4,021
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

How does social information affect charitable giving?: Empathic concern promotes support for underdog recipient

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 751-764 | Received 24 Jan 2018, Published online: 31 Mar 2019

References

  • Andreoni, J. (1998). Toward a theory of charitable fund‐raising. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), 1186–1213.
  • Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.
  • Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48.
  • Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (2011). A cooperative species: human reciprocity and its evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Bradley, M. B., Miccoli, L. M., Escrig, M. A., & Lang, P. J. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology, 45(4), 602–607.
  • Charities Aid Foundation. (2018). The world giving index. Retrieved from https://www.cafonline.org/about-us/publications/2018-publications/caf-world-giving-index-2018
  • Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 591–621.
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126.
  • De Waal, F. (2010). The Age of Empathy: Nature’s Lessons for a Kinder Society. New York, NY: Harmony Books.
  • Dellavigna, S., List, J. A., & Malmendier, U. (2012). Testing for altruism and social pressure in charitable giving. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(1), 1–56.
  • Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51(3), 629–636.
  • Eckstein, M. K., Guerra-Carrillo, B., Miller Singley, A. T., & Bunge, S. A. (2017). Beyond eye gaze: What else can eyetracking reveal about cognition and cognitive development?. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 69–91.
  • Everett, J. A. C., Faber, N. S., & Crockett, M. (2015). Preferences and beliefs in ingroup favoritism. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 15.
  • Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition and cooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 817–868.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140.
  • Fiedler, S., & Glöckner, A. (2012). The dynamics of decision making in risky choice: An eye-tracking analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 335.
  • Genevsky, A., Vastfjall, D., Slovic, P., & Knutson, B. (2013). Neural underpinnings of the identifiable victim effect: Affect shifts preferences for giving. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(43), 17188–17196.
  • Giving USA. (2017). The annual report on philanthropy for the year 2016. Retrieved from https://givingusa.org/tag/giving-usa-2017/
  • Glaholt, M. G., & Reingold, E. M. (2009). The time course of gaze bias in visual decision tasks. Visual Cognition, 17(8), 1228–1243.
  • Glaholt, M. G., & Reingold, E. M. (2011). Eye movement monitoring as a process tracing methodology in decision making research. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 4(2), 125–146.
  • Gu, X., Hof, P. R., Friston, K. J., & Fan, J. (2013). Anterior insular cortex and emotional awareness. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 521(15), 3371–3388.
  • Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., & Yamamoto, T. (2015). Validating vignette and conjoint survey experiments against real-world behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(8), 2395–2400.
  • Hare, T. A., Camerer, C. F., Knoepfle, D. T., O’Doherty, J. P., & Rangel, A. (2010). Value computations in ventral medial prefrontal cortex during charitable decision making incorporate input from regions involved in social cognition. Journal of Neuroscience, 30(2), 583–590.
  • Haruno, M., & Frith, C. D. (2010). Activity in the amygdala elicited by unfair divisions predicts social value orientation. Nature Neuroscience, 13(2), 160–161.
  • Hastie, R., & Kameda, T. (2005). The robust beauty of majority rules in group decisions. Psychological Review, 112(2), 494–508.
  • Henrich, J., & Boyd, R. (1998). The evolution of conformist transmission and the emergence of between-group differences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 19(4), 215–241.
  • Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., & McElreath, R. (2001). In search of homo economicus: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies. The American Economic Review, 91(2), 73–78.
  • Hess, E. H., & Polt, J. M. (1964). Pupil size in relation to mental activity during simple problem-solving. Science, 143(3611), 1190–1192.
  • Hsu, M., Anen, C., & Quartz, S. R. (2008). The right and the good: Distributive justice and neural encoding of equity and efficiency. Science, 320(5879), 1092–1095.
  • Kameda, T., Inukai, K., Higuchi, S., Ogawa, A., Kim, H., Matsuda, T., & Sakagami, M. (2016). Rawlsian maximin rule operates as a common cognitive anchor in distributive justice and risky decisions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(42), 11817–11822.
  • Kameda, T., & Nakanishi, D. (2002). Cost – Benefit analysis of social/cultural learning in a nonstationary uncertain environment: An evolutionary simulation and an experiment with human subjects. Evolution and Human Behavior, 23(5), 373–393.
  • Kameda, T., & Nakanishi, D. (2003). Does social/cultural learning increase human adaptability? Rogers’s question revisited. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24(4), 242–260.
  • Kameda, T., Tsukasaki, T., Hastie, R., & Berg, N. (2011). Democracy under uncertainty: The wisdom of crowds and the free-rider problem in group decision making. Psychological Review, 118(1), 76–96.
  • Kameda, T., Wisdom, T., Toyokawa, W., & Inukai, K. (2012). Is consensus-seeking unique to humans? A selective review of animal group decision-making and its implications for (human) social psychology. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(5), 673–689.
  • Kempf, D. S. (1999). Attitude formation from product trial: Distinct roles of cognition and affect for hedonic and functional products. Psychology and Marketing, 16(1), 35–50.
  • Kitayama, S., Ishii, K., Imada, T., Takemura, K., & Ramaswamy, J. (2006). Voluntary settlement and the spirit of independence: Evidence from Japan’s “northern frontier.”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(3), 369–384.
  • Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2005). The “identified victim” effect: An identified group, or just a single individual? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 18(3), 157–167.
  • Mano, H. (1997). Affect and persuasion: The influence of pleasantness and arousal on attitude formation and message elaboration. Psychology and Marketing, 14(4), 315–335.
  • Mullet, T. L., & Stewart, N. (2016). Implications of visual attention phenomena for models of preferential choice. Decision, 3(4), 231–253.
  • Murphy, P. R., O’Connell, R. G., O’Sullivan, M., Robertson, I. H., & Balsters, J. H. (2014). Pupil diameter covaries with BOLD activity in human locus coeruleus. Human Brain Mapping, 35(8), 4140–4154.
  • Murphy, P. R., Vandekerckhove, J., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2014). Pupil-linked arousal determines variability in perceptual decision making. PLoS Computational Biology, 10(9), e1003854.
  • Orquin, J. L., & Mueller Loose, S. (2013). Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making. Acta Psychologica, 144(1), 190–206.
  • Paulus, F. M., Krach, S., Blanke, M., Roth, C., Belke, M., Sommer, J., & Knake, S. (2015). Fronto-insula network activity explains emotional dysfunctions in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: Combined evidence from pupillometry and fMRI. Cortex, 65, 219–231.
  • R Core Team. 2017. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online at http://www.R-project.org/.
  • Salganik, M. J., Dodds, P. S., & Watts, D. J. (2006). Experimental study of inequality and unpredictability in an artificial cultural market. Science, 311(5762), 854–856.
  • Sara, S. J., & Bouret, S. (2012). Orienting and reorienting: The locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal. Neuron, 76(1), 130–141.
  • Schotter, E. R., Berry, R. W., McKenzie, C. R., & Rayner, K. (2010). Gaze bias: Selective encoding and liking effects. Visual Cognition, 18(8), 1113–1132.
  • Shang, J., & Croson, R. (2009). A field experiment in charitable contribution: The impact of social information on the voluntary provision of public goods. The Economic Journal, 119(540), 1422–1439.
  • Sherif, M., & Murphy, G. (1936). The psychology of social norms. NewYork, NY: Harper and Row.
  • Shimojo, S., Simion, C., Shimojo, E., & Scheier, C. (2003). Gaze bias both reflects and influences preference. Nature Neuroscience, 6(12), 1317–1322.
  • Soetevent, A. R. (2005). Anonymity in giving in a natural context - A field experiment in 30 churches. Journal of Public Economics, 89(11–12), 2301–2323.
  • Trivers, R., & Coultas, J. C. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46(1), 35–57.
  • Urai, A. E., Braun, A., & Donner, T. H. (2017). Pupil-linked arousal is driven by decision uncertainty and alters serial choice bias. Nature Communications, 8, 14637.
  • Vesterlund, L. (2003). The informational value of sequential fundraising. Journal of Public Economics, 87(3), 627–657.
  • Wiener, J. M., Hölscher, C., Büchner, S., & Konieczny, L. (2012). Gaze behaviour during space perception and spatial decision making. Psychological Research, 76(6), 713–729.
  • Yu, R., Calder, A. J., & Mobbs, D. (2014). Overlapping and distinct representations of advantageous and disadvantageous inequality. Human Brain Mapping, 35(7), 3290–3301.
  • Zhong, S., Chark, R., Hsu, M., & Chew, S. H. (2016). Computational substrates of social norm enforcement by unaffected third parties. NeuroImage, 129, 95–104.