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(6), 1064–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slamecka, N. J. (1976). An analysis of double-function lists. Memory & Cognition, 4(5), 581–585. doi: 10.3758/BF03213221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, T., Schoell, E., & Büchel, C. (2008). Associative symmetry of the memory for object–location associations as revealed by the testing effect. Acta Psychologica, 128, 238–248. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehan, G., Humphreys, M. S., Tolan, G. A., & Pitcher, C. (2004). The role of context in producing item interactions and false memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(1), 107–119.
   Google Scholar
• Tulving, E., & Watkins, M. J. (1974). On negative transfer: Effects of testing one list on the recall of another. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13, 181–193. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80043-5
   Google Scholar
• Underwood, B. J., & Schulz, R. W. (1960). Response dominance and rate of learning paired associates. Journal of General Psychology, 62, 153–158. doi: 10.1080/00221309.1960.9920406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, A. Y. (1980). Evidence for a “selective” selector mechanism. American Journal of Psychology, 93(4), 643–656. doi: 10.2307/1422370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wichawut, C., & Martin, E. (1971). Independence of A-B and A-C associations in retroaction. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 316–321. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(71)80061-0
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, M. D. (1988). The MRC psycholinguistic database: Machine readable dictionary, version 2. Behavioral Research Methods, 20, 6–11. doi: 10.3758/BF03202594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar