Eye tracking reveals the cost of switching between self and other perspectives in a visual perspective-taking task

References

• Apperly, I. A., Back, E., Samson, D., & France, L. (2008). The cost of thinking about false beliefs: Evidence from adult performance on a non-inferential theory of mind task. Cognition, 106, 1093–1108. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.005
   Google Scholar
• Apperly, I. A., & Butterfill, S. A. (2009). Do humans have two systems to track beliefs and belief-like states? Psychological Review, 116, 953–970. doi: 10.1037/a0016923
   Google Scholar
• Apperly, I. A., Carroll, D. J., Samson, D., Qureshi, A., Humphreys, G. W., & Moffitt, G. (2010). Why are there limits on theory of mind use? Evidence from adults’ ability to follow instructions from an ignorant speaker. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 1201–1217. doi: 10.1080/17470210903281582
   Google Scholar
• Apperly, I. A., Samson, D., & Humphreys, G. W. (2009). Studies of adults can inform accounts of theory of mind development. Developmental Psychology, 45, 190–201. doi: 10.1037/a0014098
   Google Scholar
• Barr, D. J. & Keysar, B. (2002). Anchoring comprehension in linguistic precedents. Journal of Memory and Language, 46, 391–418. doi: 10.1006/jmla.2001.2815
   Google Scholar
• Bindemann, M. (2010). Scene and screen center bias early eye movements in scene viewing. Vision Research, 50, 2577–2587. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.016
   Google Scholar
• Bindemann, M., Scheepers, C., Ferguson, H. J., & Burton, A. (2010). Face, body and centre of gravity mediate person detection in natural scenes. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception And Performance, 36, 1477–1485.
   Google Scholar
• Birch, S. A. J. & Bloom, P. (2007). The curse of knowledge in reasoning about false beliefs. Psychological Science, 18, 382–386. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01909.x
   Google Scholar
• Borji, A., Parks, D., & Itti, L. (2014). Complementary effects of gaze duration and early saliency in guiding fixations during free viewing. Journal of Vision, 14(13), 1–32. doi: 10.1167/14.13.3
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, E. E. F., Jentzsch, I., & Gomez, J-C. (2015). From self to social cognition: theory of mind mechanisms and their relation to executive functioning. Cognition, 138, 21–34. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.02.001
   Google Scholar
• Brown-Schmidt, S. (2009). The role of executive function in perspective taking during online language comprehension. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 893–900. doi: 10.3758/PBR.16.5.893
   Google Scholar
• Bull, R., Phillips, L. H., & Conway, C. A. (2008). The role of control functions in mentalizing: Dual-task studies of theory of mind and executive function. Cognition, 107, 663–672. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.07.015
   Google Scholar
• Cane, J. E., Ferguson, H. J., & Apperly, I. (Submitted). Examining the influence of working memory and motivation on the time course of eye-movements in a perspective taking task. Journal of Experimenal Psychology: Language, Memory and Cognition.
   Google Scholar
• Capozzi, F., Cavallo, A., Furlanetto, T., & Becchio, C. (2014). Altercentric intrusions from multiple perspectives: Beyond dyads. PLoS One, 9, e114210. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114210
   Google Scholar
• Castelhano, M. S., Wieth, M., & Henderson, J. M. (2007). I see what you see: Eye movements in realworld scenes are affected by perceived direction of gaze. In Attention in cognitive systems: Theories and systems from an interdisciplinary viewpoint (pp. 251–262). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, G. C., Atkinson, M., Le, A. T. D., Smith, D. T. (2016). Do humans spontaneously take the perspective of others? Acta Psychologica, 164, 165–168. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.01.007
   Google Scholar
• Decety, J., Sommerville, J. A. (2003). Shared representations between self and other: A social cognitive neuroscience view. Trends in Cognitive Science, 7, 527–33. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.004
   Google Scholar
• Deubel, H., & Schneider, W. X. (1996). Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Research, 36, 1827–1837. doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(95)00294-4
   Google Scholar
• Duc, A. H., Bays, P., & Husain, M. (2008). Eye movements as a probe of attention. Progress in Brain Research, 171, 403–411. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)00659-6
   Google Scholar
• Dumontheil, I., Küster, O., Apperly, I. A., & Blakemore, S-J. (2010). Taking perspective into account in a communicative task. Neuroimage, 52, 1574–1583. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.056
   Google Scholar
• Epley, N., Keysar, B., Van Boven, L., & Gilovich, T. (2004). Perspective taking as egocentric anchoring and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 327–339. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.87.3.327
   Google Scholar
• Epley, N., Morewedge, C. K., & Keysar, B. (2004). Perspective taking in children and adults: Equivalent egocentrism but differential correction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 760–768. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2004.02.002
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, H. J., Apperly, I. A., Ahmad, J., Bindemann, M., & Cane, J. E. (2015). Task constraints distinguish perspective inferences from perspective use during discourse interpretation. Cognition, 139, 50–70. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.02.010
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, H. J. & Breheny, R. (2012). Listeners’ eyes reveal spontaneous sensitivity to others’ perspectives. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 257–263. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.08.007
   Google Scholar
• Furlanetto, T., Becchio, C., Samson, D., & Apperly, I. A. (2016). Altercentric interference in level-1 visual perspective-taking reflects the ascription of mental states, not sub-mentalising. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42, 158–163.
   Google Scholar
• Grodner, D., Dalini, M., Pearlstein-Levy, S., & Ward, A. (2012). Factors that contribute to the use of perspective in referent identification. Presented at the CUNY Conference on Human Sentence Processing, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Heyes, C. (2014). Submentalizing: I am not really reading your mind. Perspectives in Psychological Science, 9, 131–143. doi: 10.1177/1745691613518076
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, J. E., & Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perceptual Psychophysiology, 57, 787–795. doi: 10.3758/BF03206794
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. (1998). Finding your marbles: Does preschoolers_ strategic behavior predict later understanding of mind? Developmental Psychology, 34, 1326–1339. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1326
   Google Scholar
• Jeannerod, M., Anquetil, T. (2008). Putting oneself in the perspective of the other: A framework for self-other differentiation. Social Neuroscience, 3, 356–367. doi: 10.1080/17470910701563715
   Google Scholar
• Keysar, B., & Barr, D. J. (2005). Coordination of action and belief in communication. In J. C. Trueswell & M. K. Tanenhaus (Eds.), Approaches to studying world- situated language use: Bridging the language-as-product and language-as-action traditions (Series: Learning, development, and conceptual change, pp. 71–94). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keysar, B., Barr, D. J., Balin, J. A., & Brauner, J. S. (2000). Taking perspective in conversation: The role of mutual knowledge in comprehension. Psychological Science, 11, 32–38. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00211
   Google Scholar
• Keysar, B., Lin, S., & Barr, D. J. (2003). Limits on theory of mind use in adults. Cognition, 89, 25–41. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(03)00064-7
   Google Scholar
• Kovács, Á. M., Téglás, E., & Endress, A. D. (2010). The social sense: Susceptibility to others’ beliefs in human infants and adults. Science, 330, 1830–1834. doi: 10.1126/science.1190792
   Google Scholar
• Lin, S., Keysar, B., & Epley, N. (2010). Reflexively mindblind: Using theory of mind to interpret behavior requires effortful attention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 551–556. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.12.019
   Google Scholar
• McCleery, J. P., Surtees, A., Graham, K. A., Richards, J., & Apperly, I. A. (2011). The neural and cognitive time-course of theory of mind. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 12849–12854. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1392-11.2011
   Google Scholar
• McKinnon, M. C. & Moscovitch, M. (2007). Domain-general contributions to social reasoning: Theory of mind and deontic reasoning re-explored. Cognition, 102, 179–218. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2005.12.011
   Google Scholar
• Michelon, P. & Zacks, J. M. (2006). Two kinds of visual perspective taking. Perception & Psychophysics, 68, 327–337. doi: 10.3758/BF03193680
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, P., Robinson, E. J., Isaacs, J. E., & Nye, R. M. (1996). Contamination in reasoning about false belief: An instance of realist bias in adults but not children. Cognition, 59, 1–21. doi: 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00683-4
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, M. K., Slade, L., Levy, J. P., & Holmes, A. (2015). Inclined to see it your way: Do altercentric intrusion effects in visual perspective taking reflect an intrinsically social process? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68, 1931–1951. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1023206
   Google Scholar
• Qureshi, A. W., Apperly, I. A., & Samson, D. (2010). Executive function is necessary for perspective selection, not level-1 visual perspective calculation: Evidence from a dual-task study of adults. Cognition, 117, 230–236. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.003
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey, R., Hansen, P., Apperly, I. A., & Samson, D. (2013). Seeing it my way or your way: Frontoparietal brain areas sustain viewpoint-independent perspective selection processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 670–684. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00345
   Google Scholar
• Samson, D., Apperly, I. A., Braithwaite, J. J., Andrews, B. J., & Scott, S. E. B. (2010). Seeing it their way: Evidence for rapid and involuntary computation of what other people see. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, 1255–1266.
   Google Scholar
• Samson, D., Apperly, I. A., Kathirgamanathan, U., & Humphreys, G. W. (2005). Seeing it my way: A case of selective deficit in inhibiting self-perspective. Brain, 128, 1102–1111. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh464
   Google Scholar
• Santiesteban, I., Catmur, C., Hopkins, S., Bird, G. & Heyes, C. M. (2014). Avatars and arrows: Implicit mentalizing or domain general processing? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40, 929–937.
   Google Scholar
• Saxe, R., Moran, J. M., Scholz, J., & Gabrieli, J. (2006). Overlapping and non-overlapping brain regions for theory of mind and self reflection in individual subjects. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1, 229–234. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsl034
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, D., Lam, R. Bayliss, A. P., & Dux, P. E. (2012). Cognitive load disrupts theory of mind processing. Psychological Science, 23, 842–847. doi: 10.1177/0956797612439070
   Google Scholar
• Schurz, M., Kronbichler, M., Weissengruber, S., Surtees, A. D., Samson, D. & Perner, J. (2015). Clarifying the role of theory of mind areas during visual perspective taking: Issues of spontaneity and domain-specificity. NeuroImage, 117, 386–396. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.031
   Google Scholar
• Surtees, A., Apperly, I., & Samson, D. (2013). Similarities and differences in visual and spatial perspective taking. Cognition, 129, 426–438. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.06.008
   Google Scholar
• Surtees, A. D. R., & Apperly, I. A. (2012). Egocentrism and automatic perspective taking in children and adults. Child Development, 83, 452–460.
   Google Scholar
• Vogeley, K., Bussfeld, P., Newen, A., Hermann, S., Happe, F., Falkai, P., … Zilles, K. (2001). Mind reading: Neural mechanisms of theory of mind and self-perspective. NeuroImage, 14, 170–181. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0789
   Google Scholar