Mutual influences between partners’ hormones shape conflict dialog and relationship duration at the initiation of romantic love

REFERENCES

• Acevedo, B. P., Aron, A., Fisher, H. E., & Brown, L. L. (2012). Neural correlates of long-term intense romantic love. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(2), 145–159. doi:10.1093/scan/nsq092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Appelberg, K., Romanov, K., Heikkilä, K., Honkasalo, M. L., & Koskenvuo, M. (1996). Interpersonal conflict as a predictor of work disability: A follow-up study of 15,348 Finnish employees. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 40(2), 157–167. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00576-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, A. (2005). Reward, motivation, and emotion systems associated with early-stage intense romantic love. Journal of Neurophysiology, 94(1), 327–337. doi:10.1152/jn.00838.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzil, S., Hendler, T., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Winetraub, Y., & Feldman, R. (2012). Synchrony and specificity in the maternal and the paternal brain: Relations to oxytocin and vasopressin. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Connor, E., Von Mühlen, D., Laughlin, G. A., & Kripke, A. (1999). Endogenous levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, but not other sex hormones, are associated with depressed mood in older women: The rancho bernardo study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 47(6), 685–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2000). The neural basis of romantic love. NeuroReport, 11(17), 3829–3834. doi:10.1097/00001756-200011270-00046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, A., & Dabbs, J. M. (1993). Testosterone and men’s marriages. Social Forces, 72(2), 463–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, A., Shelley, G., Mazur, A., Tharp, G., & Kittok, R. (1989). Testosterone, and winning and losing in human competition. Hormones and Behavior, 23(4), 556–571. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(89)90042-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bora, E., Yucel, M., & Allen, N. B. (2009). Neurobiology of human affiliative behaviour: Implications for psychiatric disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22(3), 320–325. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328329e970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, P. A., Terburg, D., & Van Honk, J. (2010). From the cover: Testosterone decreases trust in socially naive humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(22), 9991–9995. doi:10.1073/pnas.0911700107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, R. S., DiBiase, R., Loundes, D. D., & Doherty, P. C. (1985). Prolactin stimulation of maternal behavior in female rats. Science, 227(4688), 782–784. doi:10.1126/science.3969568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadwell, S. D., & Light, K. C. (1999). Family support and cardiovascular responses in married couples during conflict and other interactions. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6(1), 40–63. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0601_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham, T., Chapman, J. F., Gray, P., McIntyre, M., Lipson, S., & Ellison, P. (2003). Men in committed, romantic relationships have lower testosterone. Hormones and Behavior, 44(2), 119–122. doi:10.1016/S0018-506X(03)00125-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canetto, S. S., & Lester, D. (2002). Love and achievement motives in women’s and men’s suicide notes. The Journal of Psychology, 136(5), 573–576. doi:10.1080/00223980209605552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrere, S., & Gottman, J. M. (1999). Predicting divorce among newlyweds from the first three minutes of a marital conflict discussion. Family Process, 38(3), 293–301. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1999.00293.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, C. (2007). Sex differences in oxytocin and vasopressin: Implications for autism spectrum disorders? Behavioural Brain Research, 176(1), 170–186. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.08.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, C. (2014). Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 65(1). doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohan, C. L., & Bradbury, T. N. (1997). Negative life events, marital interaction, and the longitudinal course of newlywed marriage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(1), 114–128. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, D. (2000). Relationship satisfaction and conflict style in romantic relationships. The Journal of Psychology, 134(3), 337–341. doi:10.1080/00223980009600873
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croon, M. A., & Van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. (2007). Predicting group-level outcome variables from variables measured at the individual level: A latent variable multilevel model. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 45–57. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer, A., van Buel, E. M., & Ter Horst, G. J. (2012). Love is more than just a kiss: A neurobiological perspective on love and affection. Neuroscience, 201, 114–124. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004). Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 355–391. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditzen, B., Neumann, I. D., Bodenmann, G., Von Dawans, B., Turner, R. A., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2007). Effects of different kinds of couple interaction on cortisol and heart rate responses to stress in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(5), 565–574. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditzen, B., Schaer, M., Gabriel, B., Bodenmann, G., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2009). Intranasal oxytocin increases positive communication and reduces cortisol levels during couple conflict. Biological Psychiatry, 65(9), 728–731. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donner, N., Bredewold, R., Maloumby, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2007). Chronic intracerebral prolactin attenuates neuronal stress circuitries in virgin rats. European Journal of Neuroscience, 25(6), 1804–1814. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05416.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelstein, R. S., Chopik, W. J., & Kean, E. L. (2011). Sociosexuality moderates the association between testosterone and relationship status in men and women. Hormones and Behavior, 60(3), 248–255. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenegger, C., Haushofer, J., & Fehr, E. (2011). The role of testosterone in social interaction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(6), 263–271. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emanuele, E. (2009). Of love and death: The emerging role of romantic disruption in suicidal behavior. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(2), 240–240. doi:10.1521/suli.2009.39.2.240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emanuele, E., Politi, P., Bianchi, M., Minoretti, P., Bertona, M., & Geroldi, D. (2006). Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(3), 288–294. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewart, C. K., Taylor, C. B., Kraemer, H. C., & Agras, W. S. (1991). High blood pressure and marital discord: Not being nasty matters more than being nice. Health Psychology, 10(3), 155–163. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.10.3.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava, M., Rosenbaum, J. F., MacLaughlin, R. A., Tesar, G. E., Pollack, M. H., Cohen, L. S., & Hirsch, M. (1989). Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate/cortisol ratio in panic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 28(3), 345–350. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90215-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R. (1998). Coding interactive behavior. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, R. (2007). Parent-infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing; physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48(3–4), 329–354. doi:10.1111/j.1469–7610.2006.01701.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R. (2012a). Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans. Hormones and Behavior, 61(3), 380–391. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R. (2012b). Parent–infant synchrony: A biobehavioral model of mutual influences in the formation of affiliative bonds. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 77(2), 42–51. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00660.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R. (2012c). Parenting behavior as the environment where children grow. In L. C. Mayes & M. Lewis (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of environment in human development (pp. 535–567). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, R. (2013). Synchrony and the neurobiological basis of social affiliation. In M. Mikulincer & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Mechanisms of social connection: From brain to group (pp. 145–166). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., Gordon, I., Influs, M., Gutbir, T., & Ebstein, R. P. (2013). Parental oxytocin and early caregiving jointly shape children’s oxytocin response and social reciprocity. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 1154–1162. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., Gordon, I., & Zagoory-Sharon, O. (2011). Maternal and paternal plasma, salivary, and urinary oxytocin and parent-infant synchrony: Considering stress and affiliation components of human bonding. Developmental Science, 14, 752–761. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01021.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., Magori-Cohen, R., Galili, G., Singer, M., & Louzoun, Y. (2011). Mother and infant coordinate heart rhythms through episodes of interaction synchrony. Infant Behavior and Development, 34(4), 569–577. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., Weller, A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Levine, A. (2007). Evidence for a neuroendocrinological foundation of human affiliation: Plasma oxytocin levels across pregnancy and the postpartum period predict mother-infant bonding. Psychological Science, 18(11), 965–970. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02010.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, R., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Weisman, O., Schneiderman, I., Gordon, I., Maoz, R., …Ebstein, R. P. (2012). Sensitive parenting is associated with plasma oxytocin and polymorphisms in the OXTR and CD38 genes. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 175–181. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.025  
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, A. S., Ruble, D., Krieger, H., & Wong, P. Y. (1997). Hormonal and experiential correlates of maternal responsiveness during pregnancy and the puerperium in human mothers. Hormones and Behavior, 31(2), 145–158. doi:10.1006/hbeh.1997.1376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, M. E., Kanyicska, B., Lerant, A., & Nagy, G. (2000). Prolactin: Structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiological Reviews, 80(4), 1523–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, E. M., Hayney, M. S., Love, G. D., Urry, H. L., Rosenkranz, M. A., Davidson, R. J., … Ryff, C. D. (2005). Social relationships, sleep quality, and interleukin-6 in aging women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(51), 18757–18762. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509281102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettler, L. T., McDade, T. W., Feranil, A. B., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2011). From the cover: Longitudinal evidence that fatherhood decreases testosterone in human males. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(39), 16194–16199. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105403108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gettler, L. T., McDade, T. W., Feranil, A. B., & Kuzawa, C. W. (2012). Prolactin, fatherhood, and reproductive behavior in human males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 148(3), 362–370. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Liencres, C., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Brüne, M. (2013). Towards a neuroscience of empathy: Ontogeny, phylogeny, brain mechanisms, context and psychopathology. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1537–1548. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, I., Zagoory, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2010a). Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 377–382. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2010b). Prolactin, oxytocin, and the development of paternal behavior across the first six months of fatherhood. Hormones and Behavior, 58(3), 513–518. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Schneiderman, I., Leckman, J. F., Weller, A., & Feldman, R. (2008). Oxytocin and cortisol in romantically unattached young adults: Associations with bonding and psychological distress. Psychophysiology, 45(3), 349–352. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00649.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottman, J. M. (1979). Marital interaction: Experimental investigations. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gottman, J. M., Coan, J., Carrere, S., & Swanson, C. (1998). Predicting marital happiness and stability from newlywed interactions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(1), 5. doi:10.2307/353438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 47–52. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.57.1.47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, V. J., & France, J. T. (2001). Dominance and testosterone in women. Biological Psychology, 58(1), 41–47. doi:10.1016/S0301-0511(01)00100-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grewen, K. M. (2005). Effects of partner support on resting oxytocin, cortisol, norepinephrine, and blood pressure before and after warm partner contact. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(4), 531–538. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000170341.88395.47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck, R. H., Thomas, S. L., & Tabata, L. N. (2010). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling with IBM SPSS (1st ed.). London: Routledge Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Hofer, M. A., Robinson S. R., Stehouwer D. J., Mandell A. J., & Selz K. A. (1995). Letters to the editor. Developmental Psychobiology, 28(8), 413–418. doi:10.1002/dev.420280803  
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Birmingham, W. A., & Light, K. C. (2008). Influence of a “Warm Touch” support enhancement intervention among married couples on ambulatory blood pressure, oxytocin, alpha amylase, and cortisol. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70(9), 976–985. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318187aef7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel, T. R. (2010). The challenge of translation in social neuroscience: A review of oxytocin, vasopressin, and affiliative behavior. Neuron, 65(6), 768–779. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel, T. R. & Hulihan, T. J. (1995). A gender-specific mechanism for pair bonding: oxytocin and partner preference formation in monogamous voles. Behavioral Neuroscience, 109(4), 782–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel, T. R., & Young, L. J. (2001). The neurobiology of attachment. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 2(2), 129–136. doi:10.1038/35053579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, S., Brown, S. A., Mason, J., Wahby, V., Kasl, S., & Ostfeld, A. (1986). Psychological distress, depression and prolactin response in stressed persons. Journal of Human Stress, 12(3), 113–118. doi:10.1080/0097840X.1986.9936775
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenny, D. A. (1996). Models of non-independence in dyadic research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(2), 279–294. doi:10.1177/0265407596132007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Malarkey, W. B., Chee, M. A., Newton, T., Cacioppo, J. T., Mao, H. Y., & Glaser, R. (1993). Negative behavior during marital conflict is associated with immunological down-regulation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(5), 395–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Newton, T., Cacioppo, J. T., MacCallum, R. C., Glaser, R., & Malarkey, W. B. (1996). Marital conflict and endocrine function: Are men really more physiologically affected than women? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 324–332. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W., Kim, S., Jeong, J., Lee, K. U., Ahn, K. J., Chung, Y. A., …Chae J. (2009). Temporal changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation of heterosexual couples for visual stimuli of loved partners. Psychiatry Investigation, 6(1), 19–25. doi:10.4306/pi.2009.6.1.19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, R. D., Jacobs, S. C., Mason, J. W., Wahby, V. S., Kasl, S. V., & Ostfeld, A. M. (1987). Sex differences in prolactin change during mourning. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 31(3), 375–383. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(87)90058-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent, H., & Powers, S. (2007). Emotion regulation in emerging adult couples: Temperament, attachment, and HPA response to conflict. Biological Psychology, 76(1–2), 61–71. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennartsson, A.-K., Kushnir, M. M., Bergquist, J., & Jonsdottir, I. H. (2012). DHEA and DHEA-S response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy men and women. Biological Psychology, 90(2), 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., & Gottman, J. M. (1994). Influence of age and gender on affect, physiology, and their interrelations: A study of long-term marriages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(1), 56–68. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1985). Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 85–94. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loving, T. J., Crockett, E. E., & Paxson, A. A. (2009). Passionate love and relationship thinkers: Experimental evidence for acute cortisol elevations in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(6), 939–946. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. CERN Document Server. Retrieved from http://cds.cern.ch/record/1251646
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002). A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 83–104. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maninger, N., Wolkowitz, O. M., Reus, V. I., Epel, E. S., & Mellon, S. H. (2009). Neurobiological and neuropsychiatric effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS). Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(1), 65–91. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marazziti, D., Akiskal, H. S., Rossi, A., & Cassano, G. B. (1999). Alteration of the platelet serotonin transporter in romantic love. Psychological Medicine, 29(3), 741–745. doi:10.1017/S0033291798007946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marazziti, D., & Canale, D. (2004). Hormonal changes when falling in love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(7), 931–936. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga, S. S., Isowa, T., Tsuboi, H., Konagaya, T., Kaneko, H., & Ohira, H. (2008). Profiling of serum proteins influenced by warm partner contact in healthy couples. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 30(2), 227–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1998). Testosterone and dominance in men. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21(3), 353–363. doi:10.1017/S0140525X98001228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur, A., & Lamb, T. A. (1980). Testosterone, status, and mood in human males*1. Hormones and Behavior, 14(3), 236–246. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(80)90032-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur, A., & Michalek, J. (1998). Marriage, divorce, and male testosterone. Social Forces, 77(1), 315–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaney, M. J. (2001). Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 1161–1192. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael, A., Jenaway, A., Paykel, E. S., & Herbert, J. (2000). Altered salivary dehydroepiandrosterone levels in major depression in adults. Biological Psychiatry, 48(10), 989–995. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00955-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan III, C. A., Southwick, S., Hazlett, G., Rasmusson, A., Hoyt, G., Zimolo, Z., & Charney, D. (2004). Relationships among plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cortisol levels, symptoms of dissociation, and objective performance in humans exposed to acute stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(8), 819–825. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosek-Eilon, V., Hirschberger, G., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Feldman, R. (2013). Infant reminders alter sympathetic reactivity and reduce couple hostility at the transition to parenthood. Developmental Psychology, 49(7), 1385–1395. doi:10.1037/a0030088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann, I. D. (2009). The advantage of social living: Brain neuropeptides mediate the beneficial consequences of sex and motherhood. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 483–496. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oades, R. D., & Schepker, R. (1994). Serum gonadal steroid hormones in young schizophrenic patients. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 19(4), 373–385. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90017-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, T., Gouveia, M. J., & Oliveira, R. F. (2009). Testosterone responsiveness to winning and losing experiences in female soccer players. Psychoneuroendo-crinology, 34(7), 1056–1064. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robles, T. F., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2003). The physiology of marriage: Pathways to health. Physiology & Behavior, 79(3), 409–416. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00160-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, H. E., & Young, L. J. (2009). Oxytocin and the neural mechanisms regulating social cognition and affiliative behavior. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 534–547. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, R., Maughan, B., Worthman, C. M., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2004). Testosterone, antisocial behavior, and social dominance in boys: Pubertal development and biosocial interaction. Biological Psychiatry, 55(5), 546–552. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheele, D., Wille, A., Kendrick, K. M., Stoffel-Wagner, B., Becker, B., Gunturkun, O., … Hurlemann, R. (2013). Oxytocin enhances brain reward system responses in men viewing the face of their female partner. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(50), 20308–20313. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314190110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlein, P. A., Zarrow, M. X., & Denenberg, V. H. (1974). The role of prolactin in the depressed or “buffered” adrenocorticosteroid response of the rat. Journal of Endocrinology, 62(1), 93–99. doi:10.1677/joe.0.0620093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneiderman, I., Kanat-Maymon, Y., Ebstein, R. P., & Feldman, R. (2013). Cumulative risk on the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) underpins empathic communication difficulties at the first stages of romantic love. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi:10.1093/scan/nst142
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneiderman, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2012). Oxytocin during the initial stages of romantic attachment: Relations to couples’ interactive reciprocity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(8), 1277–1285. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, B., & Ryff, C. D. (1999). Hierarchies of life histories and associated health risks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 96–115. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08108.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torner, L., Maloumby, R., Nava, G., Aranda, J., Clapp, C., & Neumann, I. D. (2004). In vivo release and gene upregulation of brain prolactin in response to physiological stimuli. European Journal of Neuroscience, 19(6), 1601–1608. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03264.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torner, L., Toschi, N., Pohlinger, A., Landgraf, R., & Neumann, I. D. (2001). Anxiolytic and anti-stress effects of brain prolactin: Improved efficacy of antisense targeting of the prolactin receptor by molecular modeling. The Journal of Neuroscience, 21(9), 3207–3214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Anders, S. M., & Goldey, K. L. (2010). Testosterone and partnering are linked via relationship status for women and ‘relationship orientation’ for men. Hormones and Behavior, 58(5), 820–826. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Anders, S. M., & Watson, N. V. (2007). Testosterone levels in women and men who are single, in long-distance relationships, or same-city relationships. Hormones and Behavior, 51(2), 286–291. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bokhoven, I., Goozen, S. H. M. V., van Engeland, H., Schaal, B., Arseneault, L., Séguin, J. R., … Tremblay, R. E. (2005). Salivary cortisol and aggression in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males. Journal of Neural Transmission, 112(8), 1083–1096. doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0253-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Honk, J., Schutter, D. J., Bos, P. A., Kruijt, A.-W., Lentjes, E. G., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). Testosterone administration impairs cognitive empathy in women depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(8), 3448–3452. doi:10.1073/pnas.1011891108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bhandari, R., van der Veen, R., Grewen, K. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2012). Elevated salivary levels of oxytocin persist more than 7 h after intranasal administration. Front Neurosci, 6, 174. doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisman, O., Delaherche, E., Rondeau, M., Chetouani, M., Cohen, D., & Feldman, R. (2013). Oxytocin shapes parental motion during father-infant interaction. Biology Letters, 9(6), 20130828–20130828. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisman, O., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2012). Intranasal oxytocin administration is reflected in human saliva. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(9), 1582–1586. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisman, O., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2014). Oxytocin administration, salivary testosterone, and father-infant social behavior. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 49(49), 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingfield, J. C., Hegner, R. E., Dufty Jr, A. M., & Ball, G. F. (1990). The “Challenge Hypothesis”: Theoretical implications for patterns of testosterone secretion, mating systems, and breeding strategies. The American Naturalist, 829–846. doi:10.1086/285134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynne-Edwards, K. E. (2001). Hormonal changes in mammalian fathers. Hormones and Behavior, 40(2), 139–145. doi:10.1006/hbeh.2001.1699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, T. E. (2000). Hormones associated with non-maternal infant care: A review of mammalian and avian studies. Folia Primatologica, 71(1–2), 6–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar