References
- Tefferi A, Vardiman JW. Myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2009;361:1872–1885. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19890130
- Neukirchen J, Schoonen WM, Strupp C, et al. Incidence and prevalence of myelodysplastic syndromes: data from the Düsseldorf MDS-registry. Leuk Res [Internet]. 2011;35:1591–1596. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21708407
- Killick SB, Carter C, Culligan D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of adult myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol [Internet]. 2014;164:503–525. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24372298
- Lambert C, Wu Y, Aanei C. Bone marrow immunity and myelodysplasia. Front Oncol [Internet]. 2016;6:172. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27489795
- Germing U, Aul C, Niemeyer CM, et al. Epidemiology, classification and prognosis of adults and children with myelodysplastic syndromes. Ann Hematol. 2008;87:691–699.
- Pfeilstöcker M, Karlic H, Nösslinger T, et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes, aging, and age: correlations, common mechanisms, and clinical implications. Leuk Lymphoma [Internet]. 2007;48:1900–1909. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17917959
- Gidaro A, Deliliers GL, Gallipoli P, et al. Laboratory and clinical risk assessment to treat myelodysplatic syndromes. Clin Chem Lab Med. Internet. 2016;54:1411–1426. [cited 2016 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26812791
- Overcash J. Assessing the functional status of older cancer patients in an ambulatory care visit. Healthcare [Internet]. 2015;3:846–859. [cited 2016 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/3/3/846/
- Hendrayana T, Wilmer A, Kurth V, et al. Anticancer dose adjustment for patients with renal and hepatic dysfunction: from scientific evidence to clinical application. Sci Pharm [Internet]. 2017;85. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28264440
- Klepin HD. Myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med [Internet]. 2016;32:155–173. [cited 2017 May 18]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26614866
- Malcovati L, Germing U, Kuendgen A, et al. Time-dependent prognostic scoring system for predicting survival and leukemic evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2007;25:3503–3510. [cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2006.08.5696
- Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci [Internet]. 2001;56:M146–56. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253156
- Li D, Soto-Perez-de-Celis E, Hurria A. Geriatric assessment and tools for predicting treatment toxicity in older adults with cancer. Cancer J. [Internet]. 2017;23:206–210. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28731942
- Stuck AE, Siu AL, Wieland GD, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Lancet (London, England) [Internet]. 1993;342:1032–1036. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8105269
- Hamaker ME, Jonker JM, de Rooij SE, et al. Frailty screening methods for predicting outcome of a comprehensive geriatric assessment in elderly patients with cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2012;13:e437–44. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23026829
- Lee L, Patel T, Costa A, et al. Screening for frailty in primary care: accuracy of gait speed and hand-grip strength. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63:e51–e57. Internet. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28115460
- Pamoukdjian F, Paillaud E, Zelek L, et al. Measurement of gait speed in older adults to identify complications associated with frailty: A systematic review. J Geriatr Oncol. Internet. 2015;6:484–496. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26362356
- Beauchet O, Fantino B, Allali G, et al. Timed up and go test and risk of falls in older adults: a systematic review. J Nutr Health Aging. Internet. 2011;15:933–938. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22159785
- Della Porta MG, Malcovati L, Strupp C, et al. Risk stratification based on both disease status and extra-hematologic comorbidities in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Haematologica. Internet. 2011;96:441–449. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21134982
- Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. Internet. 1987;40:373–383. [cited 2017 Feb 14]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3558716
- Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bã©Dirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. Internet. 2005;53:695–699. [cited 2016 Nov 1]. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
- Buckstein R, Wells RA, Zhu N, et al. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) patient-related factors independently impact overall survival in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: an MDS-CAN prospective study. Br J Haematol. Internet. 2016;174:88–101. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26991631
- Greenberg P, Cox C, LeBeau MM, et al. International scoring system for evaluating prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. Internet. 1997;89:2079–2088. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9058730
- Greenberg PL, Tuechler H, Schanz J, et al. Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) for myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. [Internet]. 2012;2454–2465. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22740453
- Malcovati L, Della Porta MG, Strupp C, et al. Impact of the degree of anemia on the outcome of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and its integration into the WHO classification-based Prognostic Scoring System (WPSS). Haematologica. [Internet] 2011;96:1433–1440. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659359
- Papaemmanuil E, Gerstung M, Malcovati L, et al. Clinical and biological implications of driver mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2013;122:3616–3627.
- Makishima H, Visconte V, Sakaguchi H, et al. Mutations in the spliceosome machinery, a novel and ubiquitous pathway in leukemogenesis. Blood. 2012;119:3203–3210.
- Malcovati L, Papaemmanuil E, Bowen DT, et al. Clinical significance of SF3B1 mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood. 2011;118:6239–6246.
- Cazzola M, Della Porta MG, Malcovati L. The genetic basis of myelodysplasia and its clinical relevance. Blood. Internet. 2013;122:4021–4034. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136165
- Della Porta MG. Prognostic models in myelodysplastic syndromes. Lancet Haematol. Internet. 2015;2:e229–30. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26688232
- Sekeres MA, Cutler C, Rollison D, et al. How we treat higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2014;123:829–836. [Internet]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24363399
- Hellström-Lindberg E. Efficacy of erythropoietin in the myelodysplastic syndromes: a meta-analysis of 205 patients from 17 studies. Br J Haematol. [Internet]. 1995;89:67–71. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7833279
- Park S, Grabar S, Kelaidi C, et al. Predictive factors of response and survival in myelodysplastic syndrome treated with erythropoietin and G-CSF: the GFM experience. Blood. Internet. 2008;111:574–582. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940203
- Jädersten M, Malcovati L, Dybedal I, et al. Erythropoietin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment associated with improved survival in myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. Internet. 2008;26:3607–3613. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18559873
- Santini V, Alessandrino PE, Angelucci E, et al. Clinical management of myelodysplastic syndromes: update of SIE, SIES, GITMO practice guidelines. Leuk Res. Internet. 2010;34:1576–1588. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20149927
- Italian Cooperative Study Group for rHuEpo in Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Ferrini PR, Grossi A, Vannucchi AM, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study with subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol. [Internet]. 1998 [cited 2016 Jul 2]. 103:1070–1074. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9886322
- Jadersten M, Malcovati L, Dybedal I, et al. Erythropoietin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor treatment associated with improved survival in myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:3607–3613.
- Castelli R, Deliliers GL, Colombo R, et al. Biosimilar epoetin in elderly patients with low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes improves anemia, quality of life, and brain function. Ann Hematol. Internet. 2014;93:1523–1529. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24711171
- Villegas A, Arrizabalaga B, Fernández-Lago C, et al. Darbepoetin alfa for anemia in patients with low or intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndromes and positive predictive factors of response. Curr Med Res Opin. [Internet]. 2011;27:951–960. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21381892
- Almeida A, Fenaux P, List AF, et al. Recent advances in the treatment of lower-risk non-del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Leuk Res. Internet. 2017;52:50–57. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883945
- Epling-Burnette PK, McDaniel J, Wei S, et al. Emerging immunosuppressive drugs in myelodysplastic syndromes. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. [Internet]. 2012;17:519–541. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23163589
- Passweg JR, Giagounidis AAN, Simcock M, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: a prospective randomized multicenter phase III trial comparing antithymocyte globulin plus cyclosporine with best supportive care–SAKK 33/99. J Clin Oncol. Internet. 2011;29:303–309. [cited 2016 Jul 3]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21149672
- Saunthararajah Y, Nakamura R, Wesley R, et al. A simple method to predict response to immunosuppressive therapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood [Internet]. 2003;102:3025–3027. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829603
- Chan AC, Neeson P, Leeansyah E, et al. Testing the NKT cell hypothesis in lenalidomide-treated myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Leukemia [Internet]. 2010;24:592–600. [cited 2016 Jul 3]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20072154
- Castelli R, Cassin R, Cannavò A, et al. Immunomodulatory drugs: new options for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. Internet. 2013;13:1–7. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153925
- List A, Dewald G, Bennett J, et al. Lenalidomide in the myelodysplastic syndrome with chromosome 5q deletion. N Engl J Med. [Internet]. 2006;355:1456–1465. [cited 2016 Jul 3]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17021321
- Giagounidis AAN. Lenalidomide for del(5q) and non-del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes. Semin Hematol. 2012;49:312–322.
- Fenaux P, Giagounidis A, Selleslag D, et al. A randomized phase 3 study of lenalidomide versus placebo in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with low-/intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with del5q. Blood. 2011;118:3765–3776.
- Temraz S, Santini V, Musallam K, et al. Iron overload and chelation therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. [Internet]. 2014;91:64–73. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24529413
- List AF, Baer MR, Steensma DP, et al. Deferasirox reduces serum ferritin and labile plasma iron in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. [Internet]. 2012;30:2134–2139. [cited 2016 Jul 3]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22547607
- Sekeres MA, Kantarjian H, Fenaux P, et al. Subcutaneous or intravenous administration of romiplostim in thrombocytopenic patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Cancer. [Internet]. 2011;117:992–1000. [cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20945323
- Oliva EN, Alati C, Santini V, et al. Eltrombopag versus placebo for low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with thrombocytopenia (EQoL-MDS): phase 1 results of a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2 superiority trial. Lancet Haematol. [Internet]. 2017;[cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28162984
- Adès L, Itzykson R, Fenaux P. Myelodysplastic syndromes. Lancet (London, England) [Internet]. 2014;383:2239–2252. [cited 2016 Jul 2]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24656536
- Appelbaum FR, Anderson J. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome: outcomes analysis according to IPSS score. Leukemia [Internet]. 1998;12 Suppl 1:S25–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9777891
- Atallah E, Bylow K, Troy J, et al. Treatment of older patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): the emerging role of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo HSCT). Curr Hematol Malig Rep [Internet]. 2014;9:57–65. [cited 2016 Aug 18]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24398726
- Parmar S, De Lima M, Deeg HJ, et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome: a review. Semin Oncol [Internet]. 2011;38:693–704. [cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21943676
- de Witte T. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndromes: critical for cure? Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk [Internet]. 2011;11:S46–S48. [cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035747
- Schroeder T, Rautenberg C, Haas R, et al. Hypomethylating agents after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Investig [Internet]. 2016;3:84–84. [cited 2017 Feb 14]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28066786
- Yakoub-Agha I, Deeg J. Are hypomethylating agents replacing induction-type chemotherapy before allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome? Biol Blood Marrow Transplant [Internet]. 2014;20:1885–1890. [cited 2017 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972253
- Carraway HE. Treatment options for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes after hypomethylating agent failure. Hematology [Internet]. 2016;2016:470–477. [cited 2017 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27913518
- DiNardo CD, Garcia-Manero G, Pierce S, et al. Interactions and relevance of blast percentage and treatment strategy among younger and older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Am J Hematol [Internet]. 2016;91:227–232. [cited 2017 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26799610
- Motabi IH, Ghobadi A, Liu J, et al. Chemotherapy versus hypomethylating agents for the treatment of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome after allogeneic stem cell transplant. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant [Internet]. 2016;22:1324–1329. [cited 2017 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27026249
- Leone G, Teofili L, Voso MT, et al. DNA methylation and demethylating drugs in myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary leukemias. Haematologica [Internet]. 2002;87:1324–1341. [cited 2016 Jul 3]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12495905
- Bejar R, Lord A, Stevenson K, et al. TET2 mutations predict response to hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Blood [Internet]. 2014;124:2705–2712. [cited 2017 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25224413
- Seymour JF, Fenaux P, Silverman LR, et al. Effects of azacitidine compared with conventional care regimens in elderly (≥75 years) patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol [Internet]. 2010;76:218–227. [cited 2017 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20451404
- Nazha A, Sekeres MA, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Outcomes of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes who achieve stable disease after treatment with hypomethylating agents. Leuk Res [Internet]. 2016;41:43–47. [cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26777537
- Zeidan AM, Sekeres MA, Garcia-Manero G, et al. Comparison of risk stratification tools in predicting outcomes of patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes treated with azanucleosides. Leukemia [Internet]. 2016;30:649–657. [cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26464171
- Fenaux P, Gattermann N, Seymour JF, et al. Prolonged survival with improved tolerability in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: azacitidine compared with low dose ara-C. Br J Haematol [Internet]. 2010; 149: 244–249. [cited 2017 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20136825
- Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellström-Lindberg E, et al. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2010;28:562–569. [cited 2017 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20026804
- Garcia-Manero G, Gore SD, Cogle C, et al. Phase I study of oral azacitidine in myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2011;29:2521–2527. [cited 2017 Feb 28]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21576646
- Zhao YS, Guo J, Xu F, et al. Predict response to decitabine in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and related neoplasms. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi [Internet]. 2017;38:124–128. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28279036
- Welch JS, Petti AA, Miller CA, et al. TP53 and decitabine in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2016;375:2023–2036. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27959731
- Kadia TM, Thomas XG, Dmoszynska A, et al. Decitabine improves outcomes in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia and higher blast counts. Am J Hematol [Internet]. 2015;90: E139–E141. [cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25858582
- Ades L, Boehrer S, Prebet T, et al. Efficacy and safety of lenalidomide in intermediate-2 or high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes with 5q deletion: results of a phase 2 study. Blood [Internet]. 2009;113:3947–3952. [cited 2017 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18987358