8,570
Views
142
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Empathy and motivation for justice: Cognitive empathy and concern, but not emotional empathy, predict sensitivity to injustice for others

&
Pages 1-14 | Received 31 Oct 2014, Accepted 10 Mar 2015, Published online: 02 Apr 2015

REFERENCES

  • Ames, D. L., Jenkins, A. C., Banaji, M. R., & Mitchel, J. P. (2008). Taking another person’s perspective increases self-referential neural processing. Psychological Science, 19, 642–644. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02135.x
  • Banerjee, K., Huebner, B., & Hauser, M. (2010). Intuitive moral judgments are robust across variation in gender, education, politics and religion: A large-scale web-based study. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10, 253–281. doi:10.1163/156853710X531186
  • Banissy, M. J., Kanai, R., Walsh, V., & Rees, G. (2012). Inter-individual differences in empathy are reflected in human brain structure. NeuroImage, 62(3), 2034–2039. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.05.081
  • Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathy Quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163–175. doi:10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
  • Batson, C. D. (2009). These things called empathy: Eight related but distinct phenomena. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 3–15). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Batson, C. D. (2012). The empathy-altruism hypothesis: Issues and implications. In J. Decety (Ed.), Empathy: From bench to bedside (pp. 41–54). Cambridge, MA: MIT press.
  • Baumert, A., Rothmund, T., Thomas, N., Gollwitzer, M., & Schmitt, M. J. (2013). Justice as a moral motive: Belief in a just world and justice sensitivity as potential indicator of the justice motive. In K. Heinrichs, F. Oser, & T. Lovat (Eds.), Handbook of moral motivation (pp. 159–180). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
  • Baumert, A., & Schmitt, M. (2009). Justice-sensitive interpretations of ambiguous situations. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(1), 6–12. doi:10.1080/00049530802607597
  • Bechara, A., & Damasio, A. R. (2005). The somatic marker hypothesis: A neural theory of economic decision. Games and Economic Behavior, 52, 336–372. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2004.06.010
  • Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Blonigen, D. M., Hicks, B. M., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Estimating facets of psychopathy from normal personality traits: A step toward community epidemiological investigations. Assessment, 12(1), 3–18. doi:10.1177/1073191104271223
  • Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the psychopathic personality inventory: Validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15(3), 340–350. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.340
  • Blader, S. L., & Tyler, T. R. (2002). Justice and empathy: What motivates people to help others? In I. M. Ross & D. T. Miller (Eds.), The justice motive in everyday life (pp. 226–230). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Blasi, A. (1999). Emotions and moral motivation. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29(1), 1–19. doi:10.1111/1468-5914.00088
  • Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
  • Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2002). Sex differences in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder: A review and integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 1179–1207. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(01)00125-8
  • Cheetham, M., Pedroni, A. F., Antley, A., Slater, M., & Jäncke, L. (2009). Virtual milgram: Empathic concern or personal distress? Evidence from functional MRI and dispositional measures. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3(October). doi:10.3389/neuro.09.029.2009
  • Cheng, Y., Yang, C.-Y., Lin, C.-P., Lee, P.-L., & Decety, J. (2008). The perception of pain in others suppresses somatosensory oscillations: A magnetoencephalography study. NeuroImage, 40, 1833–1840. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.064
  • Cowell, J. M., & Decety, J. (2015). The neuroscience of implicit moral evaluation and its relation to generosity in early childhood. Current Biology, 25(1), 93–97. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.002
  • Davidov, M., Zahn-Waxler, C., Roth-Hanania, R., & Knafo, A. (2013). Concern for others in the first year of life: Theory, evidence, and avenues for research. Child Development Perspectives, 7(2), 126–131. doi:10.1111/cdep.12028
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
  • Decety, J. (2011). The neuroevolution of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231, 35–45. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06027.x
  • Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.001
  • Decety, J., Chen, C., Harenski, C., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). An fMRI study of affective perspective taking in individuals with psychopathy: Imagining another in pain does not evoke empathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(September). doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00489
  • Decety, J., Chen, C., Harenski, C. L., & Kiehl, K. A. (2015). Socioemotional processing of morally-laden behavior and their consequences on others in forensic psychopaths. Human Brain Mapping. doi:10.1002/hbm.22752
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2014a). Friends or foes: Is empathy necessary for moral behavior? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(5), 525–537. doi:10.1177/1745691614545130
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2014b). The complex relation between morality and empathy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(7), 337–339. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.008
  • Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100. doi:10.1177/1534582304267187
  • Decety, J., & Lamm, C. (2009). Empathy versus personal distress—Recent evidence from social neuroscience. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 199–213). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Decety, J., & Michalska, K. (2012). How children develop empathy—The contribution of affective neuroscience. In J. Decety (Ed.), Empathy: From bench to bedside (pp. 167–190). Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Decety, J., Norman, G. J., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). A neurobehavioral evolutionary perspective on the mechanisms underlying empathy. Progress in Neurobiology, 98(1), 38–48. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.001
  • Decety, J., Skelly, L. R., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). Brain response to empathy-eliciting scenarios involving pain in incarcerated individuals with psychopathy. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(6), 638–645. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.27
  • Decety, J., & Svetlova, M. (2012). Putting together phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives on empathy. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(1), 1–24. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.05.003
  • Decety, J., & Wheatley, T. (2015). The moral brain: A multidisciplinary perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Derntl, B., Finkelmeyer, A., Eickhoff, S., Kellermann, T., Falkenberg, D. I., Schneider, F., & Habel, U. (2010). Multidimensional assessment of empathic abilities: Neural correlates and gender differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(1), 67–82. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.10.006
  • Edele, A., Dziobek, I., & Keller, M. (2013). Explaining altruistic sharing in the dictator game: The role of affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and justice sensitivity. Learning and Individual Differences, 24, 96–102. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.12.020
  • FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2015). Empathic concern drives costly altruism. Neuroimage, 105, 347–356. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.043
  • FeldmanHall, O., Sokol-Hessner, P., Van Bavel, J. J., & Phelps, E. A. (2014). Fairness violations elicit greater punishment on behalf of another than for oneself. Nature Communications, 5, 5306. doi:10.1038/ncomms6306
  • Fetchenhauer, D., & Huang, X. (2004). Justice sensitivity and distributive decisions in experimental games. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(5), 1015–1029. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00197-1
  • Fumagalli, M., Vergari, M., Pasqualetti, P., Marceglia, S., Mameli, F., Ferrucci, R., & Priori, A. (2010). Brain switches utilitarian behavior: Does gender make the difference? PLoS ONE, 5(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008865
  • Galinsky, A. D., Ku, G., & Wang, C. S. (2005). Perspective-taking and self-other overlap: Fostering social bonds and facilitating social coordination. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8, 109–124. doi:10.1177/1368430205051060
  • Galotti, K. M. (1988). Gender differences in self-reported moral reasoning: A review and new evidence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(5), 475–488. doi:10.1007/BF02132782
  • Gleichgerrcht, E., & Young, L. (2013). Low levels of empathic concern predict utilitarian moral judgment. PloS One, 8(4), e60418. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060418
  • Gollwitzer, M., Rothmund, T., Pfeiffer, A., & Ensenbach, C. (2009). Why and when justice sensitivity leads to pro- and antisocial behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 999–1005. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.07.003
  • Gollwitzer, M., Schmitt, M. J., Schalke, R., Maes, J., & Baer, A. (2005). Asymmetrical effects of justice sensitivity perspectives on prosocial and antisocial behavior. Social Justice Research, 18(2), 183–201. doi:10.1007/s11211-005-7368-1
  • Hadjikhani, N., Zürcher, N. R., Rogier, O., Hippolyte, L., Lemonnier, E., Ruest, T., … Gillberg, C. (2014). Emotional contagion for pain is intact in autism spectrum disorders. Translational Psychiatry, 4(1), e343. doi:10.1038/tp.2013.113
  • Hamlin, J. K. (2014). The origins of human morality: Complex socio-moral evaluations by preverbal infants. In J. Decety & Y. Christen (Eds.), New frontiers in social neuroscience (pp. 165–188). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Han, T., Alders, G. L., Greening, S. G., Neufeld, R. W. J., & Mitchell, D. G. V. (2012). Do fearful eyes activate empathy-related brain regions in individuals with callous traits? Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(8), 958–968. doi:10.1093/scan/nsr068
  • Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Harenski, C. L., Antonenko, O., Shane, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2008). Gender differences in neural mechanisms underlying moral sensitivity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 3(4), 313–321. doi:10.1093/scan/nsn026
  • Harenski, C. L., Harenski, K. A., Shane, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2010). Aberrant neural processing of moral violations in criminal psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 863–874. doi:10.1037/a0020979
  • Ho, S. S., Konrath, S., Brown, S., & Swain, J. E. (2014). Empathy and stress related neural responses in maternal decision making. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 152. doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00152
  • Jensen, K., Vaish, A., & Schmidt, M. F. H. (2014). The emergence of human prosociality: Aligning with others through feelings, concerns, and norms. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(July). doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00822
  • Kiehl, K. A. (2014). The psychopath whisperer: Inside the minds of those without a conscience. New York, NY: Crown Publishers.
  • Koenigs, M., Kruepke, M., & Newman, J. P. (2010). Economic decision-making in psychopathy: A comparison with ventromedial prefrontal lesion patients. Neuropsychologia, 48(7), 2198–2204. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.012
  • Koenigs, M., Young, L., Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Cushman, F., Hauser, M., & Damasio, A. (2007). Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature, 446(7138), 908–911. doi:10.1038/nature05631
  • Lamm, C., Batson, C. D., & Decety, J. (2007). The neural substrate of human empathy: Effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 42–58. doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.42
  • Larson, C. L., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Stout, D. M., Balderston, N. L., Curtin, J. J., Schultz, D. H., … Newman, J. P. (2013). The interplay of attention and emotion: Top-down attention modulates amygdala activation in psychopathy. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 13(4), 757–770. doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0172-8
  • Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 488–524. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3
  • Lilienfeld, S. O., & Hess, T. H. (2001). Psychopathic personality traits and somatization: Sex differences and the mediating role of negative emotionality. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(1), 11–24. doi:10.1023/A:1011035306061
  • Maibom, H. L. (2009). Feeling for others: Empathy, sympathy, and morality. Inquiry, 52(5), 483–499. doi:10.1080/00201740903302626
  • Malterer, M. B., Lilienfeld, S. O., Neumann, C. S., & Newman, J. P. (2010). Concurrent validity of the psychopathic personality inventory with offender and community samples. Assessment, 17, 3–15. doi:10.1177/1073191109349743
  • Michalska, K. J., Kinzler, K. D., & Decety, J. (2013). Age-related sex differences in explicit measures of empathy do not predict brain responses across childhood and adolescence. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 22–32. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.08.001
  • Mill, J. S. (1875). Dissertations and discussions: Political, philosophical, and historical. London: Longmans, Green, Reader and Dyer.
  • Miller, J. G., Kahle, S., Lopez, M., & Hastings, P. D. (2015). Compassionate love buffers stress-reactive mothers from fight-or-flight parenting. Developmental Psychology, 51, 36–43. doi:10.1037/a0038236
  • Mokros, A., Menner, B., Eisenbarth, H., Alpers, G. W., Lange, K. W., & Osterheider, M. (2008). Diminished cooperativeness of psychopaths in a prisoner’s dilemma game yields higher rewards. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 406–413. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.406
  • Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2011). Reduced prefrontal connectivity in psychopathy. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(48), 17348–17357. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4215-11.2011
  • Parsons, C. E., Stark, E. A., Young, K. S., Stein, A., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2013). Understanding the human parental brain: A critical role of the orbitofrontal cortex. Social Neuroscience, 8(6), 525–543. doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.842610
  • Patil, I., & Silani, G. (2014). Reduced empathic concern leads to utilitarian moral judgments in trait alexithymia. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 501. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00501
  • Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 913–938. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000492
  • Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. New York, NY: Penguin Group.
  • Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Remmel, R. J., & Glenn, A. L. (2015). Immorality in the adult brain. In J. Decety & T. Wheatley (Eds.), The moral brain: A multidisciplinary perspective (pp. 232–251). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Rosas, A., & Koenigs, M. (2014). Beyond “utilitarianism”: Maximizing the clinical impact of moral judgment research. Social Neuroscience, 9(6), 661–667. doi:10.1080/17470919.2014.937506
  • Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2001). Effect of the subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: A PET investigation of agency. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 546–550.
  • Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2003). What you believe versus what you think they believe: A neuroimaging study of conceptual perspective-taking. European Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 2475–2480. doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02673.x
  • Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2004). How would you feel versus how do you think she would feel? A neuroimaging study of perspective taking with social emotions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16, 988–999. doi:10.1162/0898929041502661
  • Sadeh, N., & Verona, E. (2008). Psychopathic personality traits associated with abnormal selective attention and impaired cognitive control. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 669–680. doi:10.1037/a0012692
  • Schmidt, M. F. H., & Sommerville, J. A. (2011). Fairness expectations and altruistic sharing in 15-month-old human infants. PloS One, 6(10), e23223. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023223
  • Schmitt, M. J., Baumert, A., Gollwitzer, M., & Maes, J. (2010). The Justice Sensitivity Inventory: Factorial validity, location in the personality facet space, demographic pattern, and normative data. Social Justice Research, 23(2–3), 211–238. doi:10.1007/s11211-010-0115-2
  • Schmitt, M. J., Gollwitzer, M., Maes, J., & Arbach, D. (2005). Justice sensitivity: Assessment and location in personality space. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 21(3), 202–211. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.21.3.202
  • Schmitt, M. J., Neumann, R., & Montada, L. (1995). Dispositional sensitivity to befallen injustice. Social Justice Research, 8(4), 385–407. doi:10.1007/BF02334713
  • Schulreich, S., Pfabigan, D. M., Derntl, B., & Sailer, U. (2013). Fearless dominance and reduced feedback-related negativity amplitudes in a time-estimation task: Further neuroscientific evidence for dual-process models of psychopathy. Biological Psychology, 93(3), 352–363. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.04.004
  • Seara-Cardoso, A., & Viding, E. (2014). Functional neuroscience of psychopathic personality in adults. Journal of Personality. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/jopy.12113.
  • Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2009). Empathic processing: Its cognitive and affective dimensions and neuroanatomical basis. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 215–232). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Skeem, J. L., Polaschek, D. L. L., Patrick, C. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011). Psychopathic personality: Bridging the gap between scientific evidence and public policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12(3), 95–162. doi:10.1177/1529100611426706
  • Smith, K. E., Porges, E. C., Norman, G. J., Connelly, J. J., & Decety, J. (2014). Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts empathic concern and autonomic arousal while perceiving harm to others. Social Neuroscience, 9, 1–9. doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.863223
  • Sobhani, M., & Bechara, A. (2011). A somatic marker perspective of immoral and corrupt behavior. Social Neuroscience, 6, 640–652. doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.605592
  • Sommer, M., Rothmayr, C., Döhnel, K., Meinhardt, J., Schwerdtner, J., Sodian, B., & Hajak, G. (2010). How should I decide? The neural correlates of everyday moral reasoning. Neuropsychologia, 48(7), 2018–2026. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.023
  • Stanley, J. H., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2013). Elaborating on the construct validity of the triarchic psychopathy Measure in a criminal offender sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(4), 343–350. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.735302
  • Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R., & Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers’ prosocial behavior: From instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, 81(6), 1814–1827. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01512.x
  • Taber-Thomas, B. C., Asp, E. W., Koenigs, M., Sutterer, M., Anderson, S. W., & Tranel, D. (2014). Arrested development: Early prefrontal lesions impair the maturation of moral judgement. Brain, 137, 1254–1261. doi:10.1093/brain/awt377
  • Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1982). Perspective-taking and altruism. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 143–173. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.91.1.143
  • Vermunt, R. (2014). The good, the bad, and the just. Burlington, VA: Ashgate Publishing Company.
  • Wijn, R., & Bos, K. (2010). Toward a better understanding of the justice judgment process: The influence of fair and unfair events on state justice sensitivity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 1294–1301. doi:10.1002/ejsp.709
  • Williams, A., O’Driscoll, K., & Moore, C. (2014). The influence of empathic concern on prosocial behavior in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 425. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00425
  • Yoder, K. J., & Decety, J. (2014a). Spatiotemporal neural dynamics of moral judgment: A high-density ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 60, 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.022
  • Yoder, K. J., & Decety, J. (2014b). The good, the bad, and the just: Justice sensitivity predicts neural response during moral evaluation of actions performed by others. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(12), 4161–4166. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4648-13.2014
  • Yoder, K. J., Porges, E. C., & Decety, J. (2015). Amygdala subnuclei connectivity in response to violence reveals unique influences of individual differences in psychopathic traits in a nonforensic sample. Human Brain Mapping, 36(4), 1417–1428. doi:10.1002/hbm.22712
  • Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). The origins of empathic concern. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 107–130. doi:10.1007/BF00991639

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.