Second to fourth digit ratios, sex differences, and behavior in Chinese men and women

References

• Austin , E. J. , Manning , J. T. , McInroy , K. and Mathews , E. 2002 . A preliminary investigation of the associations between personality, cognitive ability and digit ratio . Personality and Individual Differences , 33 : 1115 – 1124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey , A. A. and Hurd , P. L. 2005 . Finger length ratio (2D:4D) correlates with physical aggression in men but not in women . Biological Psychology , 68 : 215 – 222 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. , Lutchmaya , S. and Knickmeyer , R. 2004 . Prenatal testosterone in mind: Amniotic fluid studies , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , S. 1981 . Theory and measurement of androgyny—reply . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 1047 – 1054 .
   Google Scholar
• Benderlioglu , Z. and Nelson , J. 2004 . Digit length ratios predict reactive aggression in women, but not in men . Hormones and Behavior , 46 : 558 – 564 .
   Google Scholar
• Breedlove , S. M. and Hampson , E. 2002 . “ Sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior ” . In Behavioral Endocrinology , Edited by: Becker , J. B. , Breedlove , S. M. , Crews , D. and McCarthy , M. M. 75 – 151 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , W. M. , Hines , M. , Fane , B. A. and Breedlove , S. M. 2002 . Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Hormones and Behavior , 42 : 123 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Buss , A. H. and Perry , M. 1992 . The aggression questionnaire . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 63 : 452 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Bendahan , C. C. C. , van de Beek , C. and Berenbaum , S. A. 2005 . Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: Methods and findings . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 29 : 353 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , P. B. , Yang , C. J. and Pope , H. G. Jr . 2006 . Fathers have lower salivary testosterone levels than unmarried men and married non-fathers in Beijing, China . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B , 273 : 333 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Grimshaw , G. M. , Bryden , M. P. and Finegan , J. K. 1995a . Relations between prenatal testosterone and cerebral lateralization in children . Neuropsychology , 9 ( 1 ) : 68 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimshaw , G. M. , Sitarenios , G. and Finegan , J. A. 1995b . Mental rotation at 7 years: Relations with prenatal testosterone levels and spatial play experiences . Brain and Cognition , 29 ( 1 ) : 85 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Hines , M. 2006 . Prenatal testosterone and gender-related behaviour . European Journal of Endocrinology , 155 : S115 – S121 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede , G. 1998 . Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hönekopp , J. , Voracek , M. and Manning , J. T. 2006 . 2nd to 4th digit ratio (2D:4D) and number of sex partners: Evidence for effects of prenatal testosterone in men . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 31 : 30 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hönekopp , J. , Bartholdt , L. , Beier , L. and Liebert , A. 2007 . Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: new data and a meta-analytic review . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 32 ( 4 ) : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knickmeyer , R. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Raggatt , P. , Taylor , K. and Hackett , C. 2006 . Fetal testosterone and empathy . Hormones and Behavior , 49 : 282 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , C. and Moore , S. 2003 . Individual and cultural gender roles: A comparison of Anglo-Australians and Chinese in Australia . Current Research in Social Psychology , 8 : 302 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Lippa , R. A. 2003 . Are 2D:4D finger-length ratios related to sexual orientation? Yes for men, no for women . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 : 179 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippa , R. A. 2005 . Gender, nature and nurture , 2nd ed , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , C. , Jian , X. and Yang , Z. 2003 . A compromise between self-enhancement and honesty: Chinese self-evaluations on social desirability scales . Psychological Reports , 92 : 291 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Louie , K. 2002 . Theorising Chinese masculinity: Society and gender in China , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lutchmaya , S. , Baron-Cohen , S. , Raggatt , P. , Knickmeyer , R. and Manning , J. T. 2004 . 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol . Early Human Development , 77 ( 1–2 ) : 23 – 28 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. 2002 . Digit ratio: A pointer to fertility, behaviour, and health , New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Barley , L. , Walton , J. , Lewis-Jones , D. I. , Trivers , R. L. , Singh , D. , Thornhill , R. , Rohde , P. , Bereczkei , T. , Henzi , P. , Soler , M. and Szwed , A. 2000 . The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences, and reproductive success: Evidence for sexually antagonistic genes? . Evolution and Human Behavior , 21 : 163 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Bundred , P. E. , Newton , D. J. and Flanagan , B. F. 2003a . The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene . Evolution and Human Behavior , 24 : 399 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Churchill , A. and Peters , M. 2007 . The effects of sex, ethnicity, and sexual orientation on self-measured digit ratio (2D:4D) . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 36 : 223 – 233 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Henzi , P. , Venkatramana , P. , Martin , S. and Singh , D. 2003b . Second to fourth digit ratio: Ethnic differences and family size in English, Indian and South African populations . Annals of Human Biology , 30 : 579 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Scutt , D. , Wilson , J. and Lewis-Jones , D. I. 1998 . The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen . Human Reproduction , 13 : 3000 – 3004 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Stewart , A. , Bundred , P. E. and Trivers , R. L. 2004a . Sex and ethnic differences in 2nd to 4th digit ratio of children . Early Human Development, , 161 , 80 : 168
   Google Scholar
• Manning , J. T. , Wood , S. , Vang , E. , Walton , J. , Bundred , P. E. , van Heyningen , C. and Lewis-Jones , D. I. 2004b . Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and testosterone in men . Asian Journal of Andrology , 6 : 211 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre , M. H. 2006 . The use of digit ratios as markers for perinatal androgen action . Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology , 4 : 10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neave , N. , Laing , S. , Fink , B. and Manning , J. T. 2003 . Second to fourth digit ratio, testosterone and perceived male dominance. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B , 270 : 2167 – 2172 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , R. J. 2005 . An introduction to behavioral endocrinology , 3rd ed , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer .
   Google Scholar
• Oldfield , R. C. 1971 . The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory . Neuropsychologia , 9 : 97 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putz , D. A. , Gaulin , S. J. C. , Sporter , R. J. and McBurney , D. H. 2004 . Sex hormones and finger length: What does 2D:4D indicate? . Evolution and Human Behavior , 25 : 182 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman , Q. , Korhonen , M. and Aslam , A. 2005 . Sexually dimorphic 2D:4D ratio, height, weight, and their relation to number of sexual partners . Personality and Individual Differences , 39 : 83 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Rahman , Q. and Wilson , G. D. 2003 . Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: Evidence for organizing effects of sex hormones or developmental instability? . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 28 : 288 – 303 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scarbrough , P. S. and Johnston , V. S. 2005 . Individual differences in women's facial preferences as a function of digit ratio and mental rotation ability . Evolution and Human Behavior , 26 : 509 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , J. A. and Gangestad , S. W. 1991 . Individual differences in sociosexuality: Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 60 : 870 – 883 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang , Y. , Zhang , W. , Chen , K. , Feng , S. , Ji , Y. Shen , J. 2006 . Arithmetic processing in the brain shaped by cultures . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 103 : 10775 – 10780 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivers , R. , Manning , J. and Jacobson , A. 2006 . A longitudinal study of digit ratio (2D:4D) and other finger ratios in Jamaican children . Hormones and Behavior , 49 ( 2 ) : 150 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Central Intelligence Agency . 2008 . China . In The World Factbook . Washington, DC : CIA . Retrieved February 20, 2006, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html .
   Google Scholar
• Van Anders , S. M. and Hampson , E. 2005 . Testing the prenatal androgen hypothesis: Measuring digit ratios, sexual orientation, and spatial abilities in adults . Hormones and Behavior , 47 : 92 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , C. and Sethi , R. 1986 . Cross-cultural validation of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory: Malaysian and South Indian research . Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology , 17 : 300 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisniewski , A. B. 1998 . Sexually-dimorphic patterns of cortical asymmetry, and the role for sex steroid hormones in determining cortical patterns of lateralization . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 23 : 519 – 547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , C. F. , Gray , P. and Pope , H. G. Jr . 2005 . Male body image in Taiwan vs. the West: Yanggang Zhiqi meets the Adonis complex . American Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 263 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J. X. and Schwarzer , R. 1995 . Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale . Psychologia , 38 : 174 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu , Y. , Zhang , L. , Fan , J. and Han , S. 2007 . Neural basis of cultural influence on self-representation . NeuroImage , 34 : 1310 – 1316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman , M. 1994 . Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar