Theory of mind broad and narrow: Reasoning about social exchange engages ToM areas, precautionary reasoning does not

References

• Almor , A. and Sloman , S. 1996 . Is deontic reasoning special? . Psychological Review , 103 : 374 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apperly , I. A. , Samson , D. , Chiavarino , C. and Humphreys , G. W. 2004 . Frontal and temporo-parietal lobe contributions to theory of mind: Neuropsychological evidence from a false-belief task with reduced language and executive demands . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 : 1773 – 1784 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby , F. G. , Alfonso-Reese , L. A. , Turken , A. U. and Waldron , E. M. 1998 . A neuropsychological theory of multiple systems in category learning . Psychological Review , 105 : 442 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atran , S. 1990 . The cognitive foundations of natural history , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod , R. and Hamilton , W. D. 1981 . The evolution of cooperation . Science , 211 : 1390 – 1396 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillargeon , R. 1987 . Object permanence in 3.5- and 4.5-month-old infants . Developmental Psychology , 23 : 655 – 664 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. 1995 . Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. 2005 . “ Autism and the origins of social neuroscience ” . In The cognitive neuroscience of social behaviour , Edited by: Easton , A. and Emery , N. J. 239 – 255 . New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. , Leslie , A. M. and Frith , U. 1985 . Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? . Cognition , 21 : 37 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. , Ring , H. A. , Wheelwright , S. , Bullmore , E. T. , Brammer , M. J. Simmons , A. 1999 . Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study . European Journal of Neuroscience , 11 : 1891 – 1898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett , H. C. 2005 . “ Adaptations to predators and prey ” . In Handbook of evolutionary psychology , Edited by: Buss , D. M. 220 – 223 . Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Bonatti , L. 1994 . Why should we abandon the mental logic hypothesis? . Cognition , 50 : 17 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , R. 1988 . Is the repeated prisoner's dilemma a good model of reciprocal altruism? . Ethology and Sociobiology , 9 : 211 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Boyer , P. , & Lienard P. ( in press ). Why ritualized behavior? Precaution systems and action parsing in developmental, pathological, and cultural rituals . Behavioral and Brain Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Brase , G. , Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 1998 . Individuation, counting, and statistical inference: The role of frequency and whole object representations in judgment under uncertainty . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 127 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Buller , D. J. 2005 . Adapting minds: Evolutionary psychology and the persistent quest for human nature , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cabeza , R. and Nyberg , L. 2000 . Imaging cognition II: An empirical review of 275 PET and fMRI studies . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 12 : 1 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun , V. D. , Stevens , M. C. , Pearlson , G. D. and Kiehl , K. A. 2004 . fMRI analysis with the general linear model: Removal of latency-induced amplitude bias by incorporation of hemodynamic derivative terms . NeuroImage , 22 : 252 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canessa , N. , Gorini , A. , Cappa , S. F. , Piatelli-Palmarini , M. , Danna , M. Fazio , F. 2005 . The effect of social content on deductive reasoning: An fMRI study . Human Brain Mapping , 26 : 30 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng , P. and Holyoak , K. 1985 . Pragmatic reasoning schemas . Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 391 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , P. and Holyoak , K. 1989 . On the natural selection of reasoning theories . Cognition , 33 : 285 – 313 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. D. , MacWhinney , B. , Flatt , M. and Provost , J. 1993 . PsyScope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments . Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers , 25 : 257 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. ( 1985 ). Deduction or Darwinian algorithms? An explanation of the “elusive” content effect on the Wason selection task . Doctoral dissertation, Department of Psychology, Harvard University: University Microfilms , #86–02206 .
   Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. 1989 . The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task . Cognition , 31 : 187 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. , Barrett , H. C. , & Tooby , J. ( 2006 ). Social contracts elicit the detection of intentional cheaters, not innocent mistakes . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 1989 . Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, part II. Case study: A computational theory of social exchange . Ethology and Sociobiology , 10 : 51 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 1992 . “ Cognitive adaptations for social exchange ” . In The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture , Edited by: Barkow , J. , Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 163 – 228 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 1996 . Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty . Cognition , 58 : 1 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. , & Tooby , J. ( 1997 ). Dissecting the computational architecture of social inference mechanisms . In Characterizing human psychological adaptations ( Ciba Foundation Symposium #208 , pp. 132 – 156 ). Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 2000 . “ Consider the source: The evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation ” . In Metarepresentation: A multidisciplinary perspective. Vancouver Studies in Cognitive Science , Edited by: Sperber , D. 153 – 115 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 2005 . “ Neurocognitive adaptations designed for social exchange ” . In Handbook of evolutionary psychology , Edited by: Buss , D. M. 584 – 627 . Hoboken, NJ : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cummins , D. D. 1996 . Evidence of deontic reasoning in 3- and 4-year-old children . Memory & Cognition , 24 : 823 – 829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale , A. M. and Buckner , R. L. 1997 . Selective averaging of rapidly presented individual trials using fMRI . Human Brain Mapping , 5 : 329 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiddick , L. ( 1998 ). The deal and the danger: An evolutionary analysis of deontic reasoning . Doctoral dissertation , Department of Psychology, University of California , Santa Barbara .
   Google Scholar
• Fiddick , L. 2004 . Domains of deontic reasoning: Resolving the discrepancy between the cognitive and moral reasoning literatures . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 57A ( 4 ) : 447 – 474 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiddick , L. , Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 2000 . No interpretation without representation: The role of domain-specific representations and inferences in the Wason selection task . Cognition , 77 : 1 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiddick , L. , Spampinato , M. V. and Grafman , J. 2005 . Social contracts and precautions activate different neurological systems: An fMRI investigation of deontic reasoning . NeuroImage , 28 : 778 – 786 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine , C. , Lumsden , J. and Blair , R. J. R. 2001 . Dissociation between “theory of mind” and executive functions in a patient with early left amygdala damage . Brain , 124 : 287 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , P. C. , Happe , F. , Frith , U. , Baker , S. C. , Dolan , R. J. Frackowiak , R. S. J. 1995 . Other minds in the brain: A functional imaging study of “theory of mind” in story comprehension . Cognition , 57 : 109 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodor , J. 2000 . Why we are so good at catching cheaters . Cognition , 75 : 29 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friston , K. J. , Holmes , A. P. , Worsely , K. J. , Poline , J. B. , Frith , C. D. and Frackowiak , R. S. J. 1995 . Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach . Human Brain Mapping , 2 : 189 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• Frith , U. and Frith , C. D. 2003 . Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London Series B , 358 : 459 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher , H. L. and Frith , C. D. 2003 . Functional imaging of “theory of mind . Trends in Cognitive Science , 7 : 77 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher , H. L. , Happe , F. , Brunswick , N. , Fletcher , P. C. , Frith , U. and Frith , C. 2000 . Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: An fMRI study on “theory of mind” in verbal and nonverbal tasks . Neuropsychologia , 38 : 11 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallistel , C. R. and Gibbon , J. 2000 . Time, rate, and conditioning . Psychological Review , 107 : 289 – 344 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German , T. P. , Niehaus , J. L. , Roarty , M. P. , Geisbrecht , B. and Miller , M. B. 2004 . Neural correlates of detecting pretense: Automatic engagement of the intentional stance under cover conditions . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 : 1805 – 1817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer , G. and Hug , K. 1992 . Domain specific reasoning: Social contracts, cheating, and perspective change . Cognition , 43 : 127 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer , G. and Murray , D. J. 1987 . Cognition as intuitive statistics , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer , G. , Todd , P. M. , & The ABC Research Group . ( 1999 ). Simple heuristics that make us smart . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gintis , H. 2000 . Game theory evolving , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goel , V. , Buchel , C. , Frith , C. and Dolan , R. J. 2000 . Dissociation of mechanisms underlying syllogistic reasoning . NeuroImage , 12 : 504 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , V. and Dolan , R. J. 2001 . Functional neuroanatomy of three-term relational reasoning . Neuropsychologia , 39 : 901 – 909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , V. and Dolan , R. J. 2003 . Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief . Cognition , 87 : B11 – B22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , V. and Dolan , R. J. 2004 . Differential involvement of left prefrontal cortex in inductive and deductive reasoning . Cognition , 93 : B109 – B121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , V. , Shuren , J. , Sheesley , L. and Grafman , J. 2004 . Asymmetrical involvement of the frontal lobes in social reasoning . Brain , 127 : 783 – 790 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson , R. N. A. , Rugg , M. D. and Friston , K. J. 2001 . The choice of basis functions in event-related fMRI . NeuroImage , 13 : S149
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys , N. K. 1976 . “ The social function of intellect ” . In Growing points in ethology , Edited by: Bateson , P. P. G. and Hinde , R. A. Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson-Laird , P. and Byrne , R. 1991 . Deduction , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. 2003 . A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality . American Psychologist , 58 : 697 – 720 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. , Slovic , P. and Tversky , A. 1982 . Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kirby , K. N. 1994 . Probabilities and utilities of fictional outcomes in Wason's four-card selection task . Cognition , 51 : 1 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie , A. M. 1987 . Pretense and representation: The origins of “theory of mind . Psychological Review , 94 : 412 – 426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie , A. M. 1994 . “ ToMM, ToBy, and agency: Core architecture and domain specificity ” . In Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture , Edited by: Hirschfeld , L. and Gelman , S. 119 – 148 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , L. R. 2003 . “ Rationality in choice under certainty and uncertainty ” . In Emerging perspective on judgment and decision research , Edited by: Schneider , S. L. and Shanteau , J. 64 – 83 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maljkovic , V. ( 1987 ). Reasoning in evolutionarily important domains and schizophrenia: Dissociation between content-dependent and content independent reasoning . Unpublished honors thesis , Department of Psychology, Harvard University .
   Google Scholar
• Manktelow , K. I. , Evans , J. and St , B. T. 1979 . Facilation of reasoning by realism: Effect or non-effect? . British Journal of Psychology , 70 : 477 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manktelow , K. , & Over , D. ( 1988 , July ). Sentences, stories, scenarios, and the selection task . Paper presented at the First International Conference on Thinking . Plymouth , UK .
   Google Scholar
• Manktelow , K. and Over , D. 1990 . “ Deontic thought and the selection task ” . In Lines of thinking , Edited by: Gilhooly , K. J. , Keane , M. T. G. , Logie , R. H. and Erdos , G. Vol. 1 , 153 – 164 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Manktelow , K. and Over , D. 1991 . Social roles and utilities in reasoning with deontic conditionals . Cognition , 39 : 85 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard Smith , J. 1982 . Evolution and the theory of games , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 1994 . A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection . Psychological Review , 101 : 608 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollinger , J. M. , Shulman , G. L. and Corbetta , M. 2001 . Separating processes within a trial in event-related functional MRI . NeuroImage , 15 : 547 – 558 .
   Google Scholar
• Panchanathan , K. and Boyd , R. 2003 . A tale of two defectors: The importance of standing for the evolution of indirect reciprocity . Journal of Theoretical Biology , 224 : 115 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rips , L. 1994 . The psychology of proof , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rumelhart , D. , & McClelland , J. ( 1986 ). On learning the past tenses of English verbs: Implicit rules or parallel distributed processing? In D. Rumelhart , J. McClelland & The PDP Research Group ( Eds. ), Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition ( Vol. 2 , pp. 216 – 271 ). Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Saxe , R. , Carey , S. and Kanwisher , N. 2004 . Understanding other minds: Linking developmental psychology and functional neuroimaging . Annual Review of Psychology , 55 : 87 – 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe , R. and Kanwisher , N. 2003 . People thinking about people: The role of the tempo-parietal junction in “theory of mind” . NeuroImage , 19 : 1835 – 1842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxe , R. and Wexler , A. 2005 . Making sense of another mind: The role of the right temporo-parietal junction . Neuropsychologia , 43 : 1391 – 1399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter , D. L. , Buckner , R. L. , Koutstaal , W. , Dale , A. M. and Rosen , B. R. 1997 . Late onset of anterior prefrontal activity during true and false recognition: An event-related fMRI study . NeuroImage , 6 : 259 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sell , A. ( 2005 ). Regulating welfare tradeoff ratios: Three tests of an evolutionary-computational model of human anger . Doctoral dissertation , Department of Psychology, University of California , Santa Barbara, , USA .
   Google Scholar
• Spelke , E. 1990 . Principles of object perception . Cognitive Science , 14 : 29 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperber , D. , Cara , F. and Girotto , V. 1995 . Relevance theory explains the selection task . Cognition , 57 : 31 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperber , D. and Girotto , V. 2002 . Use or misuse of the selection task? Rejoinder to Fiddick, Cosmides, and Tooby . Cognition , 85 : 277 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperber , D. and Wilson , D. 1995 . Relevance: Communication and cognition , 2nd ed. , Malden, MA : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Staddon , J. E. R. 1988 . “ Learning as inference ” . In Evolution and learning , Edited by: Bolles , R. C. and Beecher , M. D. 59 – 77 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , V. E. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Calder , A. , Keane , J. and Young , A. 2003 . Acquired theory of mind impairments in individuals with bilateral amygdala lesions . Neuropsychologia , 41 : 209 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , V. E. , Baron-Cohen , S. and Knight , R. T. 1998 . Frontal lobe contributions to theory of mind . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 10 : 640 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , V. E. , Cosmides , L. , Tooby , J. , Kroll , N. and Knight , R. T. 2002 . Selective impairment of reasoning about social exchange in a patient with bilateral limbic system damage . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 99 : 11531 – 11536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tooby , J. , & Cosmides , L. ( 1989 , August ). The logic of threat . Paper presented at the Human Behavior and Evolution Society , Evanston , IL .
   Google Scholar
• Tooby , J. and Cosmides , L. 1992 . “ The psychological foundations of culture ” . In The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture , Edited by: Barkow , J. , Cosmides , L. and Tooby , J. 19 – 136 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tooby , J. , Cosmides , L. and Price , M. E. 2006 . Cognitive adaptations for n-person exchange: The evolutionary roots of organizational behavior . Managerial and Decision Economics , 27 : 103 – 129 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trivers , R. 1971 . The evolution of reciprocal altruism . Quarterly Review of Biology , 46 : 35 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wason , P. 1983 . “ Realism and rationality in the selection task ” . In Thinking and reasoning: Psychological approaches , Edited by: St , J. and Evans , B. T. 44 – 75 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Wason , P. and Johnson-Laird , P. 1972 . The psychology of reasoning: Structure and content , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wegener , J. S. , Lund , T. E. , Hede , A. , Ramsoy , T. Z. , Baare , W. F. , & Paulson , O. B. ( 2004 , October ). Social relative to non-social reasoning activates regions within anterior prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex . Abstracts of the Society for Neuroscience . San Diego, CA .
   Google Scholar