Risk assessment of venous thromboembolism in hematological cancer patients: a review

References

• Sorensen HT, Mellemkjaer L, Olsen JH, et al. Prognosis of cancers associated with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2000 Dec 21;343(25):1846–1850. PubMed PMID: 11117976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorana AA. Venous thromboembolism and prognosis in cancer. Thromb Res. 2010 Jun;125(6):490–493. PubMed PMID: 20097409; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2878879. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TS, Hwang YY, Gill HS, et al. Increasing incidence of venous thromboembolism due to cancer-associated thrombosis in Hong Kong Chinese. Thromb Res. 2014 Nov;134(5):1157–1159. PubMed PMID: 25190039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew HK, Wun T, Harvey D, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism and its effect on survival among patients with common cancers. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Feb 27;166(4):458–464. PubMed PMID: 16505267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trousseau A, Bazire P Lectures on clinical medicine: delivered at the hotel-dieu, Paris. 1868.
   Google Scholar
• Haddad TC, Greeno EW. Chemotherapy-induced thrombosis. Thromb Res. 2006;118(5):555–568. PubMed PMID: 16388837. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsted F, West J, Grainge MJ. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(7):e1001275. PubMed PMID: 22859911; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3409130. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, et al. Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood. 2008 May 15;111(10):4902–4907. PubMed PMID: 18216292; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2384124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key NS, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, et al. Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Feb 10;38(5):496–520. PubMed PMID: 31381464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ay C, Dunkler D, Marosi C, et al. Prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Blood. 2010 Dec 9;116(24):5377–5382. PubMed PMID: 20829374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verso M, Agnelli G, Barni S, et al. A modified Khorana risk assessment score for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: the Protecht score. Intern Emerg Med. 2012 Jun;7(3):291–292. PubMed PMID: 22547369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekre N, Connors JM. Venous thromboembolism incidence in hematologic malignancies. Blood Rev. 2019 Jan;33:24–32. PubMed PMID: 30262170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunault-Berger M, Chevallier P, Delain M, et al. Changes in antithrombin and fibrinogen levels during induction chemotherapy with L-asparaginase in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma. Use of supportive coagulation therapy and clinical outcome: the CAPELAL study. Haematologica. 2008 Oct;93(10):1488–1494. PubMed PMID: 18728028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace RF, Dahlberg SE, Neuberg D, et al. The frequency and management of asparaginase-related thrombosis in paediatric and adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated on Dana-Farber cancer institute consortium protocols. Br J Haematol. 2011 Feb;152(4):452–459. PubMed PMID: 21210774; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5763913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Stefano V, Sora F, Rossi E, et al. The risk of thrombosis in patients with acute leukemia: occurrence of thrombosis at diagnosis and during treatment. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Sep;3(9):1985–1992. PubMed PMID: 16102104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku GH, White RH, Chew HK, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with acute leukemia: incidence, risk factors, and effect on survival. Blood. 2009 Apr 23;113(17):3911–3917. PubMed PMID: 19088376; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2673120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruso V, Iacoviello L, Di Castelnuovo A, et al. Venous thrombotic complications in adults undergoing induction treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results from a meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Mar;5(3):621–623. PubMed PMID: 17229043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell LG, Sutor AH, Andrew M. Hemostasis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: coagulopathy induced by disease and treatment. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1995;21(4):390–401. PubMed PMID: 8747702. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couturier MA, Huguet F, Chevallier P, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma during induction chemotherapy with l-asparaginase: the GRAALL experience. Am J Hematol. 2015 Nov;90(11):986–991. PubMed PMID: 26214580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libourel EJ, Klerk CPW, van Norden Y, et al. Disseminated intravascular coagulation at diagnosis is a strong predictor for thrombosis in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2016 Oct 6;128(14):1854–1861. PubMed PMID: 27354723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor FB Jr., Toh CH, Hoots WK, et al. Towards definition, clinical and laboratory criteria, and a scoring system for disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Haemost. 2001 Nov;86(5):1327–1330. PubMed PMID: 11816725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler S, Sperr WR, Knobl P, et al. Symptomatic venous thromboembolism in acute leukemia. Incidence, risk factors, and impact on prognosis. Thromb Res. 2005;115(1–2):59–64. PubMed PMID: 15567454. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohren M, Markmann I, Jentsch-Ullrich K, et al. Increased risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with acute leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 2006 Jan 30;94(2):200–202. PubMed PMID: 16421591; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2361116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadir Y, Katz T, Sarig G, et al. Hemostatic balance on the surface of leukemic cells: the role of tissue factor and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. Haematologica. 2005 Nov;90(11):1549–1556. PubMed PMID: 16266903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breccia M, Avvisati G, Latagliata R, et al. Occurrence of thrombotic events in acute promyelocytic leukemia correlates with consistent immunophenotypic and molecular features. Leukemia. 2007 Jan;21(1):79–83. PubMed PMID: 16932337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vu K, Luong NV, Hubbard J, et al. A retrospective study of venous thromboembolism in acute leukemia patients treated at the University of Texas MD anderson cancer center. Cancer Med. 2015 Jan;4(1):27–35. PubMed PMID: 25487644; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4312115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runde V, Aul C, Heyll A, et al. All-trans retinoic acid: not only a differentiating agent, but also an inducer of thromboembolic events in patients with M3 leukemia. Blood. 1992 Jan 15;79(2):534–535. PubMed PMID: 1730098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhry A, DeLoughery TG. Bleeding and thrombosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2012 Jun;87(6):596–603. PubMed PMID: 22549696. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montesinos P, Rayon C, Vellenga E, et al. Clinical significance of CD56 expression in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline-based regimens. Blood. 2011 Feb 10;117(6):1799–1805. PubMed PMID: 21148082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldschmidt N, Linetsky E, Shalom E, et al. High incidence of thromboembolism in patients with central nervous system lymphoma. Cancer. 2003 Sep 15;98(6):1239–1242. PubMed PMID: 12973848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruso V, Di Castelnuovo A, Meschengieser S, et al. Thrombotic complications in adult patients with lymphoma: a meta-analysis of 29 independent cohorts including 18 018 patients and 1149 events. Blood. 2010 Jul 1;115(26):5322–5328. PubMed PMID: 20378755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekovic D, Miljic P, Mihaljevic B. Increased risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma. Thromb Res. 2010 Dec;126(6):477–480. PubMed PMID: 21126629. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanfilippo KM, Wang TF, Gage BF, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Thromb Res. 2016 Jul;143:86–90. PubMed PMID: 27208462; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4920731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X, Teegala S, Huen A, et al. Incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolic events in lymphoma. Am J Med. 2010 Oct;123(10):935–941. PubMed PMID: 20920696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristinsson SY, Fears TR, Gridley G, et al. Deep vein thrombosis after monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and multiple myeloma. Blood. 2008 Nov 1;112(9):3582–3586. PubMed PMID: 18559977; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2572787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV, Gertz MA, Lacy MQ, et al. Thalidomide as initial therapy for early-stage myeloma. Leukemia. 2003 Apr;17(4):775–779. PubMed PMID: 12682636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Desikan R, Eddlemon P, et al. Extended survival in advanced and refractory multiple myeloma after single-agent thalidomide: identification of prognostic factors in a phase 2 study of 169 patients. Blood. 2001 Jul 15;98(2):492–494. PubMed PMID: 11435324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, et al. Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan 1;21(1):16–19. PubMed PMID: 12506164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schey SA, Cavenagh J, Johnson R, et al. An UK myeloma forum phase II study of thalidomide; long term follow-up and recommendations for treatment. Leuk Res. 2003 Oct;27(10):909–914. PubMed PMID: 12860011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neben K, Moehler T, Benner A, et al. Dose-dependent effect of thalidomide on overall survival in relapsed multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res. 2002 Nov;8(11):3377–3382. PubMed PMID: 12429624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV, Blood E, Vesole D, et al. Phase III clinical trial of thalidomide plus dexamethasone compared with dexamethasone alone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: a clinical trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jan 20;24(3):431–436. PubMed PMID: 16365178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutt P, Ebeling P, Buttkereit U, et al. Thalidomide in combination with vincristine, epirubicin and dexamethasone (VED) for previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol. 2005 Jan;74(1):40–46. PubMed PMID: 15613105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman K, Comenzo R, Rajkumar SV. Deep venous thrombosis and thalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jun 21;344(25):1951–1952. PubMed PMID: 11419443. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baz R, Li L, Kottke-Marchant K, et al. The role of aspirin in the prevention of thrombotic complications of thalidomide and anthracycline-based chemotherapy for multiple myeloma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005 Dec;80(12):1568–1574. PubMed PMID: 16342649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson PG, Schlossman RL, Weller E, et al. Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood. 2002 Nov 1;100(9):3063–3067. PubMed PMID: 12384400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 22;357(21):2123–2132. PubMed PMID: 18032762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber DM, Chen C, Niesvizky R, et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma in North America. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 22;357(21):2133–2142. PubMed PMID: 18032763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight R, DeLap RJ, Zeldis JB. Lenalidomide and venous thrombosis in multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2006 May 11;354(19):2079–2080. PubMed PMID: 16687729. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cini M, Zamagni E, Valdre L, et al. Thalidomide-dexamethasone as up-front therapy for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: thrombophilic alterations, thrombotic complications, and thromboprophylaxis with low-dose warfarin. Eur J Haematol. 2010 Jun;84(6):484–492. PubMed PMID: 20192986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elice F, Fink L, Tricot G, et al. Acquired resistance to activated protein C (aAPCR) in multiple myeloma is a transitory abnormality associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Br J Haematol. 2006 Aug;134(4):399–405. PubMed PMID: 16882132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangari M, Siegel E, Barlogie B, et al. Thrombogenic activity of doxorubicin in myeloma patients receiving thalidomide: implications for therapy. Blood. 2002 Aug 15;100(4):1168–1171. PubMed PMID: 12149193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corso A, Lorenzi A, Terulla V, et al. Modification of thrombomodulin plasma levels in refractory myeloma patients during treatment with thalidomide and dexamethasone. Ann Hematol. 2004 Sep;83(9):588–591. PubMed PMID: 15235749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leleu X, Attal M, Arnulf B, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone is active and well tolerated in bortezomib and lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma: intergroupe Francophone du Myelome 2009-02. Blood. 2013 Mar 14;121(11):1968–1975. PubMed PMID: 23319574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson PG, Siegel DS, Vij R, et al. Pomalidomide alone or in combination with low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a randomized phase 2 study. Blood. 2014 Mar 20;123(12):1826–1832. PubMed PMID: 24421329; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3962162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel JS, Weisel K, Moreau P, et al. Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone versus high-dose dexamethasone alone for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM-003): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Oct;14(11):1055–1066. PubMed PMID: 24007748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paludo J, Mikhael JR, LaPlant BR, et al. Pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma. Blood. 2017 Sep 7;130(10):1198–1204. PubMed PMID: 28684537; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5606008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerachian MA, Cournoyer D, Harvey EJ, et al. Effect of high-dose dexamethasone on endothelial haemostatic gene expression and neutrophil adhesion. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009 Sep;116(3–5):127–133. PubMed PMID: 19442730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Giezen JJ, Jansen JW. Correlation of in vitro and in vivo decreased fibrinolytic activity caused by dexamethasone. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992 Dec 4;667:199–201. PubMed PMID: 1309037. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Rumi E, Finazzi G, et al. Survival and prognosis among 1545 patients with contemporary polycythemia vera: an international study. Leukemia. 2013 Sep;27(9):1874–1881. PubMed PMID: 23739289; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3768558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbui T, Carobbio A, Rumi E, et al. In contemporary patients with polycythemia vera, rates of thrombosis and risk factors delineate a new clinical epidemiology. Blood. 2014 Nov 6;124(19):3021–3023. PubMed PMID: 25377561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbui T, Carobbio A, Cervantes F, et al. Thrombosis in primary myelofibrosis: incidence and risk factors. Blood. 2010 Jan 28;115(4):778–782. PubMed PMID: 19965680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbui T, Thiele J, Passamonti F, et al. Survival and disease progression in essential thrombocythemia are significantly influenced by accurate morphologic diagnosis: an international study. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Aug 10;29(23):3179–3184. PubMed PMID: 21747083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carobbio A, Thiele J, Passamonti F, et al. Risk factors for arterial and venous thrombosis in WHO-defined essential thrombocythemia: an international study of 891 patients. Blood. 2011 Jun 2;117(22):5857–5859. PubMed PMID: 21490340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buxhofer-Ausch V, Gisslinger H, Thiele J, et al. Leukocytosis as an important risk factor for arterial thrombosis in WHO-defined early/prefibrotic myelofibrosis: an international study of 264 patients. Am J Hematol. 2012 Jul;87(7):669–672. PubMed PMID: 22573503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rungjirajittranon T, Owattanapanich W, Ungprasert P, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of thrombosis and bleeding at diagnosis of Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. BMC Cancer. 2019 Feb 28;19(1):184. 10.1186/s12885-019-5387-9. PubMed PMID: 30819138; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6393965.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cerquozzi S, Barraco D, Lasho T, et al. Risk factors for arterial versus venous thrombosis in polycythemia vera: a single center experience in 587 patients. Blood Cancer J. 2017 Dec 27;7(12):662. 10.1038/s41408-017-0035-6. PubMed PMID: 29282357; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5802551.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Stefano V, Rossi E, Za T, et al. JAK2 V617F mutational frequency in essential thrombocythemia associated with splanchnic or cerebral vein thrombosis. Am J Hematol. 2011 Jun;86(6):526–528. PubMed PMID: 21594892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A. Primary myelofibrosis: 2019 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management. Am J Hematol. 2018 Dec;93(12):1551–1560. PubMed PMID: 30039550. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbui T, Tefferi A, Vannucchi AM, et al. Philadelphia chromosome-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: revised management recommendations from European LeukemiaNet. Leukemia. 2018 May;32(5):1057–1069. 10.1038/s41375-018-0077-1. PubMed PMID: 29515238; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5986069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falchi L, Kantarjian HM, Verstovsek S. Assessing the thrombotic risk of patients with essential thrombocythemia in the genomic era. Leukemia. 2017 Sep;31(9):1845–1854. PubMed PMID: 28529308; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5989314. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziakas PD. Effect of JAK2 V617F on thrombotic risk in patients with essential thrombocythemia: measuring the uncertain. Haematologica. 2008 Sep;93(9):1412–1414. PubMed PMID: 18641024. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahabreh IJ, Zoi K, Giannouli S, et al. Is JAK2 V617F mutation more than a diagnostic index? A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in essential thrombocythemia. Leuk Res. 2009 Jan;33(1):67–73. PubMed PMID: 18632151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lussana F, Caberlon S, Pagani C, et al. Association of V617F Jak2 mutation with the risk of thrombosis among patients with essential thrombocythaemia or idiopathic myelofibrosis: a systematic review. Thromb Res. 2009 Sep;124(4):409–417. PubMed PMID: 19299003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannucchi AM, Antonioli E, Guglielmelli P, et al. Prospective identification of high-risk polycythemia vera patients based on JAK2(V617F) allele burden. Leukemia. 2007 Sep;21(9):1952–1959. PubMed PMID: 17625606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannucchi AM, Antonioli E, Guglielmelli P, et al. Clinical profile of homozygous JAK2 617V>F mutation in patients with polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2007 Aug 1;110(3):840–846. PubMed PMID: 17379742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falanga A, Marchetti M, Vignoli A, et al. Leukocyte-platelet interaction in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. Exp Hematol. 2005 May;33(5):523–530. PubMed PMID: 15850829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelmann B, Gupta N, Schnoeder TM, et al. JAK2-V617F promotes venous thrombosis through beta1/beta2 integrin activation. J Clin Invest. 2018 Oct 1;128(10):4359–4371. PubMed PMID: 30024857; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6159978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotunno G, Mannarelli C, Guglielmelli P, et al. Impact of calreticulin mutations on clinical and hematological phenotype and outcome in essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2014 Mar 6;123(10):1552–1555. PubMed PMID: 24371211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beer PA, Campbell PJ, Scott LM, et al. MPL mutations in myeloproliferative disorders: analysis of the PT-1 cohort. Blood. 2008 Jul 1;112(1):141–149. PubMed PMID: 18451306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannucchi AM, Antonioli E, Guglielmelli P, et al. Characteristics and clinical correlates of MPL 515W>L/K mutation in essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2008 Aug 1;112(3):844–847. PubMed PMID: 18519816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbui T, Finazzi G, Carobbio A, et al. Development and validation of an International Prognostic Score of thrombosis in World Health Organization-essential thrombocythemia (IPSET-thrombosis). Blood. 2012 Dec 20;120(26):5128–33; quiz 5252. PubMed PMID: 23033268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbui T, Vannucchi AM, Buxhofer-Ausch V, et al. Practice-relevant revision of IPSET-thrombosis based on 1019 patients with WHO-defined essential thrombocythemia. Blood Cancer J. 2015 Nov 27; 5:e369. PubMed PMID: 26617062; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4670947. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verso M, Agnelli G. Venous thromboembolism associated with long-term use of central venous catheters in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Oct 1;21(19):3665–3675. PubMed PMID: 14512399. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craft PS, May J, Dorigo A, et al. Hickman catheters: left-sided insertion, male gender, and obesity are associated with an increased risk of complications. Aust N Z J Med. 1996 Feb;26(1):33–39. PubMed PMID: 8775526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cadman A, Lawrance JA, Fitzsimmons L, et al. To clot or not to clot? That is the question in central venous catheters. Clin Radiol. 2004 Apr;59(4):349–355. PubMed PMID: 15041454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caers J, Fontaine C, Vinh-Hung V, et al. Catheter tip position as a risk factor for thrombosis associated with the use of subcutaneous infusion ports. Support Care Cancer. 2005 May;13(5):325–331. PubMed PMID: 15538639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciani A, Clement O, Halimi P, et al. Catheter-related upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in cancer patients: a prospective study based on Doppler US. Radiology. 2001 Sep;220(3):655–660. PubMed PMID: 11526263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saber W, Moua T, Williams EC, et al. Risk factors for catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) in cancer patients: a patient-level data (IPD) meta-analysis of clinical trials and prospective studies. J Thromb Haemost. 2011 Feb;9(2):312–319. PubMed PMID: 21040443; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4282796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra V, Anand S, Hickner A, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with peripherally inserted central catheters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013 Jul 27;382(9889):311–325. PubMed PMID: 23697825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall C, Moore J, Thachil J. Catheter-related thrombosis: A practical approach. J Intensive Care Soc. 2016 May;17(2):160–167. 10.1177/1751143715618683. PubMed PMID: 28979481; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5606399.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Debourdeau P, Farge D, Beckers M, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of thrombosis associated with central venous catheters in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013 Jan;11(1):71–80. PubMed PMID: 23217208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: american College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 Suppl):381S–453S. PubMed PMID: 18574271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCCN Clinical Practice Guideline in Oncology. Cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease. Version 1. 2019 [cited 2019 Feb 28]. [Internet]. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/vte.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Farge D, Frere C, Connors JM, et al. 2019 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Oct;20(10):e566–e581. PubMed PMID: 31492632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TF, Zwicker JI, Ay C, et al. The use of direct oral anticoagulants for primary thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory cancer patients: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2019 Oct;17(10):1772–1778. PubMed PMID: 31353841; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6773470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khorana AA, Soff GA, Kakkar AK, et al. Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis in High-Risk Ambulatory Patients with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 21;380(8):720–728. PubMed PMID: 30786186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier M, Abou-Nassar K, Mallick R, et al. Apixaban to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 21;380(8):711–719. PubMed PMID: 30511879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV, Hayman SR, Lacy MQ, et al. Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood. 2005 Dec 15;106(13):4050–4053. 10.1182/blood-2005-07-2817. PubMed PMID: 16118317; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1895238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Falco P, Corradini P, et al. Melphalan, prednisone, and lenalidomide treatment for newly diagnosed myeloma: a report from the GIMEMA–Italian Multiple Myeloma Network. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 1;25(28):4459–4465. PubMed PMID: 17785703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Cavo M, Bringhen S, et al. Aspirin, warfarin, or enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide: a phase III, open-label, randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 10;29(8):986–993. PubMed PMID: 21282540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larocca A, Cavallo F, Bringhen S, et al. Aspirin or enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with lenalidomide. Blood. 2012 Jan 26;119(4):933–9; quiz 1093. PubMed PMID: 21835953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palumbo A, Rajkumar SV, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Prevention of thalidomide- and lenalidomide-associated thrombosis in myeloma. Leukemia. 2008 Feb;22(2):414–423. PubMed PMID: 18094721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwicker JI, Wang TF, DeAngelo DJ, et al. The prevention and management of asparaginase-related venous thromboembolism in adults: guidance from the SSC on Hemostasis and Malignancy of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Feb;18(2):278–284. PubMed PMID: 31999063. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott MA, Wolf RC, Hook CC, et al. Thromboembolism in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during induction with L-asparaginase-containing multi-agent regimens: incidence, risk factors, and possible role of antithrombin. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004 Aug;45(8):1545–1549. PubMed PMID: 15370205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell K, Fyfe A, Allan J, et al. An antithrombin replacement strategy during asparaginase therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with a reduction in thrombotic events. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016 Nov;57(11):2568–2574. PubMed PMID: 27078747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace RF, DeAngelo DJ, Stevenson KE, et al. The use of prophylactic anticoagulation during induction and consolidation chemotherapy in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2018 Feb;45(2):306–314. PubMed PMID: 29260426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Sj G, Morris AL, DeGregory K, et al. Decrease of asparaginase induced thrombotic events with antithrombin III monitoring and repletion. Blood. 2018;132:1381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Gg R, Pearl N, McCoy C, et al. Reducing venous thrombosis with antithrombin supplementation in patients undergoing treatment for ALL with asparaginase based regimens. Blood. 2018;132:1232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Ngo D, Aldoss I, et al. Antithrombin supplementation did not impact the incidence of pegylated asparaginase-induced venous thromboembolism in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2019 May;60(5):1187–1192. PubMed PMID: 30322332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Vannucchi AM, Barbui T. Essential thrombocythemia treatment algorithm 2018. Blood Cancer J. 2018 Jan 10;8(1):2. 10.1038/s41408-017-0041-8. PubMed PMID: 29321520; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5802626.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klok FA, Huisman MV. How I assess and manage the risk of bleeding in patients treated for venous thromboembolism. Blood. 2020 Mar 5;135(10):724–734. PubMed PMID: 31951652. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Gimenez N, Suarez C, Gonzalez R, et al. Predictive variables for major bleeding events in patients presenting with documented acute venous thromboembolism. Findings from the RIETE Registry. Thromb Haemost. 2008 Jul;100(1):26–31. PubMed PMID: 18612534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report.. Chest. 2016 Feb;149(2):315–352. PubMed PMID: 26867832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klok FA, Hosel V, Clemens A, et al. Prediction of bleeding events in patients with venous thromboembolism on stable anticoagulation treatment. Eur Respir J. 2016 Nov;48(5):1369–1376. PubMed PMID: 27471209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar