Loudness counts: Interactions between loudness, number magnitude, and space

References

• Alards-Tomalin, D., Walker, A. C., Shaw, J. D. M., & Leboe-McGowan, L. C. (2015). Is 9 louder than 1? Audiovisual cross-modal interactions between number magnitude and judged sound loudness. Acta Psychologica, 160, 95–103. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.07.004
   Google Scholar
• Audacity: Free Audio Editor and Recorder (Version 2.0.4). Retrieved from http://sourceforge.net/projects/audacity
   Google Scholar
• Badets, A., Koch, I., & Philipp, A. M. (2016). A review of ideomotor approaches to perception, cognition, action, and language: Advancing a cultural recycling hypothesis. Psychological Research, 80(1), 1–15. doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0643-8
   Google Scholar
• Bächtold, D., Baumüller, M., & Brugger, P. (1998). Stimulus-response compatibility in representational space. Neuropsychologia, 36(8), 731–735. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00002-5
   Google Scholar
• Belin, P., McAdams, S., Smith, B., Savel, S., Thivard, L., Samson, S., & Samson, Y. (1998). The functional anatomy of sound intensity discrimination. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(16), 6388–6394.
   Google Scholar
• Bonn, C. D., & Cantlon, J. F. (2012). The origins and structure of quantitative concepts. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 29(1–2), 149–173. doi:10.1080/02643294.2012.707122
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. W. (1995). Time, change, and motion: The effects of stimulus movement on temporal perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 57(1), 105–116. doi: 10.3758/BF03211853
   Google Scholar
• Bueti, D., & Walsh, V. (2009). The parietal cortex and the representation of time, space, number and other magnitudes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1525), 1831–1840. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0028
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. I., & Scheepers, F. (2015). Effects of pitch on auditory number comparisons. Psychological Research, 79, 389–400. doi: 10.1007/s00426-014-0571-7
   Google Scholar
• Casasanto, D., & Boroditsky, L. (2008). Time in the mind: Using space to think about time. Cognition, 106(2), 579–593. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.004
   Google Scholar
• Chang, A. Y., Tzeng, O. J., Hung, D. L., & Wu, D. H. (2011). Big time is not always long: Numerical magnitude automatically affects time reproduction. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1567–1573. doi:10.1177/0956797611418837
   Google Scholar
• Cohen Kadosh, R., Cohen Kadosh, K., & Henik, A. (2008). When brightness counts: The neuronal correlate of numerical-luminance interference. Cerebral Cortex, 18(2), 337–343. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm058
   Google Scholar
• Cohen Kadosh, R., Soskic, S., Iuculano, T., Kanai, R., & Walsh, V. (2010). Modulating neuronal activity produces specific and long-lasting changes in numerical competence. Current Biology, 20(22), 2016–2020. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.007
   Google Scholar
• Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122(3), 371–396. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.122.3.371
   Google Scholar
• Dormal, V., Andres, M., & Pesenti, M. (2012). Contribution of the right intraparietal sulcus to numerosity and length processing: An fMRI-guided TMS study. Cortex, 48(5), 623–629. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.019
   Google Scholar
• Dormal, V., Seron, X., & Pesenti, M. (2006). Numerosity-duration interference: A Stroop experiment. Acta Psychologica, 121(2), 109–124. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.06.003
   Google Scholar
• Fabbri, M., Cancellieri, J., & Natale, V. (2012). The A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM) model in temporal perception and reproduction tasks. Acta Psychologica, 139(1), 111–123. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.09.006
   Google Scholar
• Fias, W., Brysbaert, M., Geypens, F., & D’Ydewalle, G. (1996). The importance of magnitude information in numerical processing: Evidence from the SNARC effect. Mathematical Cognition, 2(1), 95–110. doi: 10.1080/135467996387552
   Google Scholar
• Fias, W., Lauwereyns, J., & Lammertyn, J. (2001). Irrelevant digits affect feature-based attention depending on the overlap of neural circuits. Cognitive Brain Research, 12(3), 415–423. doi: 10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00078-7
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, M. H. (2006). The future for SNARC could be stark … . Cortex, 42(8), 1066–1068. doi: 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70218-1
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, M. H. (2012). A hierarchical view of grounded, embodied, and situated numerical cognition. Cognitive Processing, 13(1), 161–164. doi: 10.1007/s10339-012-0477-5
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, M. H., Castel, A. D., Dodd, M. D., & Pratt, J. (2003). Perceiving numbers causes spatial shifts of attention. Nature Neuroscience, 6(6), 555–556. doi:10.1038/nn1066nn1066
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, M. H., Mills, R. A., & Shaki, S. (2010). How to cook a SNARC: Number placement in text rapidly changes spatial-numerical associations. Brain and Cognition, 72(3), 333–336. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.010
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, M. H., Riello, M., Giordano, B. L., & Rusconi, E. (2013). Singing numbers … in cognitive space—a dual-task study of the link between pitch, space, and numbers. Topics in Cognitive Science, 5(2), 354–366. doi: 10.1111/tops.12017
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, M. H., & Shaki, S. (2014). Spatial associations in numerical cognition-From single digits to arithmetic. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(8), 1461–1483. doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.927515
   Google Scholar
• Fitousi, D., & Algom, D. (2006). Size congruity effects with two-digit numbers: Expanding the number line? Memory & Cognition, 34(2), 445–457. doi: 10.3758/BF03193421
   Google Scholar
• Fumarola, A., Prpic, V., Da Pos, O., Murgia, M., Umiltà, C., & Agostini, T. (2014). Automatic spatial association for luminance. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 76(3), 759–765. doi: 10.3758/s13414-013-0614-y
   Google Scholar
• Goffaux, V., Martin, R., Dormal, G., Goebel, R., & Schiltz, C. (2012). Attentional shifts induced by uninformative number symbols modulate neural activity in human occipital cortex. Neuropsychologia, 50(14), 3419–3428. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.046
   Google Scholar
• Göbel, S. M., Shaki, S., & Fischer, M. H. (2011). The cultural number line: A review of cultural and linguistic influences on the development of number processing. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(4), 543–565. doi: 10.1177/0022022111406251
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, M., Gashaj, V., Stahnke, A., & Mast, F. (2014). There is more than ‘more is up’: Hand and foot responses reverse the vertical association of number magnitudes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40(4), 1401–1414. doi:10.1037/a0036686
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann, M., Grabherr, L., & Mast, F. W. (2012). Moving along the mental number line: Interactions between whole-body motion and numerical cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 38(6), 1416–1427. doi:10.1037/a0026706
   Google Scholar
• Heinemann, A., Pfister, R., & Janczyk, M. (2013). Manipulating number generation: Loud+long=large? Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 1332–1339. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.08.014
   Google Scholar
• Henik, A., & Tzelgov, J. (1982). Is three greater than five: The relation between physical and semantic size in comparison tasks. Memory & Cognition, 10(4), 389–395. doi: 10.3758/BF03202431
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, A., Macizo, P., & Semenza, C. (2008). The role of working memory in the association between number magnitude and space. Acta Psychologica, 128(2), 225–237. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.01.002
   Google Scholar
• Hommel, B., Musseler, J., Aschersleben, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): A framework for perception and action planning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(5), 849–878. doi:10.1017/S0140525×01000103
   Google Scholar
• Ishihara, M., Keller, P. E., Rossetti, Y., & Prinz, W. (2008). Horizontal spatial representations of time: Evidence for the STEARC effect. Cortex, 44(4), 454–461. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.010
   Google Scholar
• Javadi, A. H., & Aichelburg, C. (2012). When time and numerosity interfere: The longer the more, and the more the longer. PLoS One, 7(7), e41496. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041496
   Google Scholar
• Jäncke, L., Shah, N. J., Posse, S., Grosse-Ryuken, M., & Müller-Gärtner, H. W. (1998). Intensity coding of auditory stimuli: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 36(9), 875–883. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00019-0
   Google Scholar
• Kadosh, R. C., Brodsky, W., Levin, M., & Henik, A. (2008). Mental representation: What can pitch tell us about the distance effect? Cortex, 44(4), 470–477. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.002
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahnemann (Eds.), Heuristics of intuitive judgment: Extensions and applications ( Vol. 49, pp. 49–81). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lambrechts, A., Walsh, V., & van Wassenhove, V. (2013). Evidence accumulation in the magnitude system. PLoS One, 8(12), e82122. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082122
   Google Scholar
• Langers, D. R., van Dijk, P., Schoenmaker, E. S., & Backes, W. H. (2007). fMRI activation in relation to sound intensity and loudness. Neuroimage, 35(2), 709–718. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.12.013
   Google Scholar
• Leibovich, T., Diesendruck, L., Rubinsten, O., & Henik, A. (2013). The importance of being relevant: Modulation of magnitude representations. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 369. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00369
   Google Scholar
• Lidji, P., Kolinsky, R., Lochy, A., & Morais, J. (2007). Spatial associations for musical stimuli: A piano in the head? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(5), 1189–1207. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1189
   Google Scholar
• Lindemann, O., Abolafia, J. M., Girardi, G., & Bekkering, H. (2007). Getting a grip on numbers: Numerical magnitude priming in object grasping. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(6), 1400–1409. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.6.1400
   Google Scholar
• Loftus, G. R., & Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidece intervals in within-subject designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 476–490. doi: 10.3758/BF03210951
   Google Scholar
• Lourenco, S. F., & Longo, M. R. (2010). General magnitude representation in human infants. Psychological Science, 21(6), 873–881. doi:10.1177/0956797610370158
   Google Scholar
• Lourenco, S. F., & Longo, M. R. (2011). Origins and development of generalized magnitude representation. Space, time, and number in the brain: Searching for the foundations of mathematical thought, 225–244.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (1995). The visual brain in action. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, T., Bull, R., & Cleland, A. A. (2012). Implicit response-irrelevant number information triggers the SNARC effect: Evidence using a neural overlap paradigm. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(10), 1945–1961. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2012.673631
   Google Scholar
• Moyer, R. S., & Landauer, T. K. (1967). Time required for judgements of numerical inequality. Nature, 215(5109), 1519–1520. doi: 10.1038/2151519a0
   Google Scholar
• Nuerk, H. C., Iversen, W., & Willmes, K. (2004). Notational modulation of the SNARC and the MARC (linguistic markedness of response codes) effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 57(5), 835–863. doi:10.1080/02724980343000512
   Google Scholar
• Nuerk, H. C., Wood, G., & Willmes, K. (2005). The universal SNARC effect: The association between number magnitude and space is amodal. Experimental Psychology, 52(3), 187–194. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169.52.3.187
   Google Scholar
• Oliveri, M., Vicario, C. M., Salerno, S., Koch, G., Turriziani, P., Mangano, R., … Caltagirone, C. (2008). Perceiving numbers alters time perception. Neuroscience Letters, 438(3), 308–311. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.04.051
   Google Scholar
• Piazza, M., Pinel, P., Le Bihan, D., & Dehaene, S. (2007). A magnitude code common to numerosities and number symbols in human intraparietal cortex. Neuron, 53(2), 293–305. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.022
   Google Scholar
• Pinel, P., Piazza, M., Le Bihan, D., & Dehaene, S. (2004). Distributed and overlapping cerebral representations of number, size, and luminance during comparative judgments. Neuron, 41(6), 983–993. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00107-2
   Google Scholar
• Proctor, R. W., & Cho, Y. S. (2006). Polarity correspondence: A general principle for performance of speeded binary classification tasks. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 416–442. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.416
   Google Scholar
• Ranzini, M., Dehaene, S., Piazza, M., & Hubbard, E. M. (2009). Neural mechanisms of attentional shifts due to irrelevant spatial and numerical cues. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2615–2624. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.05.011
   Google Scholar
• Ren, P., Nicholls, M. E., Ma, Y.-y., & Chen, L. (2011). Size matters: Non-numerical magnitude affects the spatial coding of response. PLoS One, 6(8), e23553. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023553
   Google Scholar
• Rusconi, E., Kwan, B., Giordano, B. L., Umilta, C., & Butterworth, B. (2006). Spatial representation of pitch height: The SMARC effect. Cognition, 99(2), 113–129. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.01.004
   Google Scholar
• Salillas, E., El Yagoubi, R., & Semenza, C. (2008). Sensory and cognitive processes of shifts of spatial attention induced by numbers: An ERP study. Cortex, 44(4), 406–413. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2007.08.006
   Google Scholar
• Schuller, A.-M., Hoffmann, D., Goffaux, V., & Schiltz, C. (2015). Shifts of spatial attention cued by irrelevant numbers: Electrophysiological evidence from a target discrimination task. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 27(4), 442–458. doi: 10.1080/20445911.2014.946419
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, W., & Ischebeck, A. (2003). On the relative speed account of number-size interference in comparative judgments of numerals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(3), 507–522.
   Google Scholar
• Shaki, S., Fischer, M. H., & Petrusic, W. M. (2009). Reading habits for both words and numbers contribute to the SNARC effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(2), 328–331. doi:10.3758/PBR.16.2.328
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. C., & Hall, J. W. (1966). Brightness and loudness as functions of stimulus duration. Perception & Psychophysics, 1(9), 319–327. doi: 10.3758/BF03215796
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. C., & Marks, L. E. (1965). Cross-modality matching of brightness and loudness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 54(2), 407–411. doi: 10.1073/pnas.54.2.407
   Google Scholar
• Tudusciuc, O., & Nieder, A. (2007). Neuronal population coding of continuous and discrete quantity in the primate posterior parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(36), 14513–14518. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705495104
   Google Scholar
• Tzelgov, J., Zohar-Shai, B., & Nuerk, H. C. (2013). On defining quantifying and measuring the SNARC effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 302. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00302
   Google Scholar
• van Dijck, J.-P., Abrahamse, E. L., Acar, F., Ketels, B., & Fias, W. (2014). A working memory account of the interaction between numbers and spatial attention. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67(8), 1500–1513. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2014.903984
   Google Scholar
• Van Opstal, F., & Verguts, T. (2013). Is there a generalized magnitude system in the brain? Behavioral, neuroimaging, and computational evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 435. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00435
   Google Scholar
• Viarouge, A., & de Hevia, M. D. (2013). The role of numerical magnitude and order in the illusory perception of size and brightness. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 484. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00484
   Google Scholar
• Vierck, E., & Kiesel, A. (2010). Congruency effects between number magnitude and response force. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 204–209. doi:10.1037/a0018105
   Google Scholar
• Walker, P., & Walker, L. (2012). Size–brightness correspondence: Crosstalk and congruity among dimensions of connotative meaning. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74(6), 1226–1240. doi: 10.3758/s13414-012-0297-9
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, V. (2003). A theory of magnitude: Common cortical metrics of time, space and quantity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 483–488. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.09.002
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, V. (2015). A theory of magnitude: The parts that sum to number. In R. Cohen Kadosh & A. Dowker (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of numerical cognition (pp. 552–565). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weis, T., Estner, B., van Leeuwen, C., & Lachmann, T. (2016). SNARSC meets SPARC: Automaticity and Interdependency in Compatibility Effects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1–37. Online first. doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1082142
   Google Scholar
• Wood, G., Willmes, K., Nuerk, H. C., & Fischer, M. H. (2008). On the cognitive link between space and number: A meta-analysis of the SNARC effect. Psychology Science Quarterly, 50, 489–525.
   Google Scholar
• Xuan, B., Chen, X.-C., He, S., & Zhang, D.-R. (2009). Numerical magnitude modulates temporal comparison: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1269, 135–142. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.016
   Google Scholar
• Xuan, B., Zhang, D., He, S., & Chen, X. (2007). Larger stimuli are judged to last longer. Journal of Vision, 7(10), 2–5. doi:10.1167/7.10.2
   Google Scholar
• Zanolie, K., & Pecher, D. (2014). Number-induced shifts in spatial attention: A replication study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 987. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00987
   Google Scholar
• Zebian, S. (2005). Linkages between number concepts, spatial thinking, and directionality of writing: The SNARC effect and the reverse SNARC effect in English and Arabic monoliterates, biliterates, and illiterate Arabic speakers. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 5(1–2), 1–2.
   Google Scholar