Long term use of anticoagulant therapy for patients with pulmonary embolism

References

• Heit JA, Ashrani A, Crusan DJ, et al. Reasons for the persistent incidence of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(2):390–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrit DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. A controlled trial. Lancet. 1960;1(7138):1309–1312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pengo V, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2257–2264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Becattini C, et al. Extended oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(1):19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couturaud F, Sanchez O, Pernod G, et al. Six Months vs Extended Oral Anticoagulation After a First Episode of Pulmonary Embolism: the PADIS-PE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2015;314(1):31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakkos SK, Kirkilesis GI, Tsolakis IA. Editor’s Choice - efficacy and safety of the new oral anticoagulants dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban in the treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of phase III trials. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2014;48(5):565–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:901–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman S, Rhedin A-S, Lindmarker P, et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1661–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Santamaria MG, et al. Three months versus one year of oral anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic deep venous thrombosis. Warfarin Optimal Duration Italian Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(3):165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutitie F, Pinede L, Schulman S, et al. Influence of preceding length of anticoagulant treatment and initial presentation of venous thromboembolism on risk of recurrence after stopping treatment: analysis of individual participants’ data from seven trials. BMJ. 2011;342:d3036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(8):709–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitz JI, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al. Rivaroxaban or Aspirin for Extended Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(13):1211–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(8):699–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Danielson E, et al. Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(15):1425–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Kovacs MJ, et al. Comparison of low-intensity warfarin therapy with conventional-intensity warfarin therapy for long-term prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(7):631–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becattini C, Agnelli G, Schenone A, et al. Aspirin for preventing the recurrence of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1959–1967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brighton TA, Eikelboom JW, Mann K, et al. Low-dose aspirin for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1979–1987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreozzi GM, Bignamini AA, Davì G, et al. Sulodexide for the Prevention of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism: the Sulodexide in Secondary Prevention of Recurrent Deep Vein Thrombosis (SURVET) Study: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Circulation. 2015;132(20):1891–1897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunutsor SK, Seidu S, Khunti K. Statins and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: pooled analysis of published observational cohort studies. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(20):1608–1612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simes J, Becattini C, Agnelli G, et al. Aspirin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism: the INSPIRE collaboration. Circulation. 2014;130(13):1062–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prandoni P, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1,626 patients. Haematologica. 2007;92(2):199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman S, Lindmarker P, Holmström M, et al. Post-thrombotic syndrome, recurrence, and death 10 years after the first episode of venous thromboembolism treated with warfarin for 6 weeks or 6 months. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(4):734–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murin S, Romano PS, White RH. Comparison of outcomes after hospitalization for deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2002;88(3):407–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrier M, Le Gal G, Wells PS, et al. Systematic review: case-fatality rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding events among patients treated for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(9):578–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Ageno W, Cannegieter SC, et al. Categorization of patients as having provoked or unprovoked venous thromboembolism: guidance from the SSC of ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2016;14(7):1480–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers MA, Levine DA, Blumberg N, et al. Triggers of hospitalization for venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 2012;125(17):2092–2099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iorio A, Kearon C, Filippucci E, et al. Risk of recurrence after a first episode of symptomatic venous thromboembolism provoked by a transient risk factor: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(19):1710–1716.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, et al. Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(6):761–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodger MA, Le Gal G. Who should get long-term anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism and with what? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2018;2018(1):426–431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019;54(3):1901647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hylckama Vlieg A, Helmerhorst FM, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study. BMJ. 2009;339:b2921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomp ER, Lenselink AM, Rosendaal FR, et al. Pregnancy, the postpartum period and prothrombotic defects: risk of venous thrombosis in the MEGA study. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(4):632–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baglin T. Inherited and acquired risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;33(2):127–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyrle PA, Minar E, Bialonczyk C, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in men and women. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(25):2558–2563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barillari G, Londero AP, Brenner B, et al. Recurrence of venous thromboembolism in patients with recent gestational deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: findings from the RIETE Registry. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;32:53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua CC, Lim HY, Tacey M, et al. Retrospective evaluation of venous thromboembolism: are all transient provoking events the same? Eur J Haematol. 2017;99(1):18–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novacek G, Weltermann A, Sobala A, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for recurrent venous thromboembolism. Gastroenterology. 2010;139(3):779–787.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutten BA, Prins MH, Gent M, et al. Incidence of recurrent thromboembolic and bleeding complications among patients with venous thromboembolism in relation to both malignancy and achieved international normalized ratio: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(17):3078–3083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis CW, Kessler CM, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients with dalteparin for up to 12 months: the DALTECAN Study. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(6):1028–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jara-Palomares L, Solier-Lopez A, Elias-Hernandez T, et al. Tinzaparin in cancer associated thrombosis beyond 6months: tiCAT study. Thromb Res. 2017;157:90–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskob GE, van Es N, Verhamme P, et al. Edoxaban for the Treatment of Cancer-Associated Venous Thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(7):615–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krnic-Barrie S, O’Connor CR, Looney SW, et al. A retrospective review of 61 patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. Analysis of factors influencing recurrent thrombosis. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2101–2108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Devreese KMJ, Ortel TL, Pengo V, et al. Laboratory criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;4:809–813.
   Google Scholar
• Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(10):1296–1304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Am J Med. 1998;104:332–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsebaie MAT, van Es N, Langston A, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with venous thromboembolism and thrombophilia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(4):645–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan F, Rahman A, Carrier M, et al. Long term risk of symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuation of anticoagulant treatment for first unprovoked venous thromboembolism event: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;366:l4363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmström M, et al. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. The Duration of Anticoagulation Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(6):393–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesavento R, Filippi L, Palla A, et al. Impact of residual pulmonary obstruction on the long-term outcome of patients with pulmonary embolism. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(5):1601980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhadad A, Miniati M, Alhadad H, et al. The value of tomographic ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy (V/PSPECT) for follow-up and prediction of recurrence in pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res. 2012;130(6):877–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meneveau N, Ider O, Seronde MF, et al. Long-term prognostic value of residual pulmonary vascular obstruction at discharge in patients with intermediate- to high-risk pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(9):693–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli D, Cenci C, Antonucci E, et al. Risk of recurrence in patients with pulmonary embolism: predictive role of D-dimer and of residual perfusion defects on lung scintigraphy. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109(2):181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planquette B, Ferré A, Peron J, et al. Residual pulmonary vascular obstruction and recurrence after acute pulmonary embolism. A single center cohort study. Thromb Res. 2016;148:70–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villari L, Pancani R, Aquilini F, et al. Role of perfusion defects at follow-up lung scan in predicting recurrences after a first episode of symptomatic pulmonary embolism: a retrospective analysis. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2018;29(1):75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Exter PL, van Es J, Kroft LJ, et al. Thromboembolic resolution assessed by CT pulmonary angiography after treatment for acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2015;114(1):26–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becattini C, Giustozzi M, Cerdà P, et al. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after acute pulmonary embolism: role of residual pulmonary obstruction and persistent right ventricular dysfunction. A meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(8):1217–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, et al. D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(17):1780–1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruinstroop E, Klok FA. Van De Ree MA,e t al. Elevated D-dimer levels predict recurrence in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2009;7(4):611–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodger MA, Kahn SR, Wells PS, et al. Identifying unprovoked thromboembolism patients at low risk for recurrence who can discontinue anticoagulant therapy. CMAJ. 2008;179(5):417–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodger MA, Le Gal G, Anderson DR, et al. Validating the HERDOO2 rule to guide treatment duration for women with unprovoked venous thrombosis: multinational prospective cohort management study. BMJ. 2017;356:j1065.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eichinger S, Heinze G, Jandeck LM, et al. Risk assessment of recurrence in patients with unprovoked deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: the Vienna prediction model. Circulation. 2010;121(14):1630–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosetto A, Iorio A, Marcucci M, et al. Predicting disease recurrence in patients with previous unprovoked venous thromboembolism: a proposed prediction score (DASH). J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(6):1019–1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruíz-Giménez N, Suárez C, González R, et al. Predictive variables for major bleeding events in patients presenting with documented acute venous thromboembolism. Findings from the RIETE Registry. Thromb Haemost. 2008;100(1):26–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuijer PM, Hutten BA, Prins MH, et al. Prediction of the risk of bleeding during anticoagulant treatment for venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(5):457–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyth RJ, Quinn LM, Landefeld CS. Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin. Am J Med. 1998;105(2):91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien EC, Simon DN, Thomas LE, et al. The ORBIT bleeding score: a simple bedside score to assess bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:3258–3264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, et al. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro Journal Heart Survey. Chest. 2010;138:1093–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage: the ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riva N, Bellesini M, Di Minno MN, et al. Poor predictive value of contemporary bleeding risk scores during long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism. A multicentre retrospective cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2014;112(3):511–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherz N, Méan M, Limacher A, et al. Prospective, multicenter validation of prediction scores for major bleeding in elderly patients with venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11(3):435–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klok FA, Hösel V, Clemens A, et al. Prediction of bleeding events in patients with venous thromboembolism on stable anticoagulation treatment. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(5):1369–1376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klok FA, Barco S, Turpie AGG, et al. Predictive value of venous thromboembolism (VTE)-BLEED to predict major bleeding and other adverse events in a practice-based cohort of patients with VTE: results of the XALIA study. Br J Haematol. 2018;183(3):457–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimoto Y, Yamashita Y, Morimoto T, et al. Validation of the VTE-BLEED Score’s Long-term Performance for Major Bleeding in Patients with Venous Thromboembolisms: from the COMMAND VTE Registry. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(3):624–632.
   Google Scholar
• Vedovati MC, Mancuso A, Pierpaoli L, et al. Prediction of major bleeding in patients receiving DOACs for venous thromboembolism: A prospective cohort study. Int J Cardiol. 2020;301:167–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linkins LA, Choi PT, Douketis JD. Clinical impact of bleeding in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(11):893–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wall SJ, van der Pol LM, Ende-Verhaar YM, et al. Fatal recurrent VTE after anticoagulant treatment for unprovoked VTE: a systematic review. Eur Respir Rev. 2018;27(150):180094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinides SV, Vicaut E, Danays T, et al. Impact of Thrombolytic Therapy on the Long-Term Outcome of Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(12):1536–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang IM, Madani M. Update on chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2014;130:508–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonderman D, Wilkens H, Wakounig S, et al. Risk factors for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(2):325–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galiè N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(4):903–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro A, Lindmarker P, Johnsson H, et al. Pulmonary embolism: one-year follow-up with echocardiography doppler and five-year survival analysis. Circulation. 1999;99(10):1325–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grifoni S, Vanni S, Magazzini S, et al. Association of persistent right ventricular dysfunction at hospital discharge after acute pulmonary embolism with recurrent thromboembolic events. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(19):2151–2156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EINSTEIN Investigators, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2010;363(26):2499–2510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors JM. Thrombophilia Testing and Venous Thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1177–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Akl EA, Ornelas J, et al. Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2016;149(2):315–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar