346
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

How to facilitate early diagnosis of CNS involvement in malignant lymphoma

, , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1081-1091 | Received 10 Aug 2016, Accepted 26 Sep 2016, Published online: 21 Oct 2016

References

  • Haioun C, Besson C, Lepage E, et al. Incidence and risk factors of central nervous system relapse in histologically aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma uniformly treated and receiving intrathecal central nervous system prophylaxis: a GELA study on 974 patients. Groupe d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. Ann Oncol. 2000;11(6):685–690.
  • Villa D, Connors JM, Shenkier TN, et al. Incidence and risk factors for central nervous system relapse in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: the impact of the addition of rituximab to CHOP chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(5):1046–1052.
  • Boehme V, Schmitz N, Zeynalova S, et al. CNS events in elderly patients with aggressive lymphoma treated with modern chemotherapy (CHOP-14) with or without rituximab: an analysis of patients treated in the RICOVER-60 trial of the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group (DSHNHL). Blood. 2009;113(17):3896–3902.
  • Schmitz N, Zeynalova S, Glass B, et al. CNS disease in younger patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma: an analysis of patients treated on the mabthera international trial and trials of the German high-grade non-hodgkin lymphoma study group. Ann Oncol. 2012 May;23(5):1267–1273.
  • Bernstein SH, Unger JM, Leblanc M, et al. Natural history of CNS relapse in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a 20-year follow-up analysis of SWOG 8516 – the Southwest oncology group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(1):114–119.
  • Hegde U, Filie A, Little RF, et al. High incidence of occult leptomeningeal disease detected by flow cytometry in newly diagnosed aggressive B-cell lymphomas at risk for central nervous system involvement: the role of flow cytometry versus cytology. Blood. 2005;105(2):496–502.
  • Schmitz N, Zeynalova S, Nickelsen M, et al. CNS international prognostic index: a risk model for CNS relapse in patients with diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(26):3150–3156.
  • Korfel A, Elter T, Thiel E, et al. Phase II study of central nervous system (CNS)-directed chemotherapy including high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation for CNS relapse of aggressive lymphomas. Haematologica. 2013;98(3):364–370.
  • Ferreri AJM, Donadoni G, Cabras MG, et al. High doses of antimetabolites followed by high-dose sequential chemoimmunotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with systemic b-cell lymphoma and secondary CNS involvement: final results of a multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(33):3903–3910.
  • Wasserstrom WR, Glass JP, Posner JB. Diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastases from solid tumors: experience with 90 patients. Cancer. 1982;49:759–772.
  • Van Horn A, Chamberlain M. Neoplastic meningitis. J Supp Oncol. 2012;10(2):45-53.
  • Chamberlain MC, Sandy AD, Press GA. Leptomeningeal metastasis: a comparison of gadolinium-enhanced MR and contrast-enhanced CT of the brain. Neurology. 1990;40(3 Pt 1):435–438.
  • Lombardi G, Zustovich F, Farina P, et al. Neoplastic meningitis from solid tumors: new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Oncologist. 2011;16(8):1175–1188.
  • Mahendru G, Chong V. Meninges in cancer imaging. Cancer Imaging. 2009;9:Spec No A:S14-S21.
  • Khil EK, Lee AL, Chang KH, et al. Symmetrical curvilinear cytotoxic edema along the surface of the brain stem: a probable new magnetic resonance imaging finding of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Medicine. 2015;94(21):e1053.
  • Zeiser R, Burger JA, Bley TA, et al. Clinical follow-up indicates differential accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and immunocytology of the cerebral spinal fluid for the diagnosis of neoplastic meningitis - a single centre experience. Brit J Haematol. 2004;124(6):762–768.
  • Straathof CS, De Bruin HG, Dippel DW, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in leptomeningeal metastasis. J Neurol. 1999;246(9):810–814.
  • Pauls S, Fischer AC, Brambs HJ, et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to detect neoplastic meningitis: limited use in leukemia and lymphoma but convincing results in solid tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(5):974–978.
  • Freilich RJ, Krol G, DeAngelis LM. Neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis. Ann Neurol. 1995;38(1):51–57.
  • Clarke JL, Perez HR, Jacks LM, et al. Leptomeningeal metastases in the MRI era. Neurology. 2010;74(18):1449–1454.
  • Korfel A, Weller M, Martus P, et al. Prognostic impact of meningeal dissemination in primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL): experience from the G-PCNSL-SG1 trial. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(9):2374–2380.
  • Prommel P, Pilgram-Pastor S, Sitter H, et al. Neoplastic meningitis: how MRI and CSF cytology are influenced by CSF cell count and tumor type. Scientific World J. 2013;2013:1–5.
  • Tsuchiya K, Katase S, Yoshino A, et al. FLAIR MR imaging for diagnosing intracranial meningeal carcinomatosis. Am J Rad. 2001;176(6):1585–1588.
  • Haldorsen IS, Espeland A, Larsson EM. Central nervous system lymphoma: characteristic findings on traditional and advanced imaging. Am J Neurol. 2011;32(6):984–992.
  • Siegal T, Goldschmidt N. CNS prophylaxis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: if, when, how and for whom? Blood Rev. 2012;26(3):97–106.
  • Kuker W, Nagele T, Korfel A, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL): MRI features at presentation in 100 patients. J Neurooncol. 2005;72(2):169–177.
  • Calli C, Kitis O, Yunten N, et al. Perfusion and diffusion MR imaging in enhancing malignant cerebral tumors. Eur J Radiol. 2006;58(3):394–403.
  • Kickingereder P, Wiestler B, Sahm F, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphoma and atypical glioblastoma: multiparametric differentiation by using diffusion-, perfusion-, and susceptibility-weighted MR imaging. Radiology. 2014;272(3):843–850.
  • Komori T, Delbeke D. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and intramedullary spinal cord metastases from lung cancer: detection with FDG positron emission tomography. Clin Nucl Med. 2001;26(11):905–907.
  • Chawla M, Reddy R, Kumar R, et al. PET-CT in detection of meningeal metastasis in neuroblastoma. Ped Surg Int. 2009;25(2):211–215.
  • Tonomura Y, Kataoka H, Terashima M, et al. Detection of neoplastic meningitis in a patient with gastric cancer by thallium-201 SPECT. J Radiol Case Rep. 2009;3(4):9–13.
  • Watanabe N, Shimizu M, Noguchi K, et al. Detecting meningeal carcinomatosis from breast cancer with thallium-201 SPECT. Ann Nucl Medi. 2000;14(5):379–381.
  • Akkas BE, Vural GU. The incidence of secondary central nervous system involvement in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT. Nucl Med Commun. 2013;34(1):50–56.
  • Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA. Prognostic significance of 111indium-DTPA CSF flow studies in leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology. 1996;46(6):1674–1677.
  • Mason WP, Yeh SD, DeAngelis LM. 111Indium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid cerebrospinal fluid flow studies predict distribution of intrathecally administered chemotherapy and outcome in patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Neurology. 1998;50(2):438–444.
  • Chamberlain M, Junck L, Brandsma D, et al. Leptomeningeal metastases: a RANO proposal for response criteria. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(25):2765–2772.
  • Kaplan JG, DeSouza TG, Farkash A, et al. Leptomeningeal metastases: comparison of clinical features and laboratory data of solid tumors, lymphomas and leukemias. J Neurooncol. 1990 Dec;9(3):225–229.
  • Balmaceda C, Gaynor JJ, Sun M, et al. Leptomeningeal tumor in primary central nervous system lymphoma: recognition, significance, and implications. Ann Neurol. 1995;38(2):202–209.
  • Glass JP, Melamed M, Chernik NL, et.al. Malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): the meaning of a positive CSF cytology. Neurology. 2015;94(21):1369–1375.
  • Glantz MJ, Cole BF, Glantz LK, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with cancer: minimizing false-negative results. Cancer. 1998;82:733–739.
  • Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA, Glantz MJ. A comparison between ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid cytology in adult patients with leptomeningeal metastases. Neuro Oncol. 2001;3(1):42.
  • Alvarez R, Dupuis J, Plonquet A, et al. Clinical relevance of flow cytometric immunophenotyping of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(5):1274–1279.
  • Subira D, Castanon S, Aceituno E, et al. Flow cytometric analysis of cerebrospinal fluid samples and its usefulness in routine clinical practice. Am J Clin Pathol. 2009;27(1):114–119.
  • Quijano S, Lopez A, Manuel Sancho J, et al. Identification of leptomeningeal disease in aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: improved sensitivity of flow cytometry. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(9):1462–1469.
  • de Graaf MT, Van Den Broek PD, Kraan J, et al. Addition of serum-containing medium to cerebrospinal fluid prevents cellular loss over time. J Neurol. 2011;258(8):1507–1512.
  • de Jongste AH, Kraan J, van den Broek PD, et al. Use of transfix cerebrospinal fluid storage tubes prevents cellular loss and enhances flow cytometric detection of malignant hematological cells after 18 hours of storage. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2010;74(18):1449–1454.
  • Kraan J, Gratama JW, Haioun C, et al. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid. Current Protocols in Cytometry. 2008;Hoboken, (NJ):Wiley.
  • Di Noto R, Scalia G, Abate G, et al. Critical role of multidimensional flow cytometry in detecting occult leptomeningeal disease in newly diagnosed aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Leuk. 2008;32(8):1196–1199.
  • Benevolo G, Stacchini A, Spina M, et al. Final results of a multicenter trial addressing role of CSF flow cytometric analysis in NHL patients at high risk for CNS dissemination. Blood. 2012;120(16):3222–3228.
  • Van Dongen JJ, Orfao A. EuroFlow consortium euroflow: resetting leukemia and lymphoma immunophenotyping. Basis Companion Diagnostics Personalized Medicine. Leukemia. 2012;26(9):1899–1907.
  • Wilson WH, Bromberg JE, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Detection and outcome of occult leptomeningeal disease in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma. Haematologica. 2014;99(7):1228–1235.
  • Cheng TM, O’Neill BP, Scheithauer BW, et al. Chronic meningitis: the role of meningeal or cortical biopsy. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(4):590–596.
  • Muniz C, Martin-Martin L, Lopez A, et al. Contribution of cerebrospinal fluid sCD19 levels to the detection of CNS lymphoma and its impact on disease outcome. Blood. 2014;123(12):1864–1869.
  • Roy S, Josephson SA, Fridlyand J, et al. Protein biomarker identification in the CSF of patients with CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(1):96–105.
  • Baraniskin A, Kuhnhenn J, Schlegel U, et al. Identification of microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid as marker for primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system. Blood. 2011;117(11):3140–3146.
  • Kersten MJ, Evers LM, Dellemijn PL, et al. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid soluble CD27 levels in patients with meningeal localization of lymphoid malignancies. Blood. 1996;87(5):1985–1989.
  • Fischer L, Korfel A, Pfeiffer S, et al. CXCL13 and CXCL12 in central nervous system lymphoma patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(19):5968–5973.
  • Viaccoz A, Ducray F, Tholance Y, et al. CSF neopterin level as a diagnostic marker in primary central nervous system lymphoma. Neurooncol. 2015;17(11):1497–1503.
  • Murase S, Saio M, Takenaka K, et al. Increased levels of CSF soluble CD27 in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer Lett. 1998;132(1–2):181–186.
  • Murase S, Saio M, Andoh H, et al. Diagnostic utility of CSF soluble CD27 for primary central nervous system lymphoma in immunocompetent patients. Neurol Res. 2000;22(5):434–442.
  • Cassoux N, Giron A, Bodaghi B, et al. IL-10 measurement in aqueous humor for screening patients with suspicion of primary intraocular lymphoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(7):3253–3259.
  • Buggage RR, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt RB, et al. Using interleukin 10 to interleukin 6 ratio to distinguish primary intraocular lymphoma and uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40(10):2462–2463.
  • Whitcup SM, Stark-Vancs V, Wittes RE, et al. Association of interleukin 10 in the vitreous and cerebrospinal fluid and primary central nervous system lymphoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115(9):1157–1160.
  • Sasayama T, Nakamizo S, Nishihara M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-10 is a potentially useful biomarker in immunocompetent primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Neuro Oncol. 2012;14(3):368–380.
  • Rubenstein JL, Wong VS, Kadoch C, et al. CXCL13 plus interleukin 10 is highly specific for the diagnosis of CNS lymphoma. Blood. 2013;121(23):4740–4748.
  • Nguyen-Them L, Costopoulos M, Tanguy ML, et al. The CSF IL-10 concentration is an effective diagnostic marker in immunocompetent primary CNS lymphoma and a potential prognostic biomarker in treatment-responsive patients. French LOC network for CNS Lymphoma. Eur J Cancer. 2016;61:69–76.
  • Gleissner B, Siehl J, Korfel A, et al. CSF evaluation in primary CNS lymphoma patients by PCR of the CDR III IgH genes. Neurology. 2002;58(3):390–396.
  • Fischer L, Martus P, Weller M, et al. Meningeal dissemination in primary CNS lymphoma: prospective evaluation of 282 patients. Neurology. 2008;71(14):1102–1108.
  • Rock JP, Cher L, Hochberg FH. Central nervous system lymphomas in AIDS and non-AIDS patients. In: Yomans JR, et al. Editors. Neurological surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1995.
  • Hochberg FH, Miller DC. Primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Neurosurg. 1988;68(3):449–455.
  • Mneimneh WS, Ashraf MA, Li L, et al. Primary dural lymphoma: a novel concept of heterogeneous disease. Pathol Int. 2013;63(1):68–72.
  • Sugita Y, Muta H, Ohshima K, et al. Primary central nervous system lymphomas and related diseases: pathological characteristics and discussion of the differential diagnosis. Neuropathology. 2016;36(4):313–324.
  • Da Rocha AJ, Sobreira Guedes BV, Da Silveira Da Rocha TM, et al. Modern techniques of magnetic resonance in the evaluation of primary central nervous system lymphoma: contributions to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2016;38(1):44–54.
  • Deckert M, Engert A, Brück W, et al. Modern concepts in the biology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma. Leukemia. 2011;25(12):1797–1807.
  • Graus F, Ariño H, Dalmau J. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Blood. 2014;123(21):3230–3238.
  • Ahmed RM, Halmagyi GM. Malignant meningitis presenting as pseudotumor cerebri. J Sci. 2013;329(1–2):62–65.
  • Tha KK, Terae S, Kudo K, et al. Differential diagnosis of hyperintense cerebrospinal fluid on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images of the brain. part II: non-pathological conditions. Brit J Radiol. 2009;82(979):610–614.
  • Tha KK, Terae S, Kudo K, et al. Differential diagnosis of hyperintense cerebrospinal fluid on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images of the brain. Part I: pathological conditions. Brit J Radiol. 2009;82(977):426–434.
  • Abrey LE, Batchelor TT, Ferreri AJ, et al. Report of an international workshop to standardize baseline evaluation and response criteria for primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(22):5034–5043.
  • Chamberlain M, Soffietti R, Raizer J, et al. Leptomeningeal metastasis: a response assessment in neuro-oncology critical review of endpoints and response criteria of published randomized clinical trials. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(9):1176–1185.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.