2,550
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Gender identity relevance predicts preferential neural processing of same-gendered faces

, , &
Pages 334-347 | Received 29 May 2019, Accepted 08 Dec 2019, Published online: 08 Jan 2020

References

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Blair, I. V. (2002). The malleability of automatic stereotypes and prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(3), 242–261.
  • Blake, R., & Mouton, J. (1985). The managerial grid III: The key to leadership excellence. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Corporation.
  • Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1994). Collective self-esteem consequences of out-group derogation when a valued social identity is on trial. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 641–657.
  • Cameron, J. E. (2004). A three-factor model of social identity. Self and Identity, 3(3), 239–262.
  • Derks, B. (2013). The implicit effects of social identity: Measuring early social categorization with event-related brain potentials. In B. Derks, D. Scheepers, & N. Ellemers (Eds.), Neuroscience of prejudice and intergroup relations (pp. 45–62). London, UK: Psychology Press.
  • Derks, B., Stedehouder, J., & Ito, T. A. (2015). Social identity modifies face perception: An ERP study of social categorization. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(5), 672–679.
  • Dickter, C. L., & Bartholow, B. D. (2007). Racial ingroup and outgroup attention biases revealed by event-related brain potentials. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(3), 189–198.
  • Dickter, C. L., & Bartholow, B. D. (2010). Ingroup categorization and response conflict: Interactive effects of target race, flanker compatibility, and infrequency on N2 amplitude. Psychophysiology, 47, 596–601.
  • Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R. (1995). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31(5), 410–436.
  • Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598.
  • Eagly, A. H., Makhijani, M. G., & Klonsky, B. G. (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 3–22.
  • Ellemers, N., Kortekaas, P., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (1999). Self-categorisation, commitment to the group and group self-esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 371–389.
  • Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1997). Sticking together or falling apart: In-group identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 617–626.
  • Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (2002). Self and social identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 161–186.
  • Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1013–1027.
  • Freeman, J. B., Ambady, N., & Holcomb, P. J. (2010). The face-sensitive N170 encodes social category information. NeuroReport, 21(1), 24–28.
  • Gratton, G., Coles, M. G. H., & Donchin, E. (1983). A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifacts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55(4), 468–484.
  • He, Y., Johnson, M. K., Dovidio, J. F., & McCarthy, G. (2009). The relation between race-related implicit associations and scalp-recorded neural activity evoked by faces from different races. Social Neuroscience, 4(5), 426–442.
  • Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657–674.
  • Ito, T. A. (2013). Imaging the pictures in our heads: Using ERPs to inform our understanding of social categorization. In B. Derks, D. Scheepers, & N. Ellemers (Eds.), Neuroscience of prejudice and intergroup relations (pp. 25–44). London, UK: Psychology Press.
  • Ito, T. A., & Bartholow, B. D. (2009). The neural correlates of race. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(12), 524–531.
  • Ito, T. A., & Senholzi, K. B. (2013). Us versus them: Understanding the process of race perception with event-related brain potentials. Visual Cognition, 21(9–10), 1096–1120.
  • Ito, T. A., & Tomelleri, S. (2017). Seeing is not stereotyping: The functional independence of categorization and stereotype activation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(5), 758–764.
  • Ito, T. A., & Urland, G. R. (2003). Race and gender on the brain: Electrocortical measures of attention to the race and gender of multiply categorizable individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 616–626.
  • Ito, T. A., & Urland, G. R. (2005). The influence of processing objectives on the perception of faces: An ERP study of race and gender perception. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 5(1), 21–36.
  • Kaiser, C. R., & Spalding, K. E. (2015). Do women who succeed in male-dominated domains help other women? The moderating role of gender identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 599–608.
  • Kecskés-Kovács, K., Sulykos, I., & Czigler, I. (2013). Is it a face of a woman or a man? Visual mismatch negativity is sensitive to gender category. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 532.
  • Kubota, J. T., & Ito, T. A. (2007). Multiple cues in social perception: The time course of processing race and facial expression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(5), 738–752.
  • Kubota, J. T., & Ito, T. A. (2017). Rapid race perception despite individuation and accuracy goals. Social Neuroscience, 12(4), 468–478.
  • Langner, O., Dotsch, R., Bijlstra, G., Wigboldus, D. H. J., Hawk, S. T., & van Knippenberg, A. (2010). Presentation and validation of the Radboud Faces Database. Cognition and Emotion, 24(8), 1377–1388.
  • Ma, Y., Ge, J., Xu, X., Fan, Y., Yang, S., & Han, S. (2009). Asymmetric neurocognitive representation of ethnic in-group/out-group faces. Chinese Science Bulletin, 54, 2076–2081.
  • Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., & Giard, M. H. (2003). Electrophysiological correlates of age and gender perception on human faces. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(6), 900–910.
  • Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., Giard, M. H., Bentin, S., Aguera, P., & Pernier, J. (2000). Neurophysiological correlates of face gender processing in humans. European Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 303–310.
  • Ouwerkerk, J. W., De Gilder, D., & De Vries, N. (2000). When the going gets tough, the tough get going: Social identification and individual effort in intergroup competition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(12), 1550–1559.
  • Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437–448.
  • Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. (2011). Implicit leadership theories: Think leader, think effective? Journal of Management Inquiry, 20(2), 141–150.
  • Senholzi, K. B., & Kubota, J. T. (2016). The neural mechanisms of prejudice intervention. In J. R. Absher & J. Cloutier (Eds.), Neuroimaging Personality, Social Cognition, and Character (pp. 337–354). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
  • Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glass, B. (1992). Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 207–218.
  • Sun, Y., Gao, X., & Han, S. (2010). Sex differences in face gender recognition: An event-related potential study. Brain Research, 1327, 69–76.
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), The Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago IL: Nelson-Hall.
  • Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Etcoff, N. J., & Ruderman, A. J. (1978). Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 778–793.
  • Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. New York, NY: Basil Blackwell.
  • Van Hooff, J. C., Crawford, H., & Van Vugt, M. (2011). The wandering mind of men: ERP evidence for gender differences in attention bias towards attractive opposite sex faces. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6(4), 477–485.
  • Van Veelen, R., Derks, B., & Endedijk, M. D. (2019). Double trouble: How being outnumbered and negatively stereotyped threatens career outcomes of women in STEM. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(150), 1–18.
  • Veldman, J., Meeussen, L., Van Laar, C., & Phalet, K. (2017). Women (do not) belong here: Gender-work identity conflict among female police officers. Frontiers in Psychology, 89(130), 1–12.
  • Volpert-Esmond, H. I., Merkle, E. C., & Bartholow, B. D. (2017). The iterative nature of person construal: Evidence from event-related potentials. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(7), 1097–1107.
  • Wilder, D. A. (1984). Perceptions of belief homogeneity and similarity following social categorization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 323–333.
  • Willadsen-Jensen, E. C., & Ito, T. A. (2006). Ambiguity and the timecourse of racial perception. Social Cognition, 24(5), 580–606.
  • Willadsen-Jensen, E. C., & Ito, T. A. (2008). A foot in both worlds: Asian Americans’ perceptions of Asian, White, and racially ambiguous faces. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 11(2), 182–200.
  • Willadsen-Jensen, E. C., & Ito, T. A. (2015). The effect of context on responses to racially ambiguous faces: Changes in perception and evaluation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 885–892.
  • World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. (1991). Law, Medicine and Health Care, 19(3–4), 264–265.