The risk of infections in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes in 2016

References

• Garcia-Manero G. Myelodysplastic syndromes: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management. Am J Hematol. 2015;90(9):831–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, et al. Efficacy of azacitidine compared with that of conventional care regimens in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a randomised, open-label, phase III study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(3):223–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman LR, Demakos EP, Peterson BL, et al. Randomized controlled trial of azacitidine in patients with the myelodysplastic syndrome: a study of the cancer and leukemia group B. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(10):2429–2440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano L, Caira M, Rossi G, et al. A prospective survey of febrile events in hematological malignancies. Ann Hematol. 2012;91(5):767–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach WJ, Marr KA, Anaissie EJ, et al. Clinical epidemiology of 960 patients with invasive aspergillosis from the PATH Alliance registry. J Infect. 2012;65(5):453–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkhofer S, Lass-Flörl C, Hell M, et al. The Nationwide Austrian Aspergillus Registry: a prospective data collection on epidemiology, therapy and outcome of invasive mould infections in immunocompromised and/or immunosuppressed patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36(6):531–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini V, Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, et al. Management and supportive care measures for adverse events in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes treated with azacitidine*. Eur J Haematol. 2010;85(2):130–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebert M, Aguilar C, Chevret S, et al. Prognostic factors of infections and effect of primary anti-infectious prophylaxis in MDS patients treated with azacitidine (AZA): a prospective study. Poster P1917, 56th America Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting; 2014 Dec 6–9; San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan LR, Sekeres MA, Shrestha NK, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for infections in myelodysplastic syndromes. Transpl Infect Dis. 2013;15(6):652–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel D, Filanovsky K, Gafter-Gvili A, et al. Predicting infections in high-risk patients with myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia treated with azacitidine: a retrospective multicenter study. Am J Hematol. 2013;88(2):130–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falantes JF, Calderón C, Márquez-Malaver FJ, et al. Patterns of infection in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia receiving azacitidine as salvage therapy. Implications for primary antifungal prophylaxis. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2014;14(1):80–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voso MT, Niscola P, Piciocchi A, et al. Standard dose and prolonged administration of azacitidine are associated with improved efficacy in a real-world group of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or low blast count acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol. 2016;96(4):344–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbrecht R, Bories P, Moulin JC, et al. Risk stratification for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1272:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayyani F, Conley AP, Strom SS, et al. Cause of death in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer. 2010;116(9):2174–2179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons RM, Marek BJ, Paley C, et al. Comparison of 24-month outcomes in chelated and non-chelated lower-risk patients with myelodysplastic syndromes in a prospective registry. Leuk Res. 2014;38(2):149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose C, Brechignac S, Vassilief D, et al. Does iron chelation therapy improve survival in regularly transfused lower risk MDS patients? A multicenter study by the GFM (Groupe Francophone des Myélodysplasies). Leuk Res. 2010;34(7):864–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomeroy C, Oken MM, Rydell RE, et al. Infection in the myelodysplastic syndromes. Am J Med. 1991;90(3):338–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguma S, Yoshida Y, Uchino H, et al. Infection in myelodysplastic syndromes before evolution into acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Hematol. 1994;60(2):129–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latagliata R, De Angelis F, De Luca ML et al. Pulmonary infections in patients with myelodyspalstic syndromes receiving azacitidine treatment. Poster E1210, 20th EHA Congress; 2015 Jun 11–14; Vienna.
   Google Scholar
• Trubiano J, Worth LJ, Dickinson M, et al. New drugs, more bugs. Infections in hematology patients receiving azacitidine therapy. 55th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC); 2015 Sept 18–21; San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Pomares H, Arnan M, Sánchez-Ortega I, et al. Invasive fungal infections in AML/MDS patients treated with azacitidine: a risk worth considering antifungal prophylaxis? Mycoses. 2016 Mar 30. doi:10.1111/myc.12500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orero M, Villegas C, Ortiz S, et al. Infection rate and risk factors in patients treated with azacitidine. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2015;15(9):e141–e142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg SL, Chen E, Corral M, et al. Incidence and clinical complications of myelodysplastic syndromes among United States Medicare beneficiaries. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(17):2847–2852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A, et al. The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica. 2006;91:1068–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caira M, Mancinelli M, Leone G, et al. Invasive aspergillosis in acute leukemias: old and new risk factors and epidemiological trends. Med Mycol. 2011;49(Suppl 1):S13–S16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flevari A, Theodorakopoulou M, Velegraki A, et al. Treatment of invasive candidiasis in the elderly: a review. Clin Interven Aging. 2013;8:1199–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Manwani B, Leng SX. Frailty, inflammation, and immunity. Aging Dis. 2011;2(6):466–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum G, Eschertzhuber S, Auberger J, et al. Airborne fungus exposure prior to hospitalisation as risk factor for mould infections in immunocompromised patients. Mycoses. 2012;55(3):237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caira M, Candoni A, Verga L, et al. Pre-chemotherapy risk factors for invasive fungal diseases: prospective analysis of 1,192 patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (SEIFEM 2010-a multicenter study). Haematologica. 2015;100(2):284–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipsas NV, Kontoyiannis DP. Occupation, lifestyle, diet, and invasive fungal infections. Infection. 2008;36(6):515–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toma A, Fenaux P, Dreyfus F, et al. Infections in myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica. 2012;97(10):1459–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofran Y. Preventing infections in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome patients treated with hypomethylation agents. Eur Med J Hema. 2013;1:58–63.
   Google Scholar
• Fianchi L, Leone G, Posteraro B, et al. Impaired bactericidal and fungicidal activities of neutrophils in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res. 2012;36(3):331–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontoyiannis DP, Chamilos G, Lewis RE, et al. Increased bone marrow iron stores is an independent risk factor for invasive aspergillosis in patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies and recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cancer. 2007;110(6):1303–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaible UE, Kaufmann SHE. Iron and microbial infection. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004;2(12):946–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Miguel Amigo L, Franco Osorio R, Mercadal Vilchez S, et al. Azacitidine adverse effects in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Adv Ther. 2011;28(S4):6–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ofran Y, Filanovsky K, Gafter-Gvili A, et al. Higher infection rate after 7- compared with 5-day cycle of azacitidine in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2015;15(6):e95–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee YG, Kim I, Yoon SS, et al. Comparative analysis between azacitidine and decitabine for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol. 2013;161(3):339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inaba H, Pui CH. Glucocorticoid use in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:1096–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano L, Caira M. Risk for infection in patients with myelodysplasia and acute leukemia. Ann Hematol. 2012;91(5):767–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangat N, Patnaik MM, Tefferi A. Myelodysplastic syndromes: contemporary review and how we treat. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(1):76–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux P, Giagounidis A, Selleslag D, et al. A randomized phase 3 study of lenalidomide versus placebo in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with low-/intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with del5q. Blood. 2011;118(14):3765–3776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• List A, Dewald G, Bennett J, et al. Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(14):1456–1465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin LG, Levin MJ, Ljungman P, et al. 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;58(3):e44–e100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar