Individualism, conservatism, and radicalism as criteria for processing political beliefs: A parametric fMRI study

References

• Adolphs , R. 2003a . Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 4 ( 3 ) : 165 – 178 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adolphs , R. 2003b . Investigating the cognitive neuroscience of social behavior . Neuropsychologia , 41 ( 2 ) : 119 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , T. , Puce , A. and McCarthy , G. 2000 . Social perception from visual cues: Role of the STS region . Trends in Cognitive Science , 4 ( 7 ) : 267 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amodio , D. M. and Frith , C. D. 2006 . Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 7 ( 4 ) : 268 – 277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amodio , D. M. , Jost , J. T. , Master , S. L. and Yee , C. M. 2007 . Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism . Nature Neuroscience , 10 : 1246 – 1247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballew , C. C. 2nd and Todorov , A. 2007 . Predicting political elections from rapid and unreflective face judgments . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 104 ( 46 ) : 17948 – 17953 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore , S. J. and Decety , J. 2001 . From the perception of action to the understanding of intention . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 2 ( 8 ) : 561 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Converse , P. E. 1964 The nature of belief systems in mass publics . In D. E. Apter Ideology and discontent 206 – 261 New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , W. A. , Raye , C. L. and Johnson , M. K. 2004 . Implicit and explicit evaluation: FMRI correlates of valence, emotional intensity, and control in the processing of attitudes . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 ( 10 ) : 1717 – 1729 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham , W. A. and Zelazo , P. D. 2007 . Attitudes and evaluations: A social cognitive neuroscience perspective . Trends in Cognitive Science , 11 ( 3 ) : 97 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety , J. and Sommerville , J. A. 2003 . Shared representations between self and other: A social cognitive neuroscience view . Trends in Cognitive Science , 7 ( 12 ) : 527 – 533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Esposito , M. , Postle , B. R. , Ballard , D. and Lease , J. 1999 . Maintenance versus manipulation of information held in working memory: An event-related fMRI study . Brain and Cognition , 41 ( 1 ) : 66 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Values Study Group/World Values Survey Association 2006 . European and World Values Surveys four-wave integrated data file, 1981–2004 . Ann Arbor, MI : Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , S. 2003 . “ Values, ideology, and the structure of political attitudes ” . In Oxford handbook of political psychology , Edited by: Sears , D. O. , Huddy , L. and Jervis , R. 477 – 508 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fink , G. R. , Markowitsch , H. J. , Reinkemeier , M. , Bruckbauer , T. , Kessler , J. and Heiss , W. D. 1996 . Cerebral representation of one's own past: Neural networks involved in autobiographical memory . Journal of Neuroscience , 16 ( 13 ) : 4275 – 4282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friston , K. J. , Frith , C. D. , Turner , R. and Frackowiak , R. S. 1995 . Characterizing evoked hemodynamics with fMRI . NeuroImage , 2 ( 2 ) : 157 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooley , J. M. , Gruber , S. A. , Scott , L. A. , Hiller , J. B. and Yurgelun-Todd , D. A. 2005 . Activation in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to maternal criticism and praise in recovered depressed and healthy control participants . Biological Psychiatry , 57 ( 7 ) : 809 – 812 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacoby , W. G. 1986 . Levels of conceptualization and reliance on the liberal–conservative continuum . Journal of Politics , 48 ( 2 ) : 423 – 432 .
   Google Scholar
• Jost , J. , Nosek , B. and Gosling , S. 2008 . Ideology: Its resurgence in social, personality, and political psychology . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 3 ( 2 ) : 126 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , J. T. , Freedman , J. and Iacoboni , M. 2007 . Us versus them: Political attitudes and party affiliation influence neural response to faces of presidential candidates . Neuropsychologia , 45 ( 1 ) : 55 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Knoch , D. , Pascual-Leone , A. , Meyer , K. , Treyer , V. and Fehr , E. 2006 . Diminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex . Science , 314 ( 5800 ) : 829 – 832 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutson , K. M. , Wood , J. N. , Spampinato , M. V. and Grafman , J. 2006 . Politics on the brain: An fMRI investigation . Social Neuroscience , 1 ( 1 ) : 25 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kringelbach , M. L. 2005 . The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 6 ( 9 ) : 691 – 702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , F. , McCabe , K. , Moll , J. , Kriegeskorte , N. , Zahn , R. Strenziok , M. 2007a . Neural correlates of trust . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 104 : 20084 – 20089 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , F. , Moll , J. , Zahn , R. , Heinecke , A. and Grafman , J. 2007b . Event frequency modulates the processing of daily life activities in human medial prefrontal cortex . Cerebral Cortex , 17 ( 10 ) : 2346 – 2353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruskal , J. B. and Wish , M. 1978 . Multidimensional scaling , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lotze , M. , Veit , R. , Anders , S. and Birbaumer , N. 2007 . Evidence for a different role of the ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex for social reactive aggression: An interactive fMRI study . NeuroImage , 34 ( 1 ) : 470 – 478 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddock , R. J. 1999 . The retrosplenial cortex and emotion: New insights from functional neuroimaging of the human brain . Trends in Neuroscience , 22 ( 7 ) : 310 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddock , R. J. , Garrett , A. S. and Buonocore , M. H. 2003 . Posterior cingulate cortex activation by emotional words: fMRI evidence from a valence decision task . Human Brain Mapping , 18 ( 1 ) : 30 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldjian , J. A. , Laurienti , P. J. and Burdette , J. H. 2004 . Precentral gyrus discrepancy in electronic versions of the Talairach atlas . NeuroImage , 21 ( 1 ) : 450 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldjian , J. A. , Laurienti , P. J. , Kraft , R. A. and Burdette , J. H. 2003 . An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets . NeuroImage , 19 ( 3 ) : 1233 – 1239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , W. J. 1985 . “ Attitudes and attitude change ” . In The handbook of social psychology , Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. Vol. 2 , 233 – 346 . New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , D. G. , Rhodes , R. A. , Pine , D. S. and Blair , R. J. 2008 . The contribution of ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to response reversal . Behavioural Brain Research , 187 ( 1 ) : 80 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , J. P. , Macrae , C. N. and Banaji , M. R. 2006 . Dissociable medial prefrontal contributions to judgments of similar and dissimilar others . Neuron , 50 ( 4 ) : 655 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll , J. , Krueger , F. , Zahn , R. , Pardini , M. , de Oliveira-Souza , R. and Grafman , J. 2006 . Human fronto-mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 103 ( 42 ) : 15623 – 15628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll , J. , Zahn , R. , de Oliveira-Souza , R. , Krueger , F. and Grafman , J. 2005 . Opinion: The neural basis of human moral cognition . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 6 ( 10 ) : 799 – 809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northoff , G. , Heinzel , A. , de Greck , M. , Bermpohl , F. , Dobrowolny , H. and Panksepp , J. 2006 . Self-referential processing in our brain—A meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self . NeuroImage , 31 ( 1 ) : 440 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochsner , K. N. , Knierim , K. , Ludlow , D. H. , Hanelin , J. , Ramachandran , T. Glover , G. 2004 . Reflecting upon feelings: An fMRI study of neural systems supporting the attribution of emotion to self and other . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 16 ( 10 ) : 1746 – 1772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Doherty , J. P. 2004 . Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 14 ( 6 ) : 769 – 776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , A. M. , Stern , C. E. , Look , R. B. , Tracey , I. , Rosen , B. R. and Petrides , M. 1998 . Functional organization of spatial and nonspatial working memory processing within the human lateral frontal cortex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 95 ( 13 ) : 7721 – 7726 .
   Google Scholar
• Petrides , M. 2000 . Impairments in working memory after frontal cortical excisions . Advances in Neurology , 84 : 111 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Phan , K. L. , Wager , T. D. , Taylor , S. F. and Liberzon , I. 2004 . Functional neuroimaging studies of human emotions . CNS Spectrums , 9 ( 4 ) : 258 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Phelps , E. A. 2006 . Emotion and cognition: Insights from studies of the human amygdala . Annual Review of Psychology , 57 : 27 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piefke , M. and Fink , G. R. 2005 . Recollections of one's own past: The effects of aging and gender on the neural mechanisms of episodic autobiographical memory . Anatomy and Embryology , 210 ( 5–6 ) : 497 – 512 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puce , A. and Perrett , D. 2003 . Electrophysiology and brain imaging of biological motion . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences , 358 ( 1431 ) : 435 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richeson , J. A. , Baird , A. A. , Gordon , H. L. , Heatherton , T. F. , Wyland , C. L. Trawalter , S. 2003 . An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function . Nature Neuroscience , 6 ( 12 ) : 1323 – 1328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rilling , J. , Gutman , D. , Zeh , T. , Pagnoni , G. , Berns , G. and Kilts , C. 2002 . A neural basis for social cooperation . Neuron , 35 ( 2 ) : 395 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. P. , Shaver , P. R. and Wrightsman , L. S. 1999 . Measures of political attitudes , Vol. 2 , San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rorden , C. and Brett , M. 2000 . Stereotaxic display of brain lesions . Behavioural Neurology , 12 ( 4 ) : 191 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfey , A. G. 2007 . Social decision-making: Insights from game theory and neuroscience . Science , 318 ( 5850 ) : 598 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfey , A. G. , Rilling , J. K. , Aronson , J. A. , Nystrom , L. E. and Cohen , J. D. 2003 . The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game . Science , 300 ( 5626 ) : 1755 – 1758 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffman , S. , Reynolds , M. F. and Young , F. W. 1981 . Introduction to multidimensional scaling. Theory, methods, and applications , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schultz , W. , Tremblay , L. and Hollerman , J. R. 1998 . Reward prediction in primate basal ganglia and frontal cortex . Neuropharmacology , 37 ( 4–5 ) : 421 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , S. H. 1992 . “ Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. Vol. 25 , 1 – 65 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sirigu , A. , Daprati , E. , Pradat-Diehl , P. , Franck , N. and Jeannerod , M. 1999 . Perception of self-generated movement following left parietal lesion . Brain , 122 ( Pt 10 ) : 1867 – 1874 .
   Google Scholar
• Tzourio-Mazoyer , N. , Landeau , B. , Papathanassiou , D. , Crivello , F. , Etard , O. Delcroix , N. 2002 . Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain . NeuroImage , 15 ( 1 ) : 273 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , A. D. , Shannon , B. J. , Kahn , I. and Buckner , R. L. 2005 . Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval . Trends in Cognitive Science , 9 ( 9 ) : 445 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , H. , Abler , B. , Ciaramidaro , A. and Erk , S. 2005 . Motivating forces of human actions. Neuroimaging reward and social interaction . Brain Research Bulletin , 67 ( 5 ) : 368 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg , H. F. and Jerrold , G. R. 1970 . Dimensions of candidate evaluation . American Political Science Review , 64 ( 4 ) : 1167 – 1185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westen , D. , Blagov , P. S. , Harenski , K. , Kilts , C. and Hamann , S. 2006 . Neural bases of motivated reasoning: An FMRI study of emotional constraints on partisan political judgment in the 2004 U.S. Presidential election . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 18 ( 11 ) : 1947 – 1958 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , J. N. , Knutson , K. M. and Grafman , J. 2005 . Psychological structure and neural correlates of event knowledge . Cerebral Cortex , 15 ( 8 ) : 1155 – 1161 .
   Google Scholar
• Zinni , F. P. , Rhodebeck , L. A. and Mattei , F. 1997 . The structure and dynamics of group politics: 1964–1992 . Political Behavior , 19 ( 3 ) : 247 – 280 .
   Google Scholar