The endoscopist’s role in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer

References

• Rosewicz S, Wiedenmann B. Pancreatic carcinoma. Lancet. 1997;349:485–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEER cancer statistics factsheets: pancreas cancer. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/pancreas.html
   Google Scholar
• Decker GA, Batheja MJ, Collins JM, et al. Risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma and prospects for screening. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;6(4):246–254.
   Google Scholar
• Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O’Brien MJ, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. Nejm. 2012;366:687–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrick F, Konings IC, Kluijt I, et al. A multicenter comparative prospective blinded analysis of EUS and MRI for screening of pancreatic cancer in high-risk individuals. Gut. 2015. May 18. pii: gutjnl-2014-308008. DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308008.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng C, Jia W, Tang Y, et al. Mesothelin regulates growth and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through p53-dependent and –independent signal pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2012;31(84):1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo SA, Luecke LB, Kahlert C, et al. Glypican-1 identifies cancer exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer. Nature. 2015;523(7559):177–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Raimondo M, Guha S, et al. Circulating microRNAs in pancreatic juice as candidate biomarkers of pancreatic cancer. J Cancer. 2014;5(8):696–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson C, Elliott V, Evans A, et al. Decreased serum thrombospondin-1 levels in pancreatic cancer patients up to 24 months prior to clinical diagnosis: association with diabetes mellitus. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(7):1734–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg W. The clinical utility of the CA 19-9 tumor-associated antigen. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990;85:350–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra JL, Kaplan S, Barkin JS. Elevated CA 19-9 caused by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: review of the benign causes of increased CA 19-9 level. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50:694–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuang C-K, Liao S-K. Evaluation of CA19-9asatumormarkerinurothelial malignancy. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2004;38:359–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihmanli M, Dilege E, Demir U, et al. The use of tumor markers as predictors of prognosis in gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterol. 2004;51:1544–1547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuszek P, Lakatos P, Tabak A, et al. Relationship between serum calcium and CA 19-9 levels in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2004;10:1890–1892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavai S, Yap SF. The clinical significance of elevated levels of serum CA 19-9. Med J Malaysia. 2003;58:667–672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Locker GY, Hamilton S, Harris J, et al. ASCO 2006 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in gastrointestinal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Nov 20;24(33):5313–5327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006;56:106–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canto MI, Hruban RH, Fishman EK, et al. Frequent detection of pancreatic lesions in asymptomatic high-risk individuals. Gastroenterol. 2012;142(4):796–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm EP, Balachandran A, Bhosale PR, et al. Imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: update on staging/resectability. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50:407–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Comprehensive Cancer Network I. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Available from: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/pancreatic.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Barth BABAP, Feldman M, Ed: Sleisenger and Fordtran’s gastrointestinal and liver diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier; 2010. p. 909–1042.
   Google Scholar
• Fayad LM, Mitchell DG. Magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Gastrointest Cancer. 2001;30:19–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishiharu T, Yamashita Y, Abe Y, et al. Local extension of pancreatic carcinoma: assessment with thin-section helical CT versus with breath-hold fast MR imaging–ROC analysis. Radiology. 1999;212:445–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PT, Outwater EK. Pancreatic carcinoma versus chronic pancreatitis: dynamic MR imaging. Radiology. 1999;212:213–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa T, Sou H, Araki T, et al. Duct-penetrating sign at MRCP: usefulness for differentiating inflammatory pancreatic mass from pancreatic carcinomas. Radiology. 2001;221:107–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strobel K, Heinrich S, Bhure U, et al. Contrast-enhanced 18F-FDG PET/CT: 1-stop-shop imaging for assessing the resectability of pancreatic cancer. J Nucl Med. 2008;49:1408–1413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz MH, Fleming JB, Bhosale P, et al. Response of borderline resectable pancreatic cancer to neoadjuvant therapy is not reflected by radiographic indicators. Cancer. 2012;118:5749–5756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu DS, Reber HA, Krasny RM, et al. Local staging of pancreatic cancer: criteria for unresectability of major vessels as revealed by pancreatic-phase, thin-section helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168:1439–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz MH, Pisters PW, Evans DB, et al. Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: the importance of this emerging stage of disease. J Am Coll Surg. 2008;206:833–846; discussion 846-838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz MH, Lee JE, Pisters PW, et al. Retroperitoneal dissection in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: operative principles and techniques. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215:e11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper AB, Holmes HM, Des Bordes JK, et al Role of neoadjuvant therapy in the multimodality treatment of older patients with pancreatic cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;219:111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JK, Kim AY, Kim PN, et al. Prediction of vascular involvement and resectability by multidetector-row CT versus MR imaging with MR angiography in patients who underwent surgery for resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2010;73:310–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arslan A, Buanes T, Geitung JT. Pancreatic carcinoma: MR, MR angiography and dynamic helical CT in the evaluation of vascular invasion. Eur J Radiol. 2001;38:151–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bipat S, Phoa SS, van Delden OM, et al. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and determining resectability of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2005;29:438–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahani DV, Shah ZK, Catalano OA, et al. Radiology of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: current status of imaging. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm EP, Loyer EM, Faria S, et al. Staging of pancreatic cancer with multidetector CT in the setting of preoperative chemoradiation therapy. Abdom Imaging. 2006;31:568–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morganti AG, Cellini N, Mattiucci GC, et al. Lymphatic drainage and CTV in pancreatic carcinoma. Rays. 2003;28:311–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diederichs CG, Staib L, Vogel J, et al. Values and limitations of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography with preoperative evaluation of patients with pancreatic masses. Pancreas. 2000;20:109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bares R, Klever P, Hauptmann S, et al. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET in vivo evaluation of pancreatic glucose metabolism for detection of pancreatic cancer. Radiology. 1994;192:79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bares R, Dohmen BM, Cremerius U, et al. Results of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 labeled fluorodeoxyglucose in differential diagnosis and staging of pancreatic carcinoma. Radiologe. 1996;36:435–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Zuo CJ, Jia NY, et al. Cross-modality PET/CT and contrast-enhanced CT imaging for pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:2988–2996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshmukh SD, Willmann JK, Jeffrey RB. Pathways of extrapancreatic perineural invasion by pancreatic adenocarcinoma: evaluation with 3D volume-rendered MDCT imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:668–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makino I, Kitagawa H, Ohta T, et al. Nerve plexus invasion in pancreatic cancer: spread patterns on histopathologic and embryological analyses. Pancreas. 2008;37:358–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motosugi U, Ichikawa T, Morisaka H, et al. Detection of pancreatic carcinoma and liver metastases with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging: comparison with contrast-enhanced multi-detector row CT. Radiology. 2011;260:446–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich S, Goerres GW, Schafer M, et al. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography influences on the management of resectable pancreatic cancer and its cost-effectiveness. Ann Surg. 2005;242:235–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh BK. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography influences on the management of resectable pancreatic cancer and its cost-effectiveness. Ann Surg. 2006;243:709–710; author reply 710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Yokoe K, et al. Contribution of whole body FDG-PET to the detection of distant metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Ann Nucl Med. 2005;19:491–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauhanen SP, Komar G, Seppanen MP, et al. A prospective diagnostic accuracy study of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography, multidetector row computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in primary diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Ann Surg. 2009;250:957–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohlich A, Diederichs CG, Staib L, et al. Detection of liver metastases from pancreatic cancer using FDG PET. J Nucl Med. 1999;40:250–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytras D, Connor S, Bosonnet L, et al. Positron emission tomography does not add to computed tomography for the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Dig Surg. 2005;22:55–61; discussion 62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitajima K, Murakami K, Yamasaki E, et al. Performance of integrated FDG-PET/contrast-enhanced CT in the diagnosis of recurrent pancreatic cancer: comparison with integrated FDG-PET/non-contrast-enhanced CT and enhanced CT. Mol Imaging Biol. 2010;12:452–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperti C, Pasquali C, Fiore V, et al. Clinical usefulness of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the management of patients with nonpancreatic periampullary neoplasms. Am J Surg. 2006;191:743–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperti C, Pasquali C, Bissoli S, et al. Tumor relapse after pancreatic cancer resection is detected earlier by 18-FDG PET than by CT. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14:131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layfield LJ, Wax TD, Lee JG, et al. Accuracy and morphologic aspects of pancreatic and biliary duct brushings. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:11–8;54–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee JG, Leung JW, Baillie J, et al. Benign, dysplastic, or malignant-making sense of endoscopic bile duct brush cytology: results in 149 consecutive patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995;90:722–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponchon T, Gagnon P, Berger F, et al. Value of endobiliary brush cytology and biopsies for the diagnosis of malignant bile duct stenosis: results of a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:565–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugliese V, Conio M, Nicolo G, et al. Endoscopic retrograde forceps biopsy and brush cytology of biliary strictures: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:520–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama M, Atomi Y, Wada N, et al. Endoscopic transpapillary bile duct biopsy without sphinc- terotomy for diagnosing biliary strictures: a prospective comparative study with bile and brush cytology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:465–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoefl R, Haefner M, Wrba F, et al. Forceps biopsy and brush cytology during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the diagnosis of biliary stenoses. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:363–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart CJR, Mills PR, Carter R, et al. Brush cytology in the assessment of pancreatico-biliary strictures: a review of 406 cases. J Clin Pathol. 2001;54:449–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Shpaner A, Krishna SG, et al. Use of EUS-FNA in diagnosing pancreatic neoplasm without a definitive mass on CT. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Jul;78(1):73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kongkam P, Lakananurak N, Navicharern P, et al. FNA and elastography (strain ratio) to exclude malignant solid pancreatic lesions: a prospective single-blinded study. J Gastroentrol Hepatol. 2015;30(11):1683–1689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueiredo FA, da Silva PM, Monges G, et al. Yield of contrast-enhanced Doppler endoscopic ultrasonongraphy and strain ratio obtained by EUS-Elastography in the diagnosis of focal pancreatic solid lesions. Endosc Ultrasound. 2012;3:143–149.
   Google Scholar
• Chen YK, Parsi MA, Binmoeller KF, et al. Single-operatorchol- angioscopy in patients requiring evaluation of bile duct disease or therapy of biliary stones (with videos). Gastrointest. Endosc. 2011;74:805–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramchandani M, Reddy DN, Gupta R, et al. Role of single- operator peroral cholangioscopy in the diagnosis of inde- terminate biliary lesions: A single-center, prospective study. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2011;74:511–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tieu AH, Kumbhari V, Jakhete N, et al Diagnostic and therapeutic utility of SpyGlass(®) peroral cholangioscopy in intraductal biliary disease: single-center, retrospective, cohort study. Dig Endosc. 2015 May;27(4):479–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillol F, Bories E, Autret A, et al Evaluation of pCLE in the bile duct: final results of EMID study: pCLE: impact in the management of bile duct strictures. Surg Endosc. 2015;29(9):2661–2668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonin EA, Baron TH. Preoperative biliary stents in pancreatic cancer. J Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat Sci. 2011;18:621–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Gaag N, Rauws E, van Eijck C, et al. Preoperative biliary drainage for cancer of the head of the pancreas. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(2):129–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd HA, Royle G, Ross AP, et al. Endoscopic biliary endoprosthesis in the palliation of malignant obstruction of the distal common bile duct: a randomized trial. Br J Surg. 1988;75:1166–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen JR, Sorensen SM, Druse A, et al. Randomized trial of endoscopic endoprosthesis versus operative bypass in malignant obstructive jaundice. Gut. 1989;30:1132–1135. PMID 2475392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse F, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P, et al. Guidewire-assisted cannulation of the common bile duct for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec;12(12):CD009662.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasuda I, Isayama H, Bhatia V, Current situation of endoscopic biliary cannulation and salvage techniques for difficult cases - Current strategies in Japan. Dig Endosc. 2015 Dec 19. doi:10.1111/den.12591. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwashita T, Doi S, Yasuda I. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage: a review. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2014;7:95–102.
   Google Scholar
• Dhir V, Bhandari S, Bapat M, et al. Comparison of EUS-guided rendezvous and precut papillotomy techniques for biliary access. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(2):35–39.
   Google Scholar
• Mullen JT, Lee JH, Gomez HF, et al. Pancreaticoduodenectomy after placement of endobiliary metal stents. J Gastrointest Surg. 2005;9(8):1094–104; discussion 1104-5. PMID: 16269380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasan SM, Ross WA, Staerkel GA, et al. Use of expandable metallic biliary stents in resectable pancreatic cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 9;100(9):2056–2061. PMID: 16128952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singal AK, Ross WA, Guturu P, et al. Self-expanding metal stents for biliary drainage in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer: single-center experience with 79 cases. Dig Dis and Sci. 2011;56(12):3678–3684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh A, Lee JH. Self-expanding metal stents for preoperative biliary drainage in patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer. Journ Oncol. 2012;3(4):304–305.
   Google Scholar
• Strom TJ, Klapman JB, Shridhar R, et al. Comparative long-term outcomes of upfront resected pancreatic cancer after preoperative biliary drainage. Surg Endosc. 2015;29:3273–3281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Krishna SG, Singh A, et al. Comparison of the utility of covered metal stents versus uncovered metal stents in the management of malignant biliary strictures in 749 patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;78:312–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinowski M, Alfke H, Durfeld F, et al. Paclitaxel inhibits proliferation of cell lines responsible for metal stent obstruction: possible topical application in malignant bile duct obstructions. Invest Radiol. 2002;37(7):399–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang SI, Kim JH, Kim M, et al. Porcine feasibility and safety study of a new paclitaxel-eluting biliary stent with a Pluronic-containing membrane. Endoscopy. 2012;44(9):825–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song TJ, Lee SS, Yun SC, et al. Paclitaxel-eluting covered metal stents versus covered metal stents for distal malignant biliary obstruction: a prospective comparative pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73(4):727–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel AW, Postgate AJ, Khorsandi S, et al. Endoscopically applied radiofrequency ablation appears to be safe in the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:149–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueroa-Barojas P, Bakhru MR, Habib NA, et al. Safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in the management of unresectable bile duct and pancreatic cancer: a novel palliation technique. J Oncol. 2013;2013: 910897. doi:10.1155/2013/910897. [PMID: 23690775].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharaiha RZ, Natov N, Glockenberg KS, et al. Comparison of metal stenting with radiofrequency ablation versus stenting alone for treating malignant biliary strictures: is there an added benefit? Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59:3099–3102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lui KL, Li KK. Intraductal radiofrequency ablation of tumour ingrowth into an uncovered metal stent used for inoperable cholangiocarcinoma. Hong Kong Med J. 2013;19:539–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tal AO, Vermehren J, Friedrich-Rust M, et al. Intraductal endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of hilar non-resectable malignant bile duct obstruction. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;6(1):13–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang KJ, Nguyen PT, Thompson JA, et al. Phase I clinical trial of allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture (cytoimplant) delivered by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle injection in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;88(6):1325–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang KJ, Ashida R, Muthusamy R, et al. Overall survival in locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients treated with a biologic using Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) FNI or CT-Guided injection: a single institution experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69(5):AB132–AB33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai Y. Chang KJ. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided antitumor agents. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2012;22(2):315–24, x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulvihill S, Warren R, Venook A, et al. Safety and feasibility of injection with an E1B-55 kDa gene-deleted, replication-selective adenovirus (ONYX-015) into primary carcinomas of the pancreas: a phase I trial. Gene Therapy. 2001;8(4):308–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht JR, Bedford R, Abbruzzese JL, et al. A phase I/II trial of intratumoral endoscopic ultrasound injection of ONYX-015 with intravenous gemcitabine in unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(2):555–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irisawa A, Takagi T, Kanazawa M, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle injection of immature dendritic cells into advanced pancreatic cancer refractory to gemcitabine: a pilot study. Pancreas. 2007;35(2):189–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirooka Y, Itoh A, Kawashima H, et al. A combination therapy of gemcitabine with immunotherapy for patients with inoperable locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2009;38(3):e69–e74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy MJ, Alberts SR, Chari ST, et al. 716 EUS guided intra-tumoral gemcitabine therapy for locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73(4):AB144–AB45.
   Google Scholar
• Du Y, Jin Z, Meng H, et al. Long-term effect of gemcitabine-combined endoscopic ultrasonography-guided brachytherapy in pancreatic cancer. J Interv Gastroenterol. 2013;3(1):18–24.
   Google Scholar
• Singh A, Ross WA, Bhattacharya A, et al. Gastrojejunostomy versus enteral self-expanding metal stent placement in patients with a malignant gastric outlet obstruction. Dig Dis. 2013;2:94–98.
   Google Scholar
• Chopita N, Vaillaverde A, Cope C, et al. Endoscopic gastroenteric anastomosis using magnets. Endoscopy. 2005;37:313–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hooft JE, Vleggaar FP, Le Moine O, et al. Endoscopic magnetic gastroenteric anastomosis for palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction: a prospective multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72:530–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoi T, Itokawa F, Gotoda T, et al. Novel EUS-guided gastrojejunostomy technique using a new double-balloon enteric tube and lumen-opposing metal stent. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;78(6):934–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoi T, Ishii K, Tanaka R, et al. Current status and perspective of endoscopic ultrasonography-guided gastrojejunostomy: endoscopic ultrasonography-guided double-balloon-occluded gastrojejunostomy (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2015 Jan;22(1):3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar