A comprehensive evaluation of apixaban in the treatment of venous thromboembolism

References

• Beckman MG, Hooper WC, Critchley SE, et al. Venous thromboembolism: a public health concern. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(4 Suppl):S495–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ageno W, Haas S, Weitz J, et al. Characteristics and management of patients with venous thromboembolism: the GARFIELD-VTE registry. Thromb Haemost. 2019;119(2):319–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskob GE, Angchaisuksiri P, Blanco AN, et al. Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(11):2363–2371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heit JA. Venous thromboembolism: disease burden, outcomes and risk factors. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(8):1611–1617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekaj A, Mekaj Y, Duci S, et al. New oral anticoagulants: their advantages and disadvantages compared with vitamin K antagonists in the prevention and treatment of patients with thromboembolic events. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;11:967–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Previtali E, Bucciarelli P, Passamonti SM, et al. Risk factors for venous and arterial thrombosis. Blood Transfus. 2011;9(2):120–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blann AD, Lip GY. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for the management of venous thromboembolism. Heart. 2016;102(12):975–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschl M, Kundi M. New oral anticoagulants in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism - a systematic review with indirect comparisons. Vasa. 2014;43(5):353–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Outes A, Suárez-Gea ML, Lecumberri R, et al. Direct-acting oral anticoagulants: pharmacology, indications, management, and future perspectives. Eur J Haematol. 2015;95(5):389–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finks SW, Trujillo TC, Dobesh PP. Management of venous thromboembolism: recent advances in oral anticoagulation therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2016;50(6):486–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(9):799–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buller HR. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(15):1406–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Investigators E. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(26):2499–2510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Investigators E-P. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(14):1287–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(24):2342–2352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2016;149(2):315–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang X, Crain E, Luettgen J, et al. Apixaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, inhibits human clot-bound factor Xa activity in vitro. Thromb Haemost. 2009;101(4):780–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luettgen JM, Knabb RM, He K, et al. Apixaban inhibition of factor Xa: microscopic rate constants and inhibition mechanism in purified protein systems and in human plasma. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2011;26(4):514–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto DJ, Orwat MJ, Koch S, et al. Discovery of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-oxo-6-(4-(2-oxopiperidin-1-yl)phenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H -pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine-3-carboxamide (apixaban, BMS-562247), a highly potent, selective, efficacious, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa. J Med Chem. 2007;50(22):5339–5356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell J. Factor Xa or thrombin: is factor Xa a better target? J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(Suppl 1):60–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong PC, Pinto DJ, Zhang D. Preclinical discovery of apixaban, a direct and orally bioavailable factor Xa inhibitor. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2011;31(4):478–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong PC, CRAIN EJ, XIN B, et al. Apixaban, an oral, direct and highly selective factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro, antithrombotic and antihemostatic studies. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(5):820–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Raghavan N, He K, et al. Sulfation of o-demethyl apixaban: enzyme identification and species comparison. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37(4):802–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker RC, Alexander J, Newby LK, et al. Effect of apixaban, an oral and direct factor Xa inhibitor, on coagulation activity biomarkers following acute coronary syndrome. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104(5):976–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett YC, Wang Z, Frost C, et al. Clinical laboratory measurement of direct factor Xa inhibitors: anti-Xa assay is preferable to prothrombin time assay. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104(6):1263–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost C, Song Y, Barrett YC, et al. A randomized direct comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban and rivaroxaban. Clin Pharmacol. 2014;6:179–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buller HR, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al. A dose-ranging study evaluating once-daily oral administration of the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban in the treatment of patients with acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis: the Einstein-DVT dose-ranging study. Blood. 2008;112(6):2242–2247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpie AG, Lassen MR, Davidson BL, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty (RECORD4): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9676):1673–1680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker RC, Yang H, Barrett Y, et al. Chromogenic laboratory assays to measure the factor Xa-inhibiting properties of apixaban–an oral, direct and selective factor Xa inhibitor. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2011;32(2):183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaloro EJ, Lippi G, Koutts J. Laboratory testing of anticoagulants: the present and the future. Pathology. 2011;43(7):682–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blann AD, Lip GY. Laboratory monitoring of the non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(11):1140–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale BJ, Ginsberg JS, Johnston M, et al. Comparison of the effects of apixaban and rivaroxaban on prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times using various reagents. J Thromb Haemost. 2014;12(11):1810–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosselin R, Grant RP, Adcock DM. Comparison of the effect of the anti-Xa direct oral anticoagulants apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban on coagulation assays. Int J Lab Hematol. 2016;38(5):505–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byon W, Nepal S, Schuster AE, et al. Regional Gastrointestinal Absorption of Apixaban in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;58(7):965–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost C, Wang J, Nepal S, et al. Apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor: single dose safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and food effect in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(2):476–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Zhang D, Raghavan N, et al. In vitro assessment of metabolic drug-drug interaction potential of apixaban through cytochrome P450 phenotyping, inhibition, and induction studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010;38(3):448–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan N, Frost CE, Yu Z, et al. Apixaban metabolism and pharmacokinetics after oral administration to humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37(1):74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang D, He K, Raghavan N, et al. Comparative metabolism of 14C-labeled apixaban in mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37(8):1738–1748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raccah BH, Perlman A, Danenberg HD, et al. Major bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with renal failure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Chest. 2016;149(6):1516–1524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost C, Nepal S, Wang J, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of apixaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76(5):776–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui Y, Song Y, Wang J, et al. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in healthy Chinese subjects. Clin Pharmacol. 2013;5:177–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamahira N, Frost C, Fukase H, et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of multiple doses of apixaban in healthy Japanese male subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;52(7):564–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upreti VV, Wang J, Barrett YC, et al. Effect of extremes of body weight on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of apixaban in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76(6):908–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost CE, Song Y, Shenker A, et al. Effects of age and sex on the single-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apixaban. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54(6):651–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang M, Yu Z, Shenker A, et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(5):637–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buller H, DEITCHMAN D, PRINS M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor apixaban for symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. The Botticelli DVT dose-ranging study. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(8):1313–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(8):699–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura M, Nishikawa M, Komuro I, et al. Corrigendum: apixaban for the treatment of Japanese subjects with acute venous thromboembolism (AMPLIFY-J Study). Circ J. 2015;79(11):2520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Johnson M, Mardekian J, et al. Apixaban reduces hospitalizations in patients with venous thromboembolism: an analysis of the apixaban for the initial management of pulmonary embolism and deep-vein thrombosis as first-line therapy (AMPLIFY) trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(12):e002340. Published 2015 Dec 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Thompson J, Phatak H, et al. Extended anticoagulation with apixaban reduces hospitalisations in patients with venous thromboembolism. An analysis of the AMPLIFY-EXT trial. Thromb Haemost. 2016;115(1):161–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proietti M, Romanazzi I, Romiti GF, et al. Real-world use of apixaban for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2018;49(1):98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Makaritsis K, et al. Real-world setting comparison of nonvitamin-K antagonist oral anticoagulants versus vitamin-K antagonists for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2017;48(9):2494–2503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitelzweig S, Farmer C, Luo X, et al. Comparison of major bleeding risk in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation receiving direct oral anticoagulants in the real-world setting: a network meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(3):487–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitelzweig S, Farmer C, Luo X, et al. Risk of major bleeding in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulants: a systematic review of real-world observational studies. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33(9):1583–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen AT, Berger SE, Milenković D, et al. Anticoagulant selection for patients with VTE-Evidence from a systematic literature review of network meta-analyses. Pharmacol Res. 2019;143:166–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fawzy AM, Yang WY, Lip GY. Safety of direct oral anticoagulants in real-world clinical practice: translating the trials to everyday clinical management. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2019;18(3):187–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschl M, Kundi M. Safety and efficacy of direct acting oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation - a network meta-analysis of real-world data. Vasa. 2019;48(2):134–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere JB, Bowrin K, Coleman C, et al. Real-world clinical evidence on rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban compared with vitamin K antagonists in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a systematic literature review. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2019;19(1):27–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lip GYH, Keshishian A, Li X, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulants among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients. Stroke. 2018;49(12):2933–2944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen TB, Skjøth F, Nielsen PB, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: propensity weighted nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2016;353:i3189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvorsen S, Ghanima W, Fride Tvete I, et al. A nationwide registry study to compare bleeding rates in patients with atrial fibrillation being prescribed oral anticoagulants. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2017;3(1):28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hill T, et al. Risks and benefits of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in a real world setting: cohort study in primary care. Bmj. 2018;362:k2505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noseworthy PA, Yao X, Abraham NS, et al. Direct comparison of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban for effectiveness and safety in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2016;150(6):1302–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawwas GK, Brown J, Dietrich E, et al. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban versus rivaroxaban for prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism and adverse bleeding events in patients with venous thromboembolism: a retrospective population-based cohort analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2019;6(1):e20–e28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bott-Kitslaar DM, McBane RD, Casanegra AI, et al. Apixaban and rivaroxaban in patients with acute venous thromboembolism. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94:1242–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindet-Pedersen C, Staerk L, Pallisgaard JL, et al. Safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban and apixaban in patients with venous thromboembolism: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2018;4(4):220–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apixaban. Lexi-drugs. Lexicomp. Wolters Kluwer Health, I.R., IL. [cited 2019 Nov 12]. Available from: http://online.lexi.com
   Google Scholar
• Amin A, Bruno A, Trocio J, et al. Real-world medical cost avoidance when new oral anticoagulants are used versus warfarin for venous thromboembolism in the United States. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2016;22(1):5–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deitelzweig S, Luo X, Gupta K, et al. Effect of apixaban versus warfarin use on health care resource utilization and costs among elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2017;23(11):1191–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Tirucherai G, Marbury TC, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of apixaban in subjects with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(5):628–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed D, Palkimas S, Hockman R, et al. Safety and effectiveness of apixaban compared to warfarin in dialysis patients. Res Pract Thromb Haemost. 2018;2(2):291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chokesuwattanaskul R, Thongprayoon C, Tanawuttiwat T, et al. Safety and efficacy of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with end-stage renal disease: meta-analysis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;41(6):627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133(6 Suppl):381s–453s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(2):146–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vedovati MC, Germini F, Agnelli G, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with VTE and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2015;147(2):475–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: results from the AMPLIFY trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(12):2187–2191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AM, Marshall A, Thirlwall J, et al. Comparison of an oral factor Xa inhibitor with low molecular weight heparin in patients with cancer with venous thromboembolism: results of a randomized trial (SELECT-D). J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(20):2017–2023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, et al. Edoxaban for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(7):615–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2019;JCO1901461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBane R 2nd, Wysokinski WE, Le‐Rademacher JG, et al. Apixaban and dalteparin in active malignancy associated venous thromboembolism: the ADAM VTE trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorana AA, FRANCIS CW, CULAKOVA E, et al. Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(3):632–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier M, Abou-Nassar K, Mallick R, et al. Apixaban to prevent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(8):711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin K, Beyer-Westendorf J, Davidson BL, et al. Use of the direct oral anticoagulants in obese patients: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(6):1308–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CS, Choi E-K, Kim HM, et al. Increased risk of major bleeding in underweight patients with atrial fibrillation who were prescribed non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14(4):501–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonyawat K, Caron F, Li A, et al. Association of body weight with efficacy and safety outcomes in phase III randomized controlled trials of direct oral anticoagulants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(7):1322–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufrost V, Risse J, Reshetnyak T, et al. Increased risk of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants. Results from an international patient-level data meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17(10):1011–1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pengo V, Denas G, Zoppellaro G, et al. Rivaroxaban vs warfarin in high-risk patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood. 2018;132(13):1365–1371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loffredo L, Violi F, Perri L. Sex related differences in patients with acute venous thromboembolism treated with new oral anticoagulants. A meta-analysis of the interventional trials. Int J Cardiol. 2016;212:255–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malik AH, Yandrapalli S, Aronow WS, et al. Meta-analysis of direct-acting oral anticoagulants compared with warfarin in patients >75 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2019;123(12):2051–2057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin A, Keshishian A, Trocio J, et al. A real-world observational study of hospitalization and health care costs among nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients prescribed oral anticoagulants in the U.S. Medicare population. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2018;24(9):911–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patti G, Pecen L, Lucerna M, et al. Net clinical benefit of non-vitamin K antagonist vs vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2019;132:749–757.e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer GC, Bannow BS, Thornburg C, et al. Venous thromboembolism: a survey of oral anticoagulant preferences in the treatment of challenging patient populations. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2018;24(9 Suppl):1076029618804080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Milling TJ, Eikelboom JW, et al. Andexanet alfa for acute major bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(12):1131–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, et al. Full study report of andexanet alfa for bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(14):1326–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuh L, Sin J, Goldstein J, et al. Reversal of oral anticoagulants for intracerebral hemorrhage patients: best strategies. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;38(6):726–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: american college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2):e419S–e496S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walenga JM, Prechel M, Hoppensteadt D, et al. Apixaban as an alternate oral anticoagulant for the management of patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2013;19(5):482–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezekwudo DE, Chacko R, Gbadamosi B, et al. Apixaban for treatment of confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a case report and review of literature. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2017;6:21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunk PR, Brown J, McShane M, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants in hypercoagulable states. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2017;43(1):79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis KA, Davis DO. Direct acting oral anticoagulants for the treatment of suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Eur J Haematol. 2017;99(4):332–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen PB, Jørgensen M, Friis-Hansen L, et al. Apixaban used for the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a 72-year-old woman with lung cancer. Clin Case Rep. 2015;3(12):987–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuker A, Arepally GM, Chong BH, et al. American society of hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2018;2(22):3360–3392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar