966
Views
51
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular articles

When language comprehension goes wrong for the right reasons: Good-enough, underspecified, or shallow language processing

Pages 817-828 | Received 02 Nov 2015, Accepted 04 Nov 2015, Published online: 24 Feb 2016

REFERENCES

  • Bever, T. G. (1970). The cognitive basis for linguistic structures. In J. R. Hayes (Eds.), Cognition and the development of language (pp. 279–362). New York: Wiley.
  • Bornkessel, I., McElree, B., Schlesewsky, M., & Friederici, A. D. (2004). Multi-dimensional contributions to garden path strength: Dissociating phrase structure from case marking. Journal of Memory and Language, 51, 495–522. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2004.06.011
  • Christiansen, M. H., & Chater, N. (in press). The now-or-never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
  • Christianson, K. (2008). Sensitivity to changes in garden path sentences. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 37, 391–403. doi: 10.1007/s10936-008-9072-4
  • Christianson, K., Hollingworth, A., Halliwell, J. F., & Ferreira, F. (2001). Thematic roles assigned along the garden path linger. Cognitive Psychology, 42, 368–407. doi: 10.1006/cogp.2001.0752
  • Christianson, K., & Luke, S. G. (2011). Context strengthens initial misinterpretations of text. Scientific Studies of Reading, 15, 136–166. doi: 10.1080/10888431003636787
  • Christianson, K., Luke, S. G., & Ferreira, F. (2010). Effects of plausibility on structural priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 538–544.
  • Clahsen, H., & Felser, C. (2006). Grammatical processing in language learners. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 3–42. doi: 10.1017/S0142716406060024
  • den Ouden, D-B., Dickey, M. W., Anderson, C., & Christianson, K. (2016). Neural correlates of early-closure garden-path processing: Effects of prosody and plausibility. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1028416
  • Erickson, T. D., & Mattson, M. E. (1981). From words to meaning: A semantic illusion. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20, 540–551. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5371(81)90165-1
  • Ferreira, F. (2003). The misinterpretation of noncanonical sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 47, 164–203. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0285(03)00005-7
  • Ferreira, F., Bailey, K. G. D., & Ferraro, V. (2002). Good-enough representations in language comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 11–15. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.00158
  • Ferreira, F., & Christianson, K. (in press). Is now-or-never language processing good enough? Commentary on Christiansen & Chater (in press). Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
  • Ferreira, F., Christianson, K., & Hollingworth, A. (2001). Misinterpretations of garden-path sentences: Implications for models of reanalysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 30, 3–20. doi: 10.1023/A:1005290706460
  • Ferreira, F., & Henderson, J. M. (1991). Recovery from misanalyses of garden-path sentences. Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 725–745. doi: 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90034-H
  • Ferreira, F., & Patson, N. D. (2007). The ‘Good Enough’ approach to language comprehension. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1/1-2, 71–83. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00007.x
  • Fodor, J. A., & Garrett, M. (1967). Some syntactic determinants of sentential complexity. Perception & Psychophysics, 2, 289–296. doi: 10.3758/BF03211044
  • Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982). Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: Eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences. Cognitive Psychology, 14, 178–210. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(82)90008-1
  • Gibson, E., Bergen, L., & Piantadosi, S. T. (2013). Rational integration of noisy evidence and prior semantic expectations in sentence interpretation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 8051–8056. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1216438110
  • Gigerenzer, G., & Selten, R. (Eds.). (2001). Bounded rationality: The adaptive toolbox. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Jacob, G., & Felser, C. (2016). Reanalysis and semantic persistence in native and nonnative garden-path recovery. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.984231
  • Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kamas, E. N., Reder, L. M., & Ayers, M. S. (1996). Partial matching in the Moses illusion: response bias not sensitivity. Memory and Cognition, 24, 687–699. doi: 10.3758/BF03201094
  • Karimi, H., & Ferreira, F. (2016). Good enough linguistic representations and online cognitive equilibrium in language processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1053951
  • Kim, A., & Osterhout, L. (2005). The independence of combinatory semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials. Journal of Memory and Language, 52, 205–225. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2004.10.002
  • Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95, 163–182. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.163
  • Kintsch, W. (1991). How readers construct situation models for stones: The role of syntactic cues and causal inferences. In A. F. Healy, S. M. Kosslyn, & R. M. Sluffrin (Eds.), From learning processes to cognitive processes: Essuys in honor of William K. Esles (Vol. 2, pp. 261–278). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Kolk, H. H. J., Chwilla, D. J., van Herten, M., & Oor, P. J. W. (2003). Structure and limited capacity in verbal working memory: A study with event-related potentials. Brain and Language, 85, 1–36. doi: 10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00548-5
  • Kos, M., Vosse, T., van den Brink, D., & Hagoort, P. (2010). About edible restaurants: Conflicts between syntax and semantics as revealed by ERPs. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00222
  • Kuperberg, G. R. (2007). Neural mechanisms of language comprehension: challenges to syntax. Brain Research, 1146, 23–49. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.12.063
  • Lassotta, R., Omaki, A., & Franck, J. (2016). Developmental changes in the misinterpretation of garden-path wh-questions in French. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1054845
  • Levy, R. (2008a). A noisy-channel model of rational human sentence comprehension under uncertain input. Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, PA), pp. 234–243.
  • Levy, R. (2008b). Expectation-based syntactic comprehension. Cognition, 106, 1126–1177. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.006
  • Levy, R., Bicknell, K., Slattery, T., & Rayner, K. (2009). Eye movement evidence that readers maintain and act on uncertainty about past linguistic input. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 21086–21090. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907664106
  • Lim, J-H., & Christianson, K. (2013a). Integrating meaning and structure in L1-L2 and L2-L1 translations. Second Language Research, 29, 233–256. doi: 10.1177/0267658312462019
  • Lim, J-H., & Christianson, K. (2013b). Second language sentence processing in reading for comprehension and translation. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 518–537. doi: 10.1017/S1366728912000351
  • Lim, J-H., & Christianson, K. (2015). L2 sensitivity to agreement errors: Evidence from eye movements during comprehension and translation. Applied Psycholinguistics, 36, 1283–1315. doi: 10.1017/S0142716414000290
  • Logačev, P., & Vasishth, S. (2016). Understanding underspecification: A comparison of two computational implementations. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1134602
  • Malyutina, S., & den Ouden, D-B. (2016). What is it that lingers? Garden-path (mis)interpretations in younger and older adults. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1045530
  • Otero, J., & Kintsch, W. (1992). Failures ot detect contradictions in a text: What readers believe versus what they read. Psychological Science, 3, 229–235. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00034.x
  • Palmer, C. M. (2015). The interaction of images and text during comprehension of garden-path sentences: is integration better than good enough? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Illinois. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2142/78616
  • Patson, N. D., Darowski, E. S., Moon, N., & Ferreira, F. (2009). Lingering misinterpretations in garden-path sentences: Evidence from a paraphrasing task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 280–285.
  • Patson, N. D., & Husband, M. E. (2016). Misinterpretations in agreement and agreement attraction. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.992445
  • Sachs, J. S. (1967). Recopition memory for syntactic and semantic aspects of connected discourse. Perception and Psychophysics, 2, 437–442. doi: 10.3758/BF03208784
  • Schlesewsky, M., & Bornkessel, I. (2006). Context-sensitive neural responses to conflict resolution: Electrophysiological evidence from subject-object ambiguities in language comprehension. Brain Research, 1098, 139–152. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.04.080
  • Shafto, M., & MacKay, D. G. (2000). The Moses, mega-Moses, and Armstrong Illusions: Integrating language comprehension and semantic memory. Psychological Science, 11, 372–378. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00273
  • Simon, H. A. (1956). Rational choice and the structure of the environment. Psychological Review, 63, 129–138. doi: 10.1037/h0042769
  • Simon, H. A. (1982). Models of bounded rationality: Empirically grounded economic reason. Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
  • Simons, D. J., & Rensink, R. A. (2005). Change blindness: Past, present, and future. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 16–20. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2004.11.006
  • Slattery, T. J., Sturt, P., Christianson, K., Yoshida, M., & Ferreira, F. (2013). Lingering misinterpretations of garden path sentences arise from competing syntactic representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 69, 104–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2013.04.001
  • Stites, M. C., Luke, S. G., & Christianson, K. (2013). The psychologist said quickly, “dialogue descriptions modulate reading speed!”. Memory & Cognition, 41, 137–151. doi: 10.3758/s13421-012-0248-7
  • Swets, B., Desmet, T., Clifton, C. Jr., & Ferreira, F. (2008). Underspecification of syntactic ambiguities: Evidence from self-paced reading. Memory & Cognition, 36, 201–216. doi: 10.3758/MC.36.1.201
  • Townsend, D. J., & Bever, T. G. (2001). Sentence comprehensions: The integration of habits and rules. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Traxler, M. J. (2014). Trends in syntactic parsing: Anticipation, bayesian estimation, and good-enough parsing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 605–611. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.08.001
  • van Gompel, R. P. G., Pickering, M. J., Pearson, J., & Jacob, G. (2006). The activation of inappropriate analyses in garden-path sentences: Evidence from structural priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 55, 335–362. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2006.06.004
  • van Herten, M., Chwilla, D. J., & Kolk, H. H. J. (2006). When heuristics clash with parsing routines: ERP evidence for conflict monitoring in sentence perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18, 1181–1197. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.7.1181
  • van Herten, M., Kolk, H. H. J., & Chwilla, D. J. (2005). An ERP study of P600 effects elicited by semantic anomalies. Cognitive Brain Research, 22, 241–255. doi: 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.002
  • von der Malsburg, T., & Vasishth, S. (2013). Scanpaths reveal syntactic underspecification and reanalysis strategies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 28, 1545–1578. doi: 10.1080/01690965.2012.728232
  • Wonnacott, E., Joseph, H., Adelman, J., & Nation, K. (2016). Is children's reading ‘Good Enough’? Links between online processing and comprehension as children read syntactically ambiguous sentences. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1011176
  • Zhou, P., & Christianson, K. (2016). I “hear” what you're “saying”: Auditory perceptual simulation during silent reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1018282

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.