Challenges in the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

References

• Moschcowitz E. An acute febrile pleiochromic anemia with hyaline thrombosis of the terminal arterioles and capillaries; an undescribed disease. Am J med. 1952;13(5):567–569. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(52)90022-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer K, Bornstein FP, Wile SA. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; hemorrhagic diathesis with generalized platelet thromboses. Blood. 1947;2(6):542–554. doi: 10.1182/blood.V2.6.542.542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorosi EL, Ultmann JE. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: report of 16 cases and review of the literature. Medicine. 1966;45(2):139–160. doi: 10.1097/00005792-196603000-00003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moake JL, Rudy CK, Troll JH, et al. Unusually large plasma factor VIII: von Willebrand factor multimers in chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 1982;307(23):1432–1435. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198212023072306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rock GA, Shumak KH, Buskard NA, et al.; Canadian Apheresis Study Group. Comparison of plasma exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(6):393–397. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199108083250604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan M, Robles R, Lammle B. Partial purification and characterization of a protease from human plasma cleaving von Willebrand factor to fragments produced by in vivo proteolysis. Blood. 1996;87(10):4223–4234. doi: 10.1182/blood.V87.10.4223.bloodjournal87104223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan M, Robles R, Galbusera M, et al. von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(22):1578–1584. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199811263392202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng X, Chung D, Takayama TK, et a;l. Structure of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13), a metalloprotease involved in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(44):41059–41063. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C100515200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scully M, Cataland S, Coppo P, et al. Consensus on the standardization of terminology in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and related thrombotic microangiopathies. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(2):312–322. doi: 10.1111/jth.13571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baysal M, Umit E, Kirkizlar HO, et al. Comparison of clinical scoring systems in the management of patients with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Turk J Haematol. 2021;38(1):64–68. doi: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2020.2020.0348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graca NAG, Joly BS, Voorberg J, et al. TTP: from empiricism for an enigmatic disease to targeted molecular therapies. Br J Haematol. 2022;197(2):156–170. doi: 10.1111/bjh.18040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George JN, Al-Nouri ZL. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndromes. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2012;2012:604–609. doi: 10.1182/asheducation.V2012.1.604.3798564
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page EE, Kremer Hovinga JA, Terrell DR, et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and long-term outcomes from 1995 through 2015. Blood Adv. 2017;1(10):590–600. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017005124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin D, Al-Nouri ZL, Muthurajah D, et al. First symptoms in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: what are they and when do they occur? Transfusion. 2013;53(1):235–237. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03934.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Reilly SD, Gangaraju R, et al. An unusual presentation of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am j med. 2017;130(8):e323–e326. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalish Y, Rottenstreich A, Rund D, etal. Atypical presentations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a diagnostic role for ADAMTS13. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016;42(2):155–160. doi: 10.1007/s11239-016-1342-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarode R. Atypical presentations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a review. J Clin Apheresis. 2009;24(1):47–52. doi: 10.1002/jca.20182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppo P, Schwarzinger M, Buffet M, et al. Predictive features of severe acquired ADAMTS13 deficiency in idiopathic thrombotic microangiopathies: the French TMA reference center experience. PLoS One. 2010;5(4):e10208. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendapudi PK, Hurwitz S, Fry A, et al. Derivation and external validation of the PLASMIC score for rapid assessment of adults with thrombotic microangiopathies: a cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4(4):e157–e164. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30026-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley MJ, Wilson AR, Rodgers GM. Performance of a clinical prediction score for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in an independent cohort. Vox Sang. 2013;105(4):313–318. doi: 10.1111/vox.12050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley MJ, Lehman CM, Blaylock RC, et al. The utility of patient characteristics in predicting severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and response to plasma exchange. Transfusion. 2010;50(8):1654–1664. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02653.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CH, Simmons SC, Williams LA, et al. ADAMTS13 test and/or PLASMIC clinical score in management of acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a cost-effective analysis. Transfusion. 2017;57(11):2609–2618. doi: 10.1111/trf.14230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nokes T, George JN, Vesely SK, et al. Pulmonary involvement in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Eur J Haematol. 2014;92(2):156–163. doi: 10.1111/ejh.12222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George JN, Nester CM. Syndromes of thrombotic microangiopathy. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(19):1847–1848. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1312353
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liles NW, Page EE, Liles AL, et al. Diversity and severity of adverse reactions to quinine: a systematic review. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(5):461–466. doi: 10.1002/ajh.24314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saste VV, Terrell DR, Vesely SK, et al. Drug-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS): frequency, presenting features, and clinical outcomes. Blood. 2007;110(11):1315–1315. doi: 10.1182/blood.V110.11.1315.1315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George JN, Nester CM, McIntosh JJ. Syndromes of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with pregnancy. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015;2015:644–648. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.644
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kello N, Khoury LE, Marder G, et al. Secondary thrombotic microangiopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome, the role of complement and use of eculizumab: case series and review of literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019;49(1):74–83. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth KK, Terrell DR, Vesely SK, et al. Systemic infections mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol. 2011;86(9):743–751. doi: 10.1002/ajh.22091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young JA, Pallas CR, Knovich MA. Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy: theoretical considerations and a practical approach to an unrefined diagnosis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2021;56(8):1805–1817. doi: 10.1038/s41409-021-01283-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsitsikas DA, Gallinella G, Patel S, et al. Bone marrow necrosis and fat embolism syndrome in sickle cell disease: increased susceptibility of patients with non-SS genotypes and a possible association with human parvovirus B19 infection. Blood Rev. 2014;28(1):23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2013.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangaraju R, Reddy VV, Marques MB. Fat embolism syndrome secondary to Bone marrow necrosis in patients with Hemoglobinopathies. South Med J. 2016;109(9):549–553. doi: 10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangaraju R, May JE, Williams LA 3rd, et al. Fat embolism syndrome due to bone marrow necrosis in patients with hemoglobinopathies: a life-threatening complication mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. American J Hematol. 2019;94(2):E64–E66. doi: 10.1002/ajh.25363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari NR, Phatak S, Sharma VR, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic microangiopathies. Thromb Res. 2021;202:191–198. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mir TH. COVID-19 associated divergent thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) syndromes reported so far, five and counting: classification and possible therapeutic options. Thromb Res. 2022;219:86–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell NT, Cheves T, Sweeney JD. Effect of ADAMTS13 activity turnaround time on plasma utilization for suspected thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Transfusion. 2016;56(2):354–359. doi: 10.1111/trf.13359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini I, Agosti P, Boscarino M, et al. Lombardy diagnostic and therapeutic network of thrombotic microangiopathy. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2022;17(1):246. doi: 10.1186/s13023-022-02400-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CH, Simmons SC, Wattar SF, et al. Potential impact of a delayed ADAMTS13 result in the treatment of thrombotic microangiopathy: an economic analysis. Vox Sang. 2020;115(5):433–442. doi: 10.1111/vox.12912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull TP, McCulloch R, Nicolson PLR, et al. Diagnostic uncertainty presented barriers to the timely management of acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in the United Kingdom between 2014 and 2019. J Thromb Haemost. 2022;20(6):1428–1436. doi: 10.1111/jth.15681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay VA, Geisler BP, Sun L, et al. Utilizing a PLASMIC score‐based approach in the management of suspected immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a cost minimization analysis within the Harvard TMA research collaborative. Br J Haematol. 2019;186(3):490–498. doi: 10.1111/bjh.15932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon CE, Chitalia VC, Sloan JM, et al. Thrombotic microangiopathy: a multidisciplinary team approach. Am J Kidney Dis. 2017;70(5):715–721. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blennerhassett R, Curnow J, Pasalic L. Immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a narrative review of diagnosis and treatment in adults. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2020;46(3):289–301. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1708541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratmann J, Ward JN, Miesbach W. Evaluation of a rapid turn-over, fully-automated ADAMTS13 activity assay: a method comparison study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020;50(3):628–631. doi: 10.1007/s11239-020-02086-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaloro EJ, Mohammed S, Chapman K, et al. A multicenter laboratory assessment of a new automated chemiluminescent assay for ADAMTS13 activity. J Thromb Haemost. 2021;19(2):417–428. doi: 10.1111/jth.15157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore GW, Meijer D, Griffiths M, et al. A multi-center evaluation of TECHNOSCREEN® ADAMTS-13 activity assay as a screening tool for detecting deficiency of ADAMTS-13. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1686–1694. doi: 10.1111/jth.14815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey S, Cottler-Fox M. ADAMTS13 testing methodologies and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): conflicting results can pose a clinical dilemma. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2018;48(3):373–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu ML, Reeves HM, Maitta RW. Immature platelet dynamics correlate with ADAMTS13 deficiency and predict therapy response in immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res. 2021;198:72–78. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.11.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves HM, Maitta RW. Comparison of absolute immature platelet count to the PLASMIC score at presentation in predicting ADAMTS13 deficiency in suspected thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res. 2022;215:30–36. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaloro EJ, Henry BM, Lippi G. Increased VWF and decreased ADAMTS-13 in COVID-19: creating a milieu for (micro) thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2021;47(4):400–418. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1727282
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Favaloro EJ, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019-associated coagulopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021;96(1):203–217. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Minno A, Ambrosino P, Calcaterra I, et al. COVID-19 and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis of literature studies. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2020;46(7):763–771. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1715456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DC, Chui PL, Yahya A, et al. Systematic review of patient education for pressure injury: evidence to guide practice. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2022;19(4):267–274. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel KM, Maxwell RA, Cooley ME, et al. Quality improvement: patient education for management of hypertension in pregnancy. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2021;40(4):271–278. doi: 10.1080/10641955.2021.1981371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlobin NA, Patel S, Dahdaleh NS. Social media as a tool for patient education in neurosurgery: an overview. World Neurosurg. 2022;161:127–134. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.02.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar