Gut dysfunction following alcohol exposure and trauma

References

• American Burn Association. Burn incidence and treatment in the US: 2000 fact sheet. 2000. Available from: www.ameriburn.org.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhry MA, Rana SN, Kavanaugh MJ, Kovacs EJ, Gamelli RL, Sayeed MM. Impaired intestinal immunity and barrier function: a cause for enhanced bacterial translocation in alcohol intoxication and burn injury. Alcohol 2004; 33: 199–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry MA, Gamelli RL, Chaudry IH. Alcohol abuse: a major contributing factor to post-burn/trauma immune complications. 2004 Yearbook of intensive care and emergency medicine, J-L Vincent. Springer, New York 2004; 15–26
   Google Scholar
• Grobmyer SR, Maniscalco SP, Purdue GF, Hunt JL. Alcohol, drug intoxication, or both at the time of burn injury as a predictor of complications and mortality in hospitalized patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1996; 17: 532–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haum A, Perbix W, Hack HJ, Stark GB, Spilker G, Doehn M. Alcohol and drug abuse in burn injuries. Burns 1995; 21: 194–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones JD, Barber B, Engrav L, Heimbach D. Alcohol use and burn injury. J Burn Care Rehabil 1991; 12: 148–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelley D, Lynch JB. Burns in alcohol and drug users result in longer treatment times with more complications. J Burn Care Rehabil 1992; 13: 218–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall SW, Runyan CW, Bangdiwala SI, Linzer MA, Sacks JJ, Butts JD. Fatal residential fires: who dies and who survives?. JAMA 1998; 279: 1633–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGill V, Kowal-Vern A, Fisher SG, Kahn S, Gamelli RL. The impact of substance use on mortality and morbidity from thermal injury. J Trauma 1995; 38: 931–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGwin G, Jr, Chapman V, Rousculp M, Robison J, Fine P. The epidemiology of fire-related deaths in Alabama, 1992–1997. J Burn Care Rehabil 2000; 21: 75–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Messingham KA, Faunce DE, Kovacs EJ. Alcohol, injury, and cellular immunity. Alcohol 2002; 28: 137–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pories SE, Gamelli RL, Vacek P, Goodwin G, Shinozaki T, Harris F. Intoxication and injury. J Trauma 1992; 32: 60–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers PS, Stevens B, Arias F, Cruse CW, Krizek T, Daniels S. Alcohol disorders among patients with burns: crisis and opportunity. J Burn Care Rehabil 1994; 15: 386–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swenson JR, Dimsdale JE, Rockwell E, Carroll W, Hansbrough J. Drug and alcohol abuse in patients with acute burn injuries. Psychosomatics 1991; 32: 287–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier RV. Ethanol abuse and the trauma patient. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2001; 2: 133–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molina PE, McClain C, Valla D, Guidot D, Diehl AM, Lang CH, et al. Molecular pathology and clinical aspects of alcohol-induced tissue injury. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2002; 26: 120–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahrami S, Redl H, Yao YM, Schlag G. Involvement of bacteria/endotoxin translocation in the development of multiple organ failure. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 216: 239–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron P, Traber LD, Traber DL, Nguyen T, Hollyoak M, Heggers JP, et al. Gut failure and translocation following burn and sepsis. J Surg Res 1994; 57: 197–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brathwaite CE, Ross SE, Nagele R, Mure AJ, O'Malley KF, Garcia-Perez FA. Bacterial translocation occurs in humans after traumatic injury: evidence using immunofluorescence. J Trauma 1993; 34: 586–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choudhry MA, Fazal N, Namak SY, Haque F, Ravindranath T, Sayeed MM. PGE2 suppresses intestinal T cell function in thermal injury: a cause of enhanced bacterial translocation. Shock 2001; 16: 183–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitch EA. Role of the gut lymphatic system in multiple organ failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2001; 7: 92–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enomoto N, Ikejima K, Bradford BU, Rivera CA, Kono H, Goto M, et al. Role of Kupffer cells and gut-derived endotoxins in alcoholic liver injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 15(Suppl): D20–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazal N, Shamim M, Zagorski J, Choudhry MA, Ravindranath T, Sayeed MM. CINC blockade prevents neutrophil Ca(2 + ) signaling upregulation and gut bacterial translocation in thermal injury. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1535: 50–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herndon DN, Zeigler ST. Bacterial translocation after thermal injury. Crit Care Med 1993; 21: S50–4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavarzian A, Holmes EW, Patel M, Iber F, Fields JZ, Pethkar S. Leaky gut in alcoholic cirrhosis: a possible mechanism for alcohol-induced liver damage. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 200–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs EJ, Jerrells TR. Alcohol and immunology: introduction to and summary of the 2003 Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) meeting. Alcohol 2004; 33: 171–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Deitch EA, Goris RJ. The relationship between gut-derived bacteria and the development of the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. J Anat 1996; 189: 537–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peitzman AB, Udekwu AO, Ochoa J, Smith S. Bacterial translocation in trauma patients. J Trauma 1991; 31: 1083–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reed LL, Martin M, Manglano R, Newson B, Kocka F, Barrett J. Bacterial translocation following abdominal trauma in humans. Circ Shock 1994; 42: 1–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhodes RS, Karnovsky MJ. Loss of macromolecular barrier function associated with surgical trauma to the intestine. Lab Invest 1971; 25: 220–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata T, Tani T, Endo Y, Hanasawa K. Bacterial translocation and peptidoglycan translocation by acute ethanol administration. J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 726–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros T, Traber DL, Heggers JP, Herndon DN. Effects of interleukin-1alpha administration on intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury, mucosal permeability, and bacterial translocation in burn and sepsis. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 101–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zallen G, Moore EE, Johnson JL, Tamura DY, Ciesla DJ, Silliman CC. Posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph primes circulating neutrophils and provokes lung injury. J Surg Res 1999; 83: 83–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosain A, Gamelli RL. Role of the gastrointestinal tract in burn sepsis. J Burn Care Rehabil 2005; 26: 85–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang P, Ba ZF, Cioffi WG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Is gut the “motor” for producing hepatocellular dysfunction after trauma and hemorrhagic shock?. J Surg Res 1998; 74: 141–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker JW, Deitch EA, Li M, Berg RD, Specian RD. Hemorrhagic shock induces bacterial translocation from the gut. J Trauma 1988; 28: 896–906
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faries PL, Simon RJ, Martella AT, Lee MJ, Machiedo GW. Intestinal permeability correlates with severity of injury in trauma patients. J Trauma 1998; 44: 1031–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horton JW. Bacterial translocation after burn injury: the contribution of ischemia and permeability changes. Shock 1994; 1: 286–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maejima K, Deitch EA, Berg RD. Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tracts of rats receiving thermal injury. Infect Immun 1984; 43: 6–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell DH, Barreto JC, Klemm K, Miller TA. Hemorrhagic shock increases gut macromolecular permeability in the rat. Shock 1995; 4: 50–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnotti LJ, Deitch EA. Burns, bacterial translocation, gut barrier function, and failure. J Burn Care Rehabil 2005; 26: 383–91
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan CM, Yarmush ML, Burke JF, Tompkins RG. Increased gut permeability early after burns correlates with the extent of burn injury. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 1508–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitch EA. Intestinal permeability is increased in burn patients shortly after injury. Surgery 1990; 107: 411–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler TR, Smith RJ, O'Dwyer ST, Demling RH, Wilmore DW. Increased intestinal permeability associated with infection in burn patients. Arch Surg 1988; 123: 1313–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeVoyer T, Cioffi WG, Jr, Pratt L, Shippee R, McManus WF, Mason AD, Jr, et al. Alterations in intestinal permeability after thermal injury. Arch Surg 1992; 127: 26–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan CM, Bailey SH, Carter EA, Schoenfeld DA, Tompkins RG. Additive effects of thermal injury and infection on gut permeability. Arch Surg 1994; 129: 325–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottfried EB, Korsten MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol-induced gastric and duodenal lesions in man. Am J Gastroenterol 1978; 70: 587–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parlesak A, Schafer C, Schutz T, Bode JC, Bode C. Increased intestinal permeability to macromolecules and endotoxemia in patients with chronic alcohol abuse in different stages of alcohol-induced liver disease. J Hepatol 2000; 32: 742–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parlesak A, Billinger MH, Bode C, Bode JC. Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity in man: influence of gender, age, alcohol consumption and smoking in a caucasian population. Alcohol Alcohol 2002; 37: 388–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramstedt M. Alcohol and pancreatitis mortality at the population level: experiences from 14 western countries. Addiction 2004; 99: 1255–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sand J, Lankisch PG, Nordback I. Alcohol consumption in patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2007; 7: 147–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington BS, Meserole L, Syrotuck JA. Effect of daily ethanol ingestion on intestinal permeability to macromolecules. Am J Dig Dis 1978; 23: 23–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krasner N, Cochran KM, Russell RI, Carmichael HA, Thompson GG. Alcohol and absorption from the small intestine. 1. Impairment of absorption from the small intestine in alcoholics. Gut 1976; 17: 245–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millan MS, Morris GP, Beck IT, Henson JT. Villous damage induced by suction biopsy and by acute ethanol intake in normal human small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 1980; 25: 513–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajendram R, Preedy VR. Effect of alcohol consumption on the gut. Dig Dis 2005; 23: 214–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck IT, Dinda PK. Acute exposure of small intestine to ethanol: effects on morphology and function. Dig Dis Sci 1981; 26: 817–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode C, Bode JC. Alcohol's role in gastrointestinal tract disorders. Alcohol Health Res World 1997; 21: 76–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bode C, Bode JC. Effect of alcohol consumption on the gut. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 575–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode C, Bode JC. Activation of the innate immune system and alcoholic liver disease: effects of ethanol per se or enhanced intestinal translocation of bacterial toxins induced by ethanol?. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29: 166S–71S
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavarzian A, Fields JZ, Vaeth J, Holmes EW. The differing effects of acute and chronic alcohol on gastric and intestinal permeability. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89: 2205–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi MA, Zucoloto S. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on the small intestinal ultrastructure in rats. Beitr Pathol 1977; 161: 50–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Persson J, Berg NO, Sjolund K, Stenling R, Magnusson PH. Morphologic changes in the small intestine after chronic alcohol consumption. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 173–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kryszewski A. Evaluation of absorption and secretory function of the small intestine in chronic alcoholism. Acta Med Pol 1979; 20: 83–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathurin P, Deng QG, Keshavarzian A, Choudhary S, Holmes EW, Tsukamoto H. Exacerbation of alcoholic liver injury by enteral endotoxin in rats. Hepatology 2000; 32: 1008–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode JC, Bode C, Heidelbach R, Durr HK, Martini GA. Jejunal microflora in patients with chronic alcohol abuse. Hepatogastroenterology 1984; 31: 30–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De la M, Hall P, Lieber CS, DeCarli LM, French SW, Lindros KO, Jarvelainen H, et al. Models of alcoholic liver disease in rodents: a critical evaluation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25(5 Suppl ISBRA)254S–61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukui H, Brauner B, Bode JC, Bode C. Plasma endotoxin concentrations in patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease: reevaluation with an improved chromogenic assay. J Hepatol 1991; 12: 162–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzanti R, Jenkins WJ. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on enterocyte turnover in rat small intestine. Gut 1987; 28: 52–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napolitano LM, Koruda MJ, Zimmerman K, McCowan K, Chang J, Meyer AA. Chronic ethanol intake and burn injury: evidence for synergistic alteration in gut and immune integrity. J Trauma 1995; 38: 198–207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choudhry MA, Fazal N, Goto M, Gamelli RL, Sayeed MM. Gut-associated lymphoid T cell suppression enhances bacterial translocation in alcohol and burn injury. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282: G937–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanaugh MJ, Clark C, Goto M, Kovacs EJ, Gamelli RL, Sayeed MM, et al. Effect of acute alcohol ingestion prior to burn injury on intestinal bacterial growth and barrier function. Burns 2005; 31: 290–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Rana SN, Schwacha MG, Chaudry IH, Choudhry MA. A novel role for IL-18 in corticosterone-mediated intestinal damage in a two-hit rodent model of alcohol intoxication and injury. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 80: 367–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana SN, Li X, Chaudry IH, Bland KI, Choudhry MA. Inhibition of IL-18 reduces myeloperoxidase activity and prevents edema in intestine following alcohol and burn injury. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77: 719–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes RS, Depalma RG, Robinson AV. Intestinal barrier function in hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res 1973; 14: 305–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitch EA, Xu D, Franko L, Ayala A, Chaudry IH. Evidence favoring the role of the gut as a cytokine-generating organ in rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Shock 1994; 1: 141–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainous MR, Ertel W, Chaudry IH, Deitch EA. The gut: a cytokine-generating organ in systemic inflammation?. Shock 1995; 4: 193–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuebler JF, Toth B, Rue LW, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Differential alterations in intestinal permeability after trauma-hemorrhage. J Surg Res 2003; 112: 198–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Boyle CJ, MacFie J, Mitchell CJ, Johnstone D, Sagar PM, Sedman PC. Microbiology of bacterial translocation in humans. Gut 1998; 42: 29–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roumen RM, Hendriks T, Wevers RA, Goris JA. Intestinal permeability after severe trauma and hemorrhagic shock is increased without relation to septic complications. Arch Surg 1993; 128: 453–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore FA. The role of the gastrointestinal tract in postinjury multiple organ failure. Am J Surg 1999; 178: 449–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffen EK, Berg RD, Deitch EA. Comparison of translocation rates of various indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph node. J Infect Dis 1988; 157: 1032–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauge T, Persson J, Danielsson D. Mucosal bacterial growth in the upper gastrointestinal tract in alcoholics (heavy drinkers). Digestion 1997; 58: 591–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casafont MF, las Heras CG, Martin RL, Lopez Arias MJ, Ledesma F, Pons RF. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 552–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitch EA, Maejima K, Berg R. Effect of oral antibiotics and bacterial overgrowth on the translocation of the GI tract microflora in burned rats. J Trauma 1985; 25: 385–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deitch EA, Lu Q, Feketeova E, Hauser CJ, Xu DZ. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth induces the production of biologically active intestinal lymph. J Trauma 2004; 56: 105–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husebye E. The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal bacterial overgrowth. Chemotherapy 2005; 51(Suppl 1)1–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swank GM, Deitch EA. Role of the gut in multiple organ failure: bacterial translocation and permeability changes. World J Surg 1996; 20: 411–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry DE, Schermer CR. The consequences of suppression of anaerobic bacteria. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2000; 1: 49–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freestone PP, Williams PH, Haigh RD, Maggs AF, Neal CP, Lyte M. Growth stimulation of intestinal commensal Escherichia coli by catecholamines: a possible contributory factor in trauma-induced sepsis. Shock 2002; 18: 465–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alverdy JC, Aoys E. The effect of dexamethasone and endotoxin administration on biliary IgA and bacterial adherence. J Surg Res 1992; 53: 450–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Rana SN, Kovacs EJ, Gamelli RL, Chaudry IH, Choudhry MA. Corticosterone suppresses mesenteric lymph node T cells by inhibiting p38/ERK pathway and promotes bacterial translocation after alcohol and burn injury. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289: R37–44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson KJ, Rao RK. Role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in acetaldehyde-induced disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280: G1280–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hara AM, Shanahan F. Gut microbiota: mining for therapeutic potential. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 274–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitch EA, Berg R. Bacterial translocation from the gut: a mechanism of infection. J Burn Care Rehabil 1987; 8: 475–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo W, Ding J, Huang Q, Jerrells T, Deitch EA. Alterations in intestinal bacterial flora modulate the systemic cytokine response to hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: G827–32
   Google Scholar
• Guo W, Magnotti LJ, Ding J, Huang Q, Xu D, Deitch EA. Influence of gut microflora on mesenteric lymph cytokine production in rats with hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2002; 52: 1178–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carter EA, Tompkins RG, Burke JF. Hepatic and intestinal blood flow following thermal injury. J Burn Care Rehabil 1988; 9: 347–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferguson JL, Merrill GF, Miller HI, Spitzer JJ. Regional blood flow redistribution during early burn shock in the guinea pig. Circ Shock 1977; 4: 317–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones WG, Minei JP, Barber AE, Fahey TJ, III, Shires GT, III, Shires GT. Splanchnic vasoconstriction and bacterial translocation after thermal injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1991; 261: H1190–6
   Google Scholar
• Lorente JA, Ezpeleta A, Esteban A, Gordo F, de la Cal MA, Diaz C, et al. Systemic hemodynamics, gastric intramucosal PCO2 changes, and outcome in critically ill burn patients. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 1728–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakurai H, Traber LD, Traber DL. Altered systemic organ blood flow after combined injury with burn and smoke inhalation. Shock 1998; 9: 369–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ba ZF, Wang P, Koo DJ, Cioffi WG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Alterations in tissue oxygen consumption and extraction after trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 2837–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Smail N, Wang P, Chaudry IH. Increased gut permeability after hemorrhage is associated with upregulation of local and systemic IL-6. J Surg Res 1998; 79: 39–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabian MJ, Proctor KG. Hemodynamic actions of acute ethanol after resuscitation from traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2002; 53: 864–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horton JW. Cardiocirculatory function in the intoxicated shocked dog: acid base derangements. Circ Shock 1987; 22: 23–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonough KH, Giaimo ME, Miller HI, Gentilello LM. Low-dose ethanol alters the cardiovascular, metabolic, and respiratory compensation for severe blood loss. J Trauma 2002; 53: 541–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phelan H, Stahls P, Hunt J, Bagby GJ, Molina PE. Impact of alcohol intoxication on hemodynamic, metabolic, and cytokine responses to hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2002; 52: 675–82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choudhry MA, Ba ZF, Rana SN, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Alcohol ingestion before burn injury decreases splanchnic blood flow and oxygen delivery. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288: H716–21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenarts PJ, Bone HG, Traber LD, Traber DL. Effect of severe smoke inhalation injury on systemic microvascular blood flow in sheep. Shock 1996; 6: 201–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frink M, Lu A, Thobe BM, Hsieh YC, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 influences trauma-hemorrhage-induced distal organ damage via regulation of keratinocyte-derived chemokine production. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292: R1110–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrand F, Hubbard WJ, Choudhry MA, Frink M, Pape HC, Kunkel SL, et al. Kupffer cells and their mediators: the culprits in producing distant organ damage after trauma-hemorrhage. Am J Pathol 2006; 169: 784–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayeed MM. Exuberant Ca(2 + ) signaling in neutrophils: a cause for concern. News Physiol Sci 2000; 15: 130–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu HP, Hsieh YC, Suzuki T, Choudhry MA, Schwacha MG, Bland KI, et al. Mechanism of the nongenomic effects of estrogen on intestinal myeloperoxidase activity following trauma-hemorrhage: up-regulation of the PI-3K/Akt pathway. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 82: 774–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki Y, Deitch EA, Mishima S, Lu Q, Xu D. Inducible nitric oxide synthase gene knockout mice have increased resistance to gut injury and bacterial translocation after an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 3692–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X, Schwacha, MG, Chaudry, IH, Choudhry, MA. Acute alcohol intoxication potentiates neutrophil-mediated intestine tissue damage following burn injury. Shock. 2007; Oct 18 [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Botha AJ, Moore FA, Moore EE, Kim FJ, Banerjee A, Peterson VM. Postinjury neutrophil priming and activation: an early vulnerable window. Surgery 1995; 118: 358–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitch EA, Bridges W, Berg R, Specian RD, Granger DN. Hemorrhagic shock-induced bacterial translocation: the role of neutrophils and hydroxyl radicals. J Trauma 1990; 30: 942–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fazal N, Al Ghoul WM, Schmidt MJ, Choudhry MA, Sayeed MM. Lyn- and ERK-mediated vs. Ca2 + -mediated neutrophil O responses with thermal injury. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283: C1469–79
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobke MK, Deitch EA, Harnar TJ, Baxter CR. Oxidative activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes after thermal injury. Arch Surg 1989; 124: 856–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sir O, Fazal N, Choudhry MA, Gamelli RL, Sayeed MM. Neutrophil depletion prevents intestinal mucosal permeability alterations in burn-injured rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 278: R1224–31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim FJ, Moore EE, Moore FA, Biffl WL, Fontes B, Banerjee A. Reperfused gut elaborates PAF that chemoattracts and primes neutrophils. J Surg Res 1995; 58: 636–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sir O, Fazal N, Choudhry MA, Goris RJ, Gamelli RL, Sayeed MM. Role of neutrophils in burn-induced microvascular injury in the intestine. Shock 2000; 14: 113–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata T, Meyer AA. Ethanol ingestion potentiates PMN migration into small intestine after ischemia. J Surg Res 1995; 58: 378–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Kovacs EJ, Schwacha MG, Chaudry IH, Choudhry MA. Acute alcohol intoxication increases interleukin 18-mediated neutrophil infiltration and lung inflammation following burn injury in rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292: L1193–201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar