1,259
Views
67
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Understanding the human parental brain: A critical role of the orbitofrontal cortex

, , , &
Pages 525-543 | Received 05 Aug 2013, Accepted 03 Sep 2013, Published online: 31 Oct 2013

REFERENCES

  • Adolphs, R. (2003). Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 4(3), 165 –178 .
  • Ambrose, J. A. (1963). The concept of a critical period for the development of social responsiveness in early human infancy . In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (pp. 201 –225). London: Methuen .
  • Bach, D. R., & Dolan, R. J. (2012). Knowing how much you don’t know: A neural organization of uncertainty estimates. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 13(8), 572 –586 .
  • Baeken, C., De Raedt, R., Ramsey, N., Van Schuerbeek, P., Hermes, D., Bossuyt, A., & Luypaert, R. (2009). Amygdala responses to positively and negatively valenced baby faces in healthy female volunteers: Influences of individual differences in harm avoidance. Brain Research, 1296, 94 –103 .
  • Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Riem, M. M. E., Tops, M., & Alink, L. R. A. (2012). Oxytocin decreases handgrip force in reaction to infant crying in females without harsh parenting experiences. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(8), 951 –957 .
  • Bar, M. (2004). Visual objects in context. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 5(8), 617 –629 .
  • Bar, M. (2007). The proactive brain: Using analogies and associations to generate predictions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(7), 280 –289 .
  • Barrett, J., & Fleming, A. S. (2011). Annual research review: All mothers are not created equal: neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 52(4), 368 –397 .
  • Barrett, J., Wonch, K. E., Gonzalez, A., Ali, N., Steiner, M., Hall, G. B., & Fleming, A. S. (2012). Maternal affect and quality of parenting experiences are related to amygdala response to infant faces. Social Neuroscience, 7(3), 252 –268 .
  • Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2004). The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. NeuroImage, 21(3), 1155 –1166 .
  • Berman, P. W., Cooper, P., & Mansfield, P. (1975). Sex differences in attraction to infants: When do they occur? Sex Roles, 1, 311–318.
  • Berridge, K. C. (1996). Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 20(1), 1 –25 .
  • Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., Suwalsky, J. T., Venuti, P., de Falco, S., de Galperin, C. Z., & Tichovolsky, M. H. (2012). Emotional relationships in mothers and infants: Culture-common and community-specific characteristics of dyads from rural and metropolitan settings in Argentina, Italy, and the United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 43(2), 171 –197 . doi:10.1177/0022022110388563
  • Boukydis, C. F., & Burgess, R. L. (1982). Adult physiological response to infant cries: Effects of temperament of infant, parental status, and gender. Child Development, 53(5), 1291 –1298 .
  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth Press .
  • Brazelton, T. B., Koslowski, B., & Main, M. (1974). The origins of reciprocity: The early mother-infant interaction. In M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum (Eds.), The effect of the infant on its caregiver (pp. 49–76). New York: Wiley.
  • Bushnell, I. W. R. (2001). Mother’s face recognition in newborn infants: Learning and memory. Infant and Child Development, 10(1–2), 67 –74 .
  • Caria, A., de Falco, S., Venuti, P., Lee, S., Esposito, G., Rigo, P., & Bornstein, M. H. (2012). Species-specific response to human infant faces in the premotor cortex. NeuroImage, 60(2), 884 –893 .
  • Carter, C. S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(8), 779 –818 .
  • Champagne, F., & Meaney, M. J. (2001). Like mother, like daughter: Evidence for non-genomic transmission of parental behavior and stress responsivity. Progress in Brain Research, 133, 287 –302 .
  • Chaumon, M., Kveraga, K., Barrett, L. F., & Bar, M . (2013). Visual predictions in the orbitofrontal cortex rely on associative content. Cerebral Cortex . doi:10.1093/cercor/bht146
  • Cismaresco, A., & Montagner, H. (1990). Mothers’ discrimination of their neonates’ cry in relation to cry acoustics: The first week of life. Early Child Development and Care, 65, 3 –11 .
  • Cohn, J. F., & Tronick, E. Z. (1983). Three-month-old infants’ reaction to simulated maternal depression. Child Development, 54(1), 185 –193 .
  • Cooper, P. J., & Murray, L. (1998). Postnatal depression. BMJ, 316(7148), 1884 –1886 .
  • Darwin, C. (1872). The expression of the emotions in man and animals . (3rd ed .). Chicago: University of Chicago Press .
  • DeCasper, A. J., & Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers’ voices. Science, 208(4448), 1174 –1176 .
  • Del Vecchio, T., Walter, A., & O’Leary, S. G. (2009). Affective and physiological factors predicting maternal response to infant crying. Infant Behavior and Development, 32(1), 117 –122 .
  • Doi, H., & Shinohara, K. (2012). Electrophysiological responses in mothers to their own and unfamiliar child’s gaze information. Brain and Cognition, 80(2), 266 –276 .
  • Donovan, W. L., Leavitt, L. A., & Walsh, R. O. (1998). Conflict and depression predict maternal sensitivity to infant cries. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(3), 505 –517. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(98)90023-6
  • Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108(1), 50 –76 .
  • Eslinger, P. J. (1998). Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. European Neurology, 39(4), 193 –199 .
  • Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S., Perry, S., Bendell, D., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (1988). Infants of depressed mothers show “depressed” behavior even with non-depressed adults. Child Development, 59(6), 1569 –1579 .
  • Field, T. M., & Vega-Lahr, N. (1984). Early interactions between infants with cranio-facial anomalies and their mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 7(4), 527 –530 .
  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Social cognition: From brains to culture. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill .
  • Fleming, A. S., & Corter, C. (1988). Factors influencing maternal responsiveness in humans: Usefulness of an animal model. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 13(1–2), 189 –212 .
  • Fleming, A. S., Corter, C., Stallings, J., & Steiner, M. (2002). Testosterone and prolactin are associated with emotional responses to infant cries in new fathers. Hormones and Behavior, 42(4), 399 –413 .
  • Fodor, J. A. (1983). The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press .
  • Frith, C. D. (2007). The social brain? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362(1480), 671 –678 .
  • Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2010). The social brain: Allowing humans to boldly go where no other species has been. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1537), 165 –175 .
  • Frodi, A. M., & Lamb, M. E. (1980). Child abusers’ responses to infant smiles and cries. Child Development, 51(1), 238 –241 .
  • Frodi, A. M., Lamb, M. E., Leavitt, L. A., & Donovan, W. L. (1978). Fathers’ and mothers’ responses to infant smiles and cries. Infant Behavior and Development, 1(2), 187 –198 .
  • Fullard, W., & Reiling, A. M. (1976). An investigation of Lorenz‘s “babyness”. Child Development, 47, 1191–1193.
  • Galbally, M., Lewis, A. J., Ijzendoorn, M. V., & Permezel, M. (2011). The role of oxytocin in mother-infant relations: A systematic review of human studies. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19(1), 1 –14 .
  • Georgiadis, J. R., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2012). The human sexual response cycle: Brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures. ProgNeurobiol, 98(1), 49 –81. doi:S0301-0082(12)00071-8[pii]10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004
  • Glocker, M. L., Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J. W., Valdez, J. N., Griffin, M. D., & Gur, R. C. (2009). Baby schema modulates the brain reward system in nulliparous women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(22), 9115 –9119 .
  • Goodacre, T., & Swan, M. C. (2008). Cleft lip and palate: Current management. Paediatrics and Child Health, 18(6), 283 –292 .
  • Goodman, S. H., Brogan, D., Lynch, M. E., & Fielding, B. (1993). Social and emotional competence in children of depressed mothers. Child Development, 64(2), 516 –531 .
  • Hahn, A. C., Xiao, D., Sprengelmeyer, R., & Perrett, D. I. (2012). Gender differences in the incentive salience of adult and infant faces. Quaterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 66(1), 200–208.
  • Hall Sternglanz, S., Gray, J. L., & Murakami, M. (1977). Adult preferences for infantile facial features: An ethological approach. Animal Behaviour, 25(1), 108 –115 .
  • Hildebrandt, K. A., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (1979). Facial feature determinants of perceived infant attractiveness. Infant Behavior and Development, 2(4), 329 –339 .
  • Insel, T. R. (2010). The challenge of translation in social neuroscience: A review of oxytocin, vasopressin, and affiliative behavior. Neuron, 65(6), 768 –779 .
  • Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns’ preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40(1–2), 1 –19 .
  • Kaitz, M., Good, A., Rokem, A. M., & Eidelman, A. I. (1988). Mothers’ and fathers’ recognition of their newborns’ photographs during the ostpartum period. Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, 9, 223–226
  • Kaitz, M., Lapidot, P., Bronner, R., & Eidelman, A. I. (1992). Parturient women can recognize their infants by touch. Developmental Psychology, 28(1), 35 –39 .
  • Kanske, P., Heissler, J., Schönfelder, S., Bongers, A., & Wessa, M. (2011). How to regulate emotion? Neural networks for reappraisal and distraction. Cerebral Cortex, 21(6), 1379 –1388 .
  • Kim, P., Leckman, J. F., Mayes, L. C., Feldman, R., Wang, X., & Swain, J. E. (2010). The plasticity of human maternal brain: Longitudinal changes in brain anatomy during the early postpartum period. Behavioral Neuroscience, 124(5), 695 –700 .
  • Konner, M. (2010). The evolution of childhood: Relationships, emotion, mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
  • Koomen, H. M. Y., & Hoeksma, J. B. (1993). Early hospitalization and disturbances of infant behavior and the mother-infant relationship. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 34(6), 917 –934 .
  • Kringelbach, M. L. (2005). The human orbitofrontal cortex: Linking reward to hedonic experience. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 6(9), 691 –702 .
  • Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2009). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(11), 479 –487 .
  • Kringelbach, M. L., Lehtonen, A., Squire, S., Harvey, A. G., Craske, M. G., Holliday, I. E., & Stein, A. (2008). A specific and rapid neural signature for parental instinct. PLoS ONE, 3(2 ), e1664. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001664
  • Kringelbach, M. L., O’Doherty, J., Rolls, E. T., & Andrews, C. (2003). Activation of the human orbitofrontal cortex to a liquid food stimulus is correlated with its subjective pleasantness. Cerebral Cortex, 13(10), 1064 –1071 .
  • Kringelbach, M. L., & Rolls, E. T. (2003). Neural correlates of rapid reversal learning in a simple model of human social interaction. NeuroImage, 20(2), 1371 –1383 .
  • Kringelbach, M. L., & Rolls, E. T. (2004). The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Progress in Neurobiology, 72(5), 341 –372 .
  • Kringelbach, M. L., Stein, A., & van Hartevelt, T. J. (2012). The functional human neuroanatomy of food pleasure cycles. Physiology & behavior, 106(3), 307 –316. doi:S0031-9384(12)00128-X[pii]10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.023
  • Lamb, M. E. (1975). Fathers: Forgotten contributors to child development. Human Development, 18(4), 245 –266 .
  • Laurent, H. K., & Ablow, J. C. (2013). A face a mother could love: Depression-related maternal neural responses to infant emotion faces. Social Neuroscience, 8(3), 228 –239 .
  • Lavelli, M., & Fogel, A. (2002). Developmental changes in mother-infant face-to-face communication: Birth to 3 months. Developmental Psychology, 38(2), 288 –305 .
  • Ledoux, J. (2012). Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron, 73(4), 653 –676. doi:S0896-6273(12)00129-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.004
  • Leibenluft, E., Gobbini, M. I., Harrison, T., & Haxby, J. V. (2004). Mothers’ neural activation in response to pictures of their children and other children. Biological Psychiatry, 56(4), 225 –232 .
  • Leknes, S., & Tracey, I. (2008). A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 9(4), 314 –320 .
  • Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 259 –289 .
  • Lobmaier, J. S., Sprengelmeyer, R., Wiffen, B., & Perrett, D. I. (2010). Female and male responses to cuteness, age and emotion in infant faces. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31(1), 16 –21 .
  • Lonstein, J. S., Simmons, D. A., Swann, J. M., & Stern, J. M. (1998). Forebrain expression of c-fos due to active maternal behaviour in lactating rats. Neuroscience, 82, 267–281
  • Lorberbaum, J. P., Newman, J. D., Dubno, J. R., Horwitz, A. R., Nahas, Z., Teneback, C. C., & George, M. S. (1999). Feasibility of using fMRI to study mothers responding to infant cries. Depression and Anxiety, 10(3),99 –104 .
  • Lorberbaum, J. P., Newman, J. D., Horwitz, A. R., Dubno, J. R., Lydiard, R. B., Hamner, M. B., & George, M. S. (2002). A potential role for thalamocingulate circuitry in human maternal behavior. Biological Psychiatry, 51(6), 431 –445 .
  • Lorenz, K. (1943). Die angeborenen Formen Möglicher Erfahrung [Innate forms of potential experience]. Zeitschriftfür Tierpsychologie, 5, 235 –519 .
  • MacLean, P. D. (1990). The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions. New York, NY: Plenum Press .
  • Macfarlane, A. (1975). Olfaction in the development of social preferences in the human neonate . In R. Porter, & M. O’Connor (Eds.), Parent-infant interactions (Ciba Found. Symp. 33) (pp. 103 –113). New York, NY: Elsevier .
  • Moll, J., & de Oliveira-Souza, R. (2007). Moral judgments, emotions and the utilitarian brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(8), 319 –321 .
  • Montirosso, R., Fedeli, C., Murray, L., Morandi, F., Brusati, R., Perego, G. G., & Borgatti, R. (2012). The role of negative maternal affective states and infant temperament in early interactions between infants with cleft lip and their mothers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(2), 241 –250 .
  • Montoya, J. L., Landi, N., Kober, H., Worhunsky, P. D., Rutherford, H. J. V., Mencl, W. E., & Potenza, M. N. (2012). Regional brain responses in nulliparous women to emotional infant stimuli. PLoS ONE, 7(5 ), e36270. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036270
  • Morsbach, G., McCullough, M., & Clark, A. (1986). Infant crying as a potential stressor concerning mothers’ concentration ability. Psychologia, 29, 18 –20 .
  • Moses-Kolko, E. L., Perlman, S. B., Wisner, K. L., James, J., Saul, A. T., & Phillips, M. L. (2010). Abnormally reduced dorsomedial prefrontal cortical activity and effective connectivity with amygdala in response to negative emotional faces in postpartum depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(11), 1373 –1380 .
  • Murray, L., & Cooper, P. J. (1997). Postpartum depression and child development. Psychological Medicine, 27(2), 253 –260 .
  • Murray, L., Halligan, S. L., & Cooper, P. J. (2010). Effects of postnatal depression on mother-infant interactions, and child development . In T. Wachs, & G.Bremner (Eds.), Handbook of infant development. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell .
  • Murray, L., Hentges, F., Hill, J., Karpf, J., Mistry, B., Kreutz, M., & Green, R. (2008). The effect of cleft lip and palate, and the timing of lip repair on mother-infant interactions and infant development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 49(2), 115 –123 .
  • Nishitani, S., Doi, H., Koyama, A., & Shinohara, K. (2011). Differential prefrontal response to infant facial emotions in mothers compared with non-mothers. Neuroscience Research, 70(2), 183 –188 .
  • Nitschke, J. B., Nelson, E. E., Rusch, B. D., Fox, A. S., Oakes, T. R., & Davidson, R. J. (2004). Orbitofrontal cortex tracks positive mood in mothers viewing pictures of their newborn infants. NeuroImage, 21(2), 583 –592 .
  • Nittono, H., Fukushima, M., Yano, A., & Moriya, H. (2012). The power of Kawaii: Viewing cute images promotes a careful behavior and narrows attentional focus. PLoS ONE, 7(9 ), e46362. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046362
  • Noll, L. K., Mayes, L. C., & Rutherford, H. J. V. (2012). Investigating the impact of parental status and depression symptoms on the early perceptual coding of infant faces: An event-related potential study. Social Neuroscience, 7(5), 525 –536 .
  • Noriuchi, M., Kikuchi, Y., & Senoo, A. (2008). The functional neuroanatomy of maternal love: Mother’s response to infant’s attachment behaviors. Biological Psychiatry, 63(4), 415 –423 .
  • Numan, M. J., & Insel, T. R. (2003). The neurobiology of parental behavior. New York, NY: Springer .
  • O’Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Rolls, E. T., Hornak, J., & Andrews, C. (2001). Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 4(1), 95 –102 .
  • Oller, D. K. (1980). The emergence of the sounds of speech in infancy. In G. Yeni-Komshian, J. Kavanagh, & C. Ferguson (Eds.), Child phonology, Vol. 1 (pp. 93–112). New York: Academic Press.
  • Papousek, H. (2000). Intuitive parenting. WAIMH Handbook of Infant Mental Health (Volume 3). Parenting and Child Care, 3, 310 –321 .
  • Papousek, H., & Papousek, M. (1975). Cognitive aspects of preverbal social interaction between human infants and adults. Ciba Foundation symposium, 33,241 –269 .
  • Papousek, H., & Papousek, M. (1983). Biological basis of social interactions: Implications of research for an understanding of behavioural deviance. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 24(1), 117 –129 .
  • Papousek, H., & Papousek, M. (1987). Intuitive parenting: A dialectic counterpart to the infant’s integrative competence . In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed .) (pp. 669 –720). New York, NY: Wiley .
  • Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Bhandari, R., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L . (in press). The Bonnie Baby. Developmental Science .
  • Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Joensson, M., Brattico, E., Hyam, J. A., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2013). Ready for action: A role for the brainstem in responding to infant vocalizations. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi:2012-17904-001 [pii]10.1037/a0028705  
  • Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Kringelbach, M. L., & Stein, A . (2013). Minor structural abnormalities in the infant face disrupt neural processing: A unique window into early caregiving responses. Social Neuroscience .
  • Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Kumari, N., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2011). The motivational salience of infant faces is similar for men and women. PLoS ONE, 6(5 ), e20632. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020632
  • Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Mohseni, H., Woolrich, M. W., Thomsen, K. R., Joensson, M., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2013). Minor structural abnormalities in the infant face disrupt neural processing: A unique window into early caregiving responses. Social Neuroscience, 1 –7. doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.795189  
  • Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Murray, L., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2010). The functional neuroanatomy of the evolving parent-infant relationship. Progress in Neurobiology, 91, 220 –241 .
  • Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Parsons, E., Dean, A., Murray, L., Goodacre, T., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2011). The effect of cleft lip on adults’ responses to faces: Cross-species findings. PLoS ONE, 6(10 ), e25897. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025897
  • Parsons, C. E., Young, K. S., Parsons, E., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2012). Listening to infant distress vocalizations enhances effortful motor performance. ActaPaediatr, 101(4), e189 –191. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02554
  • Paulson, J. F., & Bazemore, S. D. (2010). Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: A meta-analysis. JAMA – Journal of the American Medical Association, 303(19), 1961 –1969 .
  • Porter, R. H., Cernoch, J. M., & McLaughlin, F. J. (1983). Maternal recognition of neonates through olfactory cues. Physiology & Behavior, 30(1), 151 –154. doi:0031-9384(83)90051-3 [pii ]
  • Prather, M. D., Lavenex, P., Mauldin-Jourdain, M. L., Mason, W. A., Capitanio, J. P., Mendoza, S. P., & Amaral, D. G. (2001). Increased social fear and decreased fear of objects in monkeys with neonatal amygdala lesions. Neuroscience, 106(4), 653–658
  • Proverbio, A. M., Brignone, V., Matarazzo, S., Del Zotto, M., & Zani, A. (2006). Gender and parental status affect the visual cortical response to infant facial expression. Neuropsychologia, 44(14), 2987 –2999 .
  • Proverbio, A. M., Riva, F., Zani, A., & Martin, E. (2011). Is it a baby? Perceived age affects brain processing of faces differently in women and men. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(11), 3197 –3208 .
  • Rahman, A., Iqbal, Z., Bunn, J., Lovel, H., & Harrington, R. (2004). Impact of maternal depression on infant nutritional status and illness: A cohort study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(9), 946 –952 .
  • Rakic, P. (2009). Evolution of the neocortex: A perspective from developmental biology. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 10(10), 724 –735. doi:10.1038/nrn2719
  • Rangel, A., Camerer, C., & Montague, P. R. (2008). A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 9(7), 545 –556 .
  • Ranote, S., Elliott, R., Abel, K. M., Mitchell, R., Deakin, J. F. W., & Appleby, L. (2004). The neural basis of maternal responsiveness to infants: An fMRI study. NeuroReport, 15(11), 1825 –1829 .
  • Riem, M. M. E., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Tops, M., Boksem, M. A. S., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2012). No laughing matter: Intranasal oxytocin administration changes functional brain connectivity during exposure to infant laughter. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(5), 1257 –1266 .
  • Russell, M. J., Mendelson, T., & Peeke, H. V. S. (1983). Mother’s identification of their infant’s odors. Ethology and Sociobiology, 4(1), 29 –31 .
  • Sarimski, K. (1996). Socio-emotional development and parenting stress in Williams-Beuren-syndrome. Sozial-emotionaleEntwicklung und Elternbelastungbeim Williams-Beuren-Syndrom, 144(8), 838 –842 .
  • Sato, A., Koda, H., Lemasson, A., Nagumo, S., & Masataka, N. (2012). Visual recognition of age class and preference for infantile features: Implications for species-specific vs universal cognitive traits in primates. PLoS ONE, 7(5 ), e38387. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038387
  • Schilbach, L., Wohlschlaeger, A. M., Kraemer, N. C., Newen, A., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Vogeley, K. (2006). Being with virtual others: Neural correlates of social interaction. Neuropsychologia, 44(5), 718 –730 .
  • Seifritz, E., Esposito, F., Neuhoff, J. G., Lüthi, A., Mustovic, H., Dammann, G., & Di Salle, F. (2003). Differential sex-independent amygdala response to infant crying and laughing in parents versus nonparents. Biological Psychiatry, 54(12), 1367 –1375 .
  • Shonkoff, J. P., Boyce, W. T., & McEwen, B. S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities: Building a new framework for health promotion and disease prevention. JAMA – Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(21),2252 –2259 .
  • Slonims, V., Cox, A., & McConachie, H. (2006). Analysis of mother-infant interaction in infants with Down syndrome and typically developing infants. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 111(4), 273 –289 .
  • Small, D. M., Zatorre, R. J., Dagher, A., Evans, A. C. & Jones-Gotman, M. (2001). Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: From pleasure to aversion. Brain, 124, 1720–1733
  • Solantaus, T., & Salo, S. (2005). Paternal postnatal depression: Fathers emerge from the wings. Lancet, 365(9478), 2158 –2159 .
  • Soltis, J. (2004). The signal functions of early infant crying. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(4), 443 –458 .
  • Sprengelmeyer, R., Perrett, D. I., Fagan, E. C., Cornwell, R. E., Lobmaier, J. S., Sprengelmeyer, A., & Young, A. W. (2009). The cutest little baby face: A hormonal link to sensitivity to cuteness in infant faces. Psychological Science, 20(2), 149 –154 .
  • Stein, A., Arteche, A., Lehtonen, A., Craske, M., Harvey, A., Counsell, N., & Murray, L. (2010). Interpretation of infant facial expression in the context of maternal postnatal depression. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(3), 273–278.
  • Strathearn, L., Fonagy, P., Amico, J., & Montague, P. R. (2009). Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant Cues. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(13), 2655 –2666 .
  • Strathearn, L., Li, J., Fonagy, P., & Montague, P. R. (2008). What’s in a smile? Maternal brain responses to infant facial cues. Pediatrics, 122(1), 40 –51 .
  • Swain, J. E., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., & Strathearn, L. (2007). Brain basis of early parent-infant interactions: Psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 48(3–4), 262 –287 .
  • Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T. A., & Nelson, C. (2009). The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research, 168(3), 242 –249 .
  • Vouloumanos, A., & Werker, J. F. (2004). Tuned to the signal: The privileged status of speech for young infants. Developmental Science, 7(3), 270 –276 .
  • Waller, K. L., Volk, A., & Quinsey, V. L. (2004). The effect of infant fetal alcohol syndrome facial features on adoption preference. Human Nature, 15(1), 101 –117 .
  • Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E., Noonan, M. P., & Rushworth, M. F. (2011). Giving credit where credit is due: Orbitofrontal cortex and valuation in an uncertain world. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1239, 14 –24 . 
  • Yamamoto, R., Ariely, D., Chi, W., Langleben, D. D., & Elman, I. (2009). Gender differences in the motivational processing of babies are determined by their facial attractiveness. PLoS ONE, 4(6 ), e6042. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006042
  • Young, K. S., Parsons, C. E., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2012). Interpreting infant vocal distress: The ameliorative effect of musical training in depression. Emotion, 9(9 ), 1200–1205.
  • Zald, D. H., & Rauch, S. L. (2006). The Orbitofrontal Cortex. Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Zebrowitz, L. A., Luevano, V. X., Bronstad, P. M., & Aharon, I. (2009). Neural activation to babyfaced men matches activation to babies. Social Neuroscience, 4(1), 1 –10 .
  • Zeskind, P. S., & Collins, V. (1987). Pitch of infant crying and caregiver responses in a natural setting. Infant Behavior and Development, 10(4), 501 –504 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.