Afraid to help: Social anxiety partially mediates the association between 5-HTTLPR triallelic genotype and prosocial behavior

REFERENCES

• Carlo, G. (2006). Care-based and altruistically-based morality. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 551–579). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cools, R., Nakamura, K., & Daw, N. D. (2011). Serotonin and dopamine: Unifying affective, activational, and decision functions. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(1), 98–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corr, P. J., & McNaughton, N. (2012). Neuroscience and approach/avoidance personality traits: A two stage (valuation-motivation) approach. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(10), 2339–2354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisan, L. G., Pana, S., Vulturar, R., Heilman, R. M., Szekely, R., Druga, B., … Miu, A. C. (2009). Genetic contributions of the serotonin transporter to social learning of fear and economic decision making. Social Cognitive and Affect Neuroscience, 4(4), 399–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockett, M. J. (2009). The neurochemistry of fairness: Clarifying the link between serotonin and prosocial behavior. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167, 76–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockett, M. J., Clark, L., Hauser, M. D., & Robbins, T. W. (2010). Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(40), 17433–17438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crockett, M. J., Clark, L., & Robbins, T. W. (2009). Reconciling the role of serotonin in behavioral inhibition and aversion: Acute tryptophan depletion abolishes punishment-induced inhibition in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 29(38), 11993–11999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayan, P., & Huys, Q. J. (2008). Serotonin, inhibition, and negative mood. PLoS Computational Biology, 4(2), e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebstein, R. P., Israel, S., Chew, S. H., Zhong, S., & Knafo, A. (2010). Genetics of human social behavior. Neuron, 65(6), 831–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, volume three: Social, emotional and personality development (Vol. 3). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counselor Psychology, 51(1), 115–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregory, A. M., Light-Hausermann, J. H., Rijsdijk, F., & Eley, T. C. (2009). Behavioral genetic analyses of prosocial behavior in adolescents. Developmental Science, 12(1), 165–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyurak, A., Haase, C. M., Sze, J. Goodkind, M. S., Coppola, G., Lane, J., … Levenson, R. W. (2013). The effect of the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on empathic and self-conscious emotional reactivity. Emotion, 13(1), 25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariri, A. R., & Holmes, A. (2006). Genetics of emotional regulation: The role of the serotonin transporter in neural function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(4), 182–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Q., Xue, G., Chen, C., Lu, Z., Dong, Q., Lei, X., … Bechara, A. (2010). Serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) influences decision making under ambiguity and risk in a large Chinese sample. Neuropharmacology, 59(6), 518–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, J. P., Ntzani, E. E., & Trikalinos, T. A. (2004). ‘Racial’ differences in genetic effects for complex diseases. Nature Genetics, 36(12), 1312–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel, S., Lerer, E., Shalev, I., Uzefovsky, F., Riebold, M., Laiba, E., … Ebstein, R. P. (2009). The oxytocin receptor (OXTR) contributes to prosocial fund allocations in the dictator game and the social value orientations task. PLoS One, 4(5), e5535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klucken, T., Alexander, N., Schweckendiek, J., Merz, C. J., Kagerer, S., Osinsky, R., … Stark, R. (2012). Individual differences in neural correlates of fear conditioning as a function of 5-HTTLPR and stressful life events. Social Cognitive and Affect Neuroscience, 8(3), 318–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardo, E. D., & Hen, R. (2006). Genetics of affective and anxiety disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 117–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, I. M., & Mathews, A. M. (1979). Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 263–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, A. A., Crowe, S. L., Yu, H. H., Gorodetsky, E. K., Goldman, D., & Blair, R. J. (2011). Serotonin transporter genotype (5-HTTLPR) predicts utilitarian moral judgments. PLoS One, 6(10), e25148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, D. L., Fox, M. A., Timpano, K. R., Moya, P. R., Ren-Patterson, R., Andrews, A. M., … Wedland, J. R. (2008). How the serotonin story is being rewritten by new gene-based discoveries principally related to SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene, which functions to influence all cellular serotonin systems. Neuropharmacology, 55(6), 932–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, S. E., Norbury, R., Godlewska, B. R., Cowen, P. J., Mannie, Z. M., Harmer, C. J., Munafo, M. R. (2012). The effect of the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on amygdala function: A meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 18(4), 512–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, M., Frenzel, C., Walter, N. T., Markett, S., & Montag, C. (2011). Investigating the genetic basis of altruism: The role of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism. Social Cognitive and Affect Neuroscience, 6(5), 662–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushton, P. J., Chrisjohn, R. D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 2(4), 293–302. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(81)90084-2s
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, B., Daw, N. D., Roiser, J. P., Dayan, P., & Dolan, R. (2012). Serotonin selectively modulates reward value in human decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(17), 5833–5842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltenberg, S. F., Lehmann, M. K., Anderson, C., Nag, P., & Anagnopoulos, C. (2011). Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and childhood trauma are associated with individual differences in decision making. Frontiers in Genetics, 2, 33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wendland, J. R., Martin, B. J., Kruse, M. R., Lesch, K. P., & Murphy, D. L. (2006). Simultaneous genotyping of four functional loci of human SLC6A4, with a reappraisal of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531. Molecular Psychiatry, 11(3), 224–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R. M., Rilling, J. K., Sanfey, A. G., Bhagwagar, Z. & Rogers, R. D. (2006). Effects of tryptophan depletion on the performance of an iterated prisoner’s dilemma game in healthy adults. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1075–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasue, H., Yee, J. R., Hurlemann, R., Rilling, J. K., Chen, F. S., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Tost, H. (2012). Integrative approaches utilizing oxytocin to enhance prosocial behavior: From animal and human social behavior to autistic social dysfunction. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(41), 14109–14117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar