Temporal distance insulates against immediate social pain: An NIRS study of social exclusion

REFERENCES

• Alford , B. A. and Beck , T. A. 1998 . The integrative power of cognitive therapy , New York, NY : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. 2003 . Amos 5.0 update to the Amos user's guide , Chicago, IL : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. and Wothke , W. 1999 . Amos 4.0 user's guide , Chicago, IL : SPSS .
   Google Scholar
• Ayduk , O. and Kross , E. 2008 . Enhancing the pace of recovery: Differential effects of analyzing negative experiences from a self-distanced vs. self-immersed perspective on blood pressure reactivity . Psychological Science , 19 : 229 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayduk , O. and Kross , E. 2010 . From a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 98 : 809 – 829 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R. F. and Leary , M. R. 1995 . The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation . Psychological Bulletin , 117 : 497 – 529 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cope , M. and Delpy , D. T. 1988 . System for long-term measurement of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation on newborn infants by near infra-red transillumination . Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing , 26 : 289 – 294 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley , M. J. , Wu , J. , McCarty , E. R. , David , D. H. , Bailey , C. A. and Mayes , L. C. 2009 . Exclusion and micro-rejection: Event-related potential response predicts mitigated distress . Neuroreport , 20 : 1518 – 1522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey , G. and Feldman , S. I. 1996 . Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 1327 – 1343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey , G. , Freitas , A. L. , Michaelis , B. and Khouri , H. 1998 . The self-fulfilling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 545 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , N. I. 2006 . Identifying the neural correlates underlying social pain: Implications for developmental processes . Human Development , 49 : 273 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , N. I. 2010 . “ The neural basis of social pain: Findings and implications ” . In Social pain: Neuropsychological and health implications of loss and exclusion , Edited by: MacDonald , G. and Jensen-Campbell , L. A. 53 – 78 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , N. I. and Lieberman , M. D. 2004 . Why rejection hurts: A common neural alarm system for physical and social pain . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 8 : 294 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger , N. I. , Lieberman , M. D. and Williams , K. D. 2003 . Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion . Science , 302 : 290 – 292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , J. , Friedman , R. S. and Liberman , N. 2004 . Temporal construal effects on abstract and concrete thinking: Consequences for insight and creative cognition . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 87 : 177 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Fresco , D. M. , Segal , Z. V. , Buis , T. and Kennedy , S. 2007 . Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 75 : 447 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossmann , I. and Kross , E. 2010 . The impact of culture on adaptive vs. maladaptive self-reflection . Psychological Science , 21 : 1150 – 1157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshi , Y. , Kobayashi , N. and Tamura , M. 2001 . Interpretation of near-infrared spectroscopy signals: A study with a newly developed perfused rat brain model . Journal of Applied Physiology , 90 : 1657 – 1662 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , L. and Bentler , P. M. 1998 . Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification . Psychological Methods , 3 : 424 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , L. and Bentler , P. M. 1999 . Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 : 1 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashy , D. A. , Donnellan , M. B. , Ackerman , R. A. and Russell , D. W. 2009 . Reporting and interpreting research in PSPB: Practices, principles, and pragmatics . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 35 : 1131 – 1142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kober , H. , Mende-Siedlecki , P. , Kross , E. F. , Weber , J. , Mischel , W. Hart , C. L. 2010 . Prefrontal–striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 107 : 14811 – 14816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kross , E. 2009 . When self becomes other: Towards an integrative understanding of the processes distinguishing adaptive self-reflection from rumination . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , 1167 : 35 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kross , E. and Ayduk , O. 2008 . Facilitating adaptive emotional analysis: Short-term and long-term outcomes distinguishing distanced-analysis of negative emotions from immersed-analysis and distraction . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 34 : 924 – 938 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kross , E. , Ayduk , O. and Mischel , W. 2005 . When asking “why” doesn't hurt: Distinguishing reflective processing of negative emotions from rumination . Psychological Science , 16 : 709 – 715 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kross , E. , Egner , T. , Ochsner , K. , Hirsch , J. and Downey , G. 2007 . Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 19 : 945 – 956 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kross , E. and Mischel , W. 2010 . “ From stimulus control to self-control: Towards an integrative understanding of the processes underlying willpower ” . In From society to brain: The new sciences of self-control , Edited by: Hassin , R. , Ochsner , K. and Trope , Y. 428 – 446 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leary , M. R. and Baumeister , R. F. 2000 . “ The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 32 , 1 – 62 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lebrecht , S. and Badre , D. 2008 . Emotional regulation, or: How I learned to stop worrying and love the nucleus accumbens . Neuron , 59 : 841 – 843 .
   Google Scholar
• Liberman , N. and Trope , Y. 2008 . The psychology of transcending the here and now . Science , 322 : 1201 – 1205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. D. 2003 . “ Reflective and reflexive judgment processes: A social cognitive neuroscience approach ” . In Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes , Edited by: Forgas , J. P. , Williams , K. D. and von Hippel , W. 44 – 67 . New York, NY : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. D. 2007 . Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 : 259 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. D. 2011 . “ Why symbolic processing of affect can disrupt negative affect: Social cognitive and affective neuroscience investigations ” . In Social neuroscience: Toward understanding the underpinnings of the social mind , Edited by: Todorov , A. , Fiske , S. and Prentice , D. New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. D. , Jarcho , J. M. , Berman , S. , Naliboff , B. , Suyenobu , B. Y. Mandelkern , M. 2004 . The neural correlates of placebo effects: A disruption account . NeuroImage , 22 : 447 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum , R. C. and Austin , J. T. 2000 . Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research . Annual Review of Psychology , 51 : 201 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , G. and Leary , M. R. 2005 . Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 202 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onoda , K. , Okamoto , Y. , Nakashima , K. , Nittono , H. , Yoshimura , S. Yamawaki , S. 2010 . Does low self-esteem enhance social pain? The relationship between trait self-esteem and anterior cingulate cortex activation induced by ostracism . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience , 5 : 385 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panksepp , J. 2003 . Neuroscience: Feeling the pain of social loss . Science , 302 : 237 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruocco , A. C. , Medaglia , J. D. , Tinker , J. R. , Ayaz , H. , Forman , E. M. Newman , C. F. 2010 . Medial prefrontal cortex hyperactivation during social exclusion in borderline personality disorder . Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , 181 : 233 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart Richman , L. and Leary , M. R. 2009 . Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model . Psychological Review , 116 : 365 – 383 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strangman , G. , Culver , J. P. , Thompson , J. H. and Boas , D. A. 2002 . A quantitative comparison of simultaneous BOLD fMRI and NIRS recordings during functional brain activation . NeuroImage , 10 : 327 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Teasdale , J. D. , Moore , R. G. , Hayhurst , H. , Pope , M. , Williams , S. and Segal , Z. V. 2002 . Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 70 : 275 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wager , T. D. , Davidson , M. L. , Hughes , B. L. , Lindquist , M. A. and Ochsner , K. N. 2008 . Prefrontal–subcortical pathways mediating successful emotion regulation . Neuron , 59 : 1037 – 1050 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Way , B. M. , Taylor , S. E. and Eisenberger , N. I. 2009 . Variation in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) is associated with dispositional and neural sensitivity to social rejection . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 106 : 15079 – 15084 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells , A. 2005 . Detached mindfulness in cognitive therapy: A metacognitive analysis and ten techniques . Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy , 23 : 337 – 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , K. D. 2009 . “ Ostracism: A temporal need-threat model ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M. P. Vol. 41 , 275 – 314 . New York, NY : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , K. D. , Cheung , C. K. T. and Choi , W. 2000 . Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 : 748 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagisawa , K. , Masui , K. , Furutani , K. , Nomura , M. , Ura , M. and Yoshida , H. 2011 . “ Does higher general trust serve as a psychosocial buffer against social pain? An NIRS study of social exclusion ” . In Social Neuroscience Vol. 6 , 190 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Zadro , L. , Williams , K. D. and Richardson , R. 2004 . How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 40 : 560 – 567 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar