The current and future role of stem cells in myelodysplastic syndrome therapies

References

• Greenberg PL, Stone RM, Al-Kali A, et al. Myelodysplastic syndromes, version 2.2017, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2017;15:60–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeilstocker M, Tuechler H, Sanz G, et al. Time-dependent changes in mortality and transformation risk in MDS. Blood. 2016;128:902–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg PL. The multifaceted nature of myelodysplastic syndromes: clinical, molecular, and biological prognostic features. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013;11:877–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachtkamp K, Stark R, Strupp C, et al. Causes of death in 2877 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Ann Hematol. 2016;95:937–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachtkamp K, Kundgen A, Strupp C, et al. Impact on survival of different treatments for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Leuk Res. 2009;33:1024–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neukirchen J, Nachtkamp K, Schemenau J, et al. Change of prognosis of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes during the last 30 years. Leuk Res. 2015;39:679–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal T, Martinez-Camblor P, Sanchez-Garcia J, et al. Effectiveness of azacitidine in unselected high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: results from the Spanish registry. Leukemia. 2015;29:1875–1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZH, Lian XY, Yao DM, et al. Reduced intensity conditioning of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia in patients older than 50 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2017;143:1853–1864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin M, Porcher R, Zinke-Cerwenka W, et al. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant in patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a retrospective analysis on behalf of the Chronic Malignancy Working Party of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2017;52:209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg P, Cox C, LeBeau MM, et al. International scoring system for evaluating prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 1997;89:2079–2088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcovati L, Germing U, Kuendgen A, et al. Time-dependent prognostic scoring system for predicting survival and leukemic evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:3503–3510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg PL, Tuechler H, Schanz J, et al. Revised international prognostic scoring system for myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2012;120:2454–2465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler CS, Lee SJ, Greenberg P, et al. A decision analysis of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for the myelodysplastic syndromes: delayed transplantation for low-risk myelodysplasia is associated with improved outcome. Blood. 2004;104:579–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessandrino EP, Porta MG, Malcovati L, et al. Optimal timing of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Am J Hematol. 2013;88:581–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koreth J, Pidala J, Perez WS, et al. Role of reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in older patients with de novo myelodysplastic syndromes: an international collaborative decision analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:2662–2670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand R, Putter H, van Biezen A, et al. Comparison of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and non-transplant approaches in elderly patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome: optimal statistical approaches and a critical appraisal of clinical results using non-randomized data. PLoS One. 2013;8:e74368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Witte T, Bowen D, Robin M, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MDS and CMML: recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood. 2017;129:1753–1762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kindwall-Keller T, Isola LM. The evolution of hematopoietic SCT in myelodysplastic syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2009;43:597–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroger N. Maximizing the benefit of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in myelodysplastic syndromes. Semin Hematol. 2017;54:154–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta MG, Jackson CH, Alessandrino EP, et al. Decision analysis of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome stratified according to the revised International Prognostic Scoring System. Leukemia. 2017;31:2449–2457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R, Stevenson K, Abdel-Wahab O, et al. Clinical effect of point mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2496–2506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R. Implications of molecular genetic diversity in myelodysplastic syndromes. Curr Opin Hematol. 2017;24:73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R, Stevenson KE, Caughey BA, et al. Validation of a prognostic model and the impact of mutations in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:3376–3382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaemmanuil E, Gerstung M, Malcovati L, et al. Clinical and biological implications of driver mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood. 2013;122:3616–3627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar R, Stevenson KE, Caughey B, et al. Somatic mutations predict poor outcome in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2691–2698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta MG, Galli A, Bacigalupo A, et al. Clinical effects of driver somatic mutations on the outcomes of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3627–3637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsley RC, Saber W, Mar BG, et al. Prognostic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome after stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:536–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshizato T, Nannya Y, Atsuta Y, et al. Genetic abnormalities in myelodysplasia and secondary acute myeloid leukemia: impact on outcome of stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2017;129:2347–2358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuser M, Gabdoulline R, Loffeld P, et al. Individual outcome prediction for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and secondary acute myeloid leukemia from MDS after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Ann Hematol. 2017;96:1361–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldoss I, Pham A, Li SM, et al. Favorable impact of allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with therapy-related myelodysplasia regardless of TP53 mutational status. Haematologica. 2017;102:2030–2038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler C. Transplantation for therapy-related, TP53-mutated myelodysplastic syndrome - not because we can, but because we should. Haematologica. 2017;102:1970–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runde V, de Witte T, Arnold R, et al. Bone marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings as first-line treatment in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: early transplantation is associated with improved outcome. Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1998;21:255–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Malaspina H, Harris RE, Gajewski J, et al. Unrelated donor marrow transplantation for myelodysplastic syndromes: outcome analysis in 510 transplants facilitated by the National Marrow Donor Program. Blood. 2002;99:1943–1951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storb R. Reduced-intensity conditioning transplantation in myeloid malignancies. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21(Suppl 1):S3–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sorror ML, Sandmaier BM, Storer BE, et al. Comorbidity and disease status based risk stratification of outcomes among patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplasia receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:4246–4254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorror ML, Maris MB, Storb R, et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)-specific comorbidity index: a new tool for risk assessment before allogeneic HCT. Blood. 2005;106:2912–2919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClune BL, Weisdorf DJ, Pedersen TL, et al. Effect of age on outcome of reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission or with myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1878–1887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer BC, Ahn KW, Hu ZH, et al. Scoring system prognostic of outcome in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1864–1871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim Z, Brand R, Martino R, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for patients 50 years or older with myelodysplastic syndromes or secondary acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta MG, Malcovati L, Strupp C, et al. Risk stratification based on both disease status and extra-hematologic comorbidities in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Haematologica. 2011;96:441–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platzbecker U, Bornhauser M, Germing U, et al. Red blood cell transfusion dependence and outcome after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in patients with de novo myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008;14:1217–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Lee JH, Lim SN, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome: prognostic significance of pre-transplant IPSS score and comorbidity. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45:450–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symeonidis A, van Biezen A, de Wreede L, et al. Achievement of complete remission predicts outcome of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. A study of the chronic malignancies working party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Br J Haematol. 2015;171:239–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Malaspina H, Jabubowski AA, Papadopoulos EB, et al. Transplantation in remission improves the disease-free survival of patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndromes treated with myeloablative T cell-depleted stem cell transplants from HLA-identical siblings. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008;14:458–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festuccia M, Baker K, Gooley TA, et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation in myelodysplastic syndromes after treatment with hypomethylating agents. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23:1509–1514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Witte T, Hagemeijer A, Suciu S, et al. Value of allogeneic versus autologous stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Final results of a prospective randomized European Intergroup Trial. Haematologica. 2010;95:1754–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knipp S, Hildebrand B, Kundgen A, et al. Intensive chemotherapy is not recommended for patients aged >60 years who have myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia with high-risk karyotypes. Cancer. 2007;110:345–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, et al. Azacitidine prolongs overall survival compared with conventional care regimens in elderly patients with low bone marrow blast count acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:562–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenaux P, Mufti GJ, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, et al. Efficacy of azacitidine compared with that of conventional care regimens in the treatment of higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a randomised, open-label, phase III study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:223–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voso MT, Leone G, Piciocchi A, et al. Feasibility of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation after azacitidine bridge in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and low blast count acute myeloid leukemia: results of the BMT-AZA prospective study. Ann Oncol. 28:1547–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saure C, Schroeder T, Zohren F, et al. Upfront allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation for patients with high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome or secondary acute myeloid leukemia using a FLAMSA-based high-dose sequential conditioning regimen. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012;18:466–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopeit M, Badbaran A, Alawi M, et al. Correlation of somatic mutations with outcome after FLAMSA-busulfan sequential conditioning and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Eur J Haematol. 2016;97:288–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid C, Schleuning M, Ledderose G, et al. Sequential regimen of chemotherapy, reduced-intensity conditioning for allogeneic stem-cell transplantation, and prophylactic donor lymphocyte transfusion in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:5675–5687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott BL, Storer B, Loken MR, et al. Pretransplantation induction chemotherapy and posttransplantation relapse in patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2005;11:65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai K, Kanda Y, Fukuhara S, et al. Value of chemotherapy before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling donor for myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia. 2005;19:396–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oran B, Kongtim P, Popat U, et al. Cytogenetics, donor type, and use of hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndrome with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20:1618–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damaj G, Mohty M, Robin M, et al. Upfront allogeneic stem cell transplantation after reduced-intensity/nonmyeloablative conditioning for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: a study by the Societe Francaise de Greffe de Moelle et de Therapie Cellulaire. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2014;20:1349–1355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerds AT, Gooley TA, Estey EH, et al. Pretransplantation therapy with azacitidine vs induction chemotherapy and posttransplantation outcome in patients with MDS. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2012;18:1211–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damaj G, Duhamel A, Robin M, et al. Impact of azacitidine before allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndromes: a study by the Societe Francaise de Greffe de Moelle et de Therapie-Cellulaire and the Groupe-Francophone des Myelodysplasies. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4533–4540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter VT, Iacobelli S, van Biezen A, et al. Comparison of intensive chemotherapy and hypomethylating agents before allogeneic stem cell transplantation for advanced myelodysplastic syndromes: a study of the myelodysplastic syndrome subcommittee of the chronic malignancies working party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplant Research. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22:1615–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzahrani M, Power M, Abou Mourad Y, et al. Improving revised International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-R) pre-allogeneic stem cell transplant does not translate into better post-transplant outcomes for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: a single center experience. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2018. DOI:10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.02.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin TL, Uy GL, Wieduwilt MJ, et al. Subanalysis of patients with Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia (sAML) with Refractory Anemia with Excess of Blasts in Transformation (RAEB-t) enrolled in a phase 3 study of CPX-351 versus conventional 7+3 Cytarabine and Daunorubicin. Blood. 2017;130(Suppl 1):1698.
   Google Scholar
• Lancet JE, Ritchie EK, Uy GL, et al. Efficacy and safety of CPX-351 versus 7+3 in older adults with secondary acute myeloid leukemia: combined subgroup analysis of phase 2 and phase 3 studies. Blood. 2017;130(Suppl 1):2657.
   Google Scholar
• DiNardo CD, Pollyea DA, Jonas BA, et al. Updated safety and efficacy of venetoclax with decitabine or azacitidine in treatment-naive, elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2017;130(Suppl 1):2628.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg AD, Horvat TZ, Hsu M, et al. Venetoclax combined with either a hypomethylating agent or low-dose cytarabine shows activity in relapsed and refractory myeloid malignancies. Blood. 2017;130(Suppl 1):1353.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger N, Brand R, van Biezen A, et al. Stem cell transplantation from identical twins in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;35:37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroger N, Zabelina T, de Wreede L, et al. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for older advanced MDS patients: improved survival with young unrelated donor in comparison with HLA-identical siblings. Leukemia. 2013;27:604–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastida JM, Cabrero M, Lopez-Godino O, et al. Influence of donor age in allogeneic stem cell transplant outcome in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodisplastic syndrome. Leuk Res. 2015;39:828–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollman C, Spellman SR, Zhang MJ, et al. The effect of donor characteristics on survival after unrelated donor transplantation for hematologic malignancy. Blood. 2016;127:260–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin M, Porcher R, Ciceri F, et al. Haploidentical transplant in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood Adv. 2017;1:1876–1883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luznik L, O’Donnell PV, Symons HJ, et al. HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies using nonmyeloablative conditioning and high-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008;14:641–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachegowda LS, Saliba RM, Ramlal R, et al. Predictive model for survival in patients with AML/MDS receiving haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2017;129:3031–3033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciurea SO, Shah MV, Saliba RM, et al. Haploidentical transplantation for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017. DOI:10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.09.005
   Google Scholar
• Mo XD, Zhang XH, Xu LP, et al. Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23(12):2143–2150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canaani J, Savani BN, Labopin M, et al. Donor age determines outcome in acute leukemia patients over 40 undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation. Am J Hematol. 2018;93:246–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socie G, Schmoor C, Bethge WA, et al. Chronic graft-versus-host disease: long-term results from a randomized trial on graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis with or without anti-T-cell globulin ATG-Fresenius. Blood. 2011;117:6375–6382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroger N, Solano C, Wolschke C, et al. Antilymphocyte globulin for prevention of chronic graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:43–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soiffer RJ, Kim HT, McGuirk J, et al. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, phase III clinical trial of anti-T-lymphocyte globulin to assess impact on chronic graft-versus-host disease-free survival in patients undergoing HLA-matched unrelated myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:4003–4011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino R, de Wreede L, Fiocco M, et al. Comparison of conditioning regimens of various intensities for allogeneic hematopoietic SCT using HLA-identical sibling donors in AML and MDS with <10% BM blasts: a report from EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:761–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino R, Henseler A, van Lint M, et al. Long-term follow-up of a retrospective comparison of reduced-intensity conditioning and conventional high-dose conditioning for allogeneic transplantation from matched related donors in myelodysplastic syndromes. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2017;52:1107–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alyea EP, Kim HT, Ho V, et al. Impact of conditioning regimen intensity on outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for advanced acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2006;12:1047–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luger SM, Ringden O, Zhang MJ, et al. Similar outcomes using myeloablative vs reduced-intensity allogeneic transplant preparative regimens for AML or MDS. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47:203–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroger N, Iacobelli S, Franke GN, et al. Dose-reduced versus standard conditioning followed by allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: a prospective randomized phase III study of the EBMT (RICMAC Trial). J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:2157–2164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott BL, Pasquini MC, Logan BR, et al. Myeloablative versus reduced-intensity hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:1154–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper J, Knauf W, Blau I, et al. Treosulfan/fludarabine: a new conditioning regimen in allogeneic transplantation. Ann Hematol. 2004;83(Suppl 1):70–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroger N, Shimoni A, Zabelina T, et al. Reduced-toxicity conditioning with treosulfan, fludarabine and ATG as preparative regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in elderly patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Bone Marrow Transplant. 2006;37:339–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoni A, Shem-Tov N, Volchek Y, et al. Allo-SCT for AML and MDS with treosulfan compared with BU-based regimens: reduced toxicity vs reduced intensity. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2012;47:1274–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakellari I, Mallouri D, Gavriilaki E, et al. Survival advantage and comparable toxicity in reduced-toxicity treosulfan-based versus reduced-intensity busulfan-based conditioning regimen in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia patients after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23:445–451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beelen DW, Trenschel R, Stelljes M, et al. Final results of a prospective randomized multicenter phase III trial comparing treosulfan/fludarabine to reduced intensity conditioning with busulfan/fludarabine prior to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in elderly or comorbid patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood. 2017;130(Suppl 1):521.
   Google Scholar
• Della Porta MG, Alessandrino EP, Bacigalupo A, et al. Predictive factors for the outcome of allogeneic transplantation in patients with MDS stratified according to the revised IPSS-R. Blood. 2014;123:2333–2342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depil S, Deconinck E, Milpied N, et al. Donor lymphocyte infusion to treat relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for myelodysplastic syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2004;33:531–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graef T, Kuendgen A, Fenk R, et al. Successful treatment of relapsed AML after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with azacitidine. Leuk Res. 2007;31:257–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czibere A, Bruns I, Kroger N, et al. 5-Azacytidine for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome who relapse after allo-SCT: a retrospective analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010;45:872–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder T, Rautenberg C, Haas R, et al. Hypomethylating agents after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Investig. 2016;3:84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schroeder T, Rautenberg C, Haas R, et al. Hypomethylating agents for treatment and prevention of relapse after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol. 2018;107:138–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder T, Czibere A, Platzbecker U, et al. Azacitidine and donor lymphocyte infusions as first salvage therapy for relapse of AML or MDS after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Leukemia. 2013;27:1229–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platzbecker U, Wermke M, Radke J, et al. Azacitidine for treatment of imminent relapse in MDS or AML patients after allogeneic HSCT: results of the RELAZA trial. Leukemia. 2012;26:381–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craddock C, Quek L, Goardon N, et al. Azacitidine fails to eradicate leukemic stem/progenitor cell populations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia. Leukemia. 2013;27:1028–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder T, Rachlis E, Bug G, et al. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with azacitidine and donor lymphocyte infusions - a retrospective multicenter analysis from the German Cooperative Transplant Study Group. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21:653–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder T, Rautenberg C, Kruger W, et al. Treatment of relapsed AML and MDS after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with decitabine and DLI-a retrospective multicenter analysis on behalf of the German Cooperative Transplant Study Group. Ann Hematol. 2018;97:335–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear O, Agathanggelou A, Novitzky-Basso I, et al. Induction of a CD8+ T-cell response to the MAGE cancer testis antigen by combined treatment with azacitidine and sodium valproate in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia. Blood. 2010;116:1908–1918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atanackovic D, Luetkens T, Kloth B, et al. Cancer-testis antigen expression and its epigenetic modulation in acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2011;86:918–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear OC, Dennis M, Jilani NY, et al. Azacitidine augments expansion of regulatory T cells after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood. 2012;119:3361–3369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder T, Frobel J, Cadeddu RP, et al. Salvage therapy with azacitidine increases regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of patients with AML or MDS and early relapse after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation. Leukemia. 2013;27:1910–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craddock C, Jilani N, Siddique S, et al. Tolerability and clinical activity of post-transplantation azacitidine in patients allografted for acute myeloid leukemia treated on the RICAZA trial. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2016;22:385–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oran B, Giralt S, Couriel D, et al. Treatment of AML and MDS relapsing after reduced-intensity conditioning and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Leukemia. 2007;21:2540–2544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmid C, de Wreede LC, van Biezen A, et al. Outcome after relapse of myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective registry analysis on 698 patients by the chronic malignancies working party of European Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Haematologica. 2018;103:237–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabbour E, Giralt S, Kantarjian H, et al. Low-dose azacitidine after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute leukemia. Cancer. 2009;115:1899–1905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lima M, Giralt S, Thall PF, et al. Maintenance therapy with low-dose azacitidine after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for recurrent acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: a dose and schedule finding study. Cancer. 2010;116:5420–5431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusic I, Choi J, Fiala MA, et al. Maintenance therapy with decitabine after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21:1761–1769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshikawa G, Kakihana K, Saito M, et al. Post-transplant maintenance therapy with azacitidine and gemtuzumab ozogamicin for high-risk acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2015;169:756–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiede C, Lutterbeck K, Oelschlagel U, et al. Detection of relapse by sequential monitoring of chimerism in circulating CD34+ cells. Ann Hematol. 2002;81(Suppl 2):S27–S28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bornhauser M, Oelschlaegel U, Platzbecker U, et al. Monitoring of donor chimerism in sorted CD34+ peripheral blood cells allows the sensitive detection of imminent relapse after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica. 2009;94:1613–1617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu Y, Schroeder T, Zabelina T, et al. Postallogeneic monitoring with molecular markers detected by pretransplant next-generation or Sanger sequencing predicts clinical relapse in patients with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Eur J Haematol. 2014;92:189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thol F, Kolking B, Damm F, et al. Next-generation sequencing for minimal residual disease monitoring in acute myeloid leukemia patients with FLT3-ITD or NPM1 mutations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2012;51:689–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makishima H, Yoshizato T, Yoshida K, et al. Dynamics of clonal evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes. Nat Genet. 2017;49:204–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar