Current evaluation and management of anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

References

• Fiorino G, Allocca M, Danese S. Anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: the opening of pandora’s box? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1767–1769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen S, Bendtzen K, Nielsen OH. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Ann Med. 2010;42:97–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells CW, Lewis S, Barton JR, et al. Effects of changes in hemoglobin level on quality of life and cognitive function in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignass AU, Gasche C, Bettenworth D, et al. European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:211–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO, UNICEF, UNU. Iron deficiency anemia: assessment, prevention and control. Report of a joint WHO/UNICEF/UNU consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Danese S, Hoffman C, Vel S, et al. Anaemia from a patient perspective in inflammatory bowel disease: results from the European federation of crohn’s and ulcerative colitis association’s online survey. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26:1385–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Bager P, Befrits R, et al. Anaemia management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: routine practice across nine European countries. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25:1456–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenstein I, Dignass A, Vollmer S, et al. Current practice in the diagnosis and management of IBD-associated anaemia and iron deficiency in Germany: the German anaemIBD study. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:1308–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bager P, Befrits R, Wikman O, et al. The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in IBD outpatients in Scandinavia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:304–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voegtlin M, Vavricka SR, Schoepfer AM, et al. Prevalence of anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease in Switzerland: a cross-sectional study in patients from private practices and university hospitals. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4:642–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bager P, Befrits R, Wikman O, et al. High burden of iron deficiency and different types of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease outpatients in Scandinavia: a longitudinal 2-year follow-up study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:1286–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodhand JR, Kamperidis N, Rao A, et al. Prevalence and management of anemia in children, adolescents, and adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:513–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Dignass AU. Anaemia in the Elderly IBD Patient. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2015;13:308–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filmann N, Rey J, Schneeweiss S, et al. Prevalence of anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases in european countries: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:936–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomollon F, Gisbert JP. Anemia and inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4659–4665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejler M, Tholstrup J, Andersson-Gare B, et al. Low prevalence of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study in Sweden. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:937–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergamaschi G, Di Sabatino A, Albertini R, et al. Prevalence and pathogenesis of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. Haematologica. 2010;95:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E, Waalen J. The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration? Blood. 2006;107:1747–1750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Hartmann F, Dignass AU. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in patients with IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7:599–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker AM, Szneke P, Bianchi LA, et al. 5-Aminosalicylates, sulfasalazine, steroid use, and complications in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:816–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab M, Schaffeler E, Marx C, et al. Azathioprine therapy and adverse drug reactions in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: impact of thiopurine S-methyltransferase polymorphism. Pharmacogenetics. 2002;12:429–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanchet E, Beau P, Frat JP. [Bone marrow aplasia following dipyrone treatment in a patient with Crohn’s disease receiving long-term methotrexate]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2004;28:502–503.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danesi R, Del tacca M. Hematologic toxicity of immunosuppressive treatment. Transplant Proc. 2004;36:703–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Dignass AU. Management of iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease - a practical approach. Ann Gastroenterol. 2013;26:104–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loitsch SM, Diehl D, Hartmann F, et al. Impaired intestinal iron absorption in inflammatory bowel disease correlates with disease activity and markers of inflammation but is independent of disease location. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:S5–S5.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma N, Begum J, Eksteen B, et al. Differential ferritin expression is associated with iron deficiency in coeliac disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21:794–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson D, Bayele H, Johnston K, et al. Tumour necrosis factor alpha regulates iron transport and transporter expression in human intestinal epithelial cells. FEBS Lett. 2004;573:195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright GE, Lauritsen MA, Humphreys S, et al. The anemia associated with chronic infection. Science. 1946;103:72–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1011–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth E, Ganz T. Anemia of inflammation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2014;28:671–81,vi.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarychanski R, Houston DS. Anemia of chronic disease: a harmful disorder or an adaptive, beneficial response? Cmaj. 2008;179:333–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battat R, Kopylov U, Szilagyi A, et al. Vitamin B12 deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence, risk factors, evaluation, and management. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:1120–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M’Koma AE, Wise PE, Schwartz DA, et al. Prevalence and outcome of anemia after restorative proctocolectomy: a clinical literature review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52:726–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onal IK. Folate deficiency in Crohn’s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49:253–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermejo F, Algaba A, Guerra I, et al. Should we monitor vitamin B12 and folate levels in Crohn’s disease patients? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:1272–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meenan J, O’Hallinan E, Scott J, et al. Influence of sulfasalazine and olsalamine on colonic epithelial cell folate content in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1996;2:163–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim AY, Gaffney K, Scott DG. Methotrexate-induced pancytopenia: serious and under-reported? Our experience of 25 cases in 5 years. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:1051–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang C, Ross V, Mahadevan U. Micronutrient deficiencies in inflammatory bowel disease: from A to zinc. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:1961–1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devalia V, Hamilton MS, Molloy AM, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders. Br J Haematol. 2014;166:496–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Pinto R, Pietropaoli D, Chandar AK, et al. Association between inflammatory bowel disease and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:2708–2717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veit LE, Maranda L, Fong J, et al. The vitamin D status in inflammatory bowel disease. Plos One. 2014;9:e101583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith EM, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D and anemia: insights into an emerging association. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015;22:432–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lac PT, Choi K, Liu IA, et al. The effects of changing vitamin D levels on anemia in chronic kidney disease patients: a retrospective cohort review. Clin Nephrol. 2010;74:25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacchetta J, Zaritsky JJ, Sea JL, et al. Suppression of iron-regulatory hepcidin by vitamin D. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:564–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelazzo FB, Oliveira JM, Stefanello J, et al. The influence of vitamin A supplementation on iron status. Nutrients. 2013;5:4399–4413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da cunha MS, Siqueira EM, Trindade LS, et al. Vitamin A deficiency modulates iron metabolism via ineffective erythropoiesis. J Nutr Biochem. 2014;25:1035–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang S, Wang CX, Lan L, et al. Vitamin A deficiency aggravates iron deficiency by upregulating the expression of iron regulatory protein-2. Nutrition. 2012;28:281–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares-Mota M, Silva TA, Gomes LM, et al. High prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in Crohn’s disease patients according to serum retinol levels and the relative dose-response test. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:1614–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann MB, Biebinger R, Rohner F, et al. Vitamin A supplementation in children with poor vitamin A and iron status increases erythropoietin and hemoglobin concentrations without changing total body iron. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:580–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoolingin-jordan PM, Al-daihan S, Alexeev D, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid synthase: mechanism, mutations and medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003;1647:361–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier C. [Megaloblastic vitamin B6 deficiency anemia in hemochromatosis]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1957;87:1234–1235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasuda H, Fujiwara N, Ishizaki Y, et al. Anemia attributed to vitamin B6 deficiency in post-pancreaticoduodenectomy patients. Pancreatology. 2015;15:81–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisano M, Suzuki R, Sago H, et al. Vitamin B6 deficiency and anemia in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64:221–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saibeni S, Cattaneo M, Vecchi M, et al. Low vitamin B(6) plasma levels, a risk factor for thrombosis, in inflammatory bowel disease: role of inflammation and correlation with acute phase reactants. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vagianos K, Bernstein CN. Homocysteinemia and B vitamin status among adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a one-year prospective follow-up study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:718–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannadaki E, Potamianos S, Roussomoustakaki M, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and positive Coombs test associated with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1872–1874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorber M, Schwartz LI, Wasserman LR. Association of antibody-coated red blood cells with ulcerative colitis; report of four cases. Am J Med. 1955;19:887–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates P, Macht LM, Williams NA, et al. Red cell autoantibody production by colonic mononuclear cells from a patient with ulcerative colitis and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 1992;82:753–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park BS, Park S, Jin K, et al. Coombs negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Crohn’s disease. Am J Case Rep. 2014;15:550–553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plikat K, Rogler G, Scholmerich J. Coombs-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Crohn’s disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17:661–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease and myelodysplastic syndrome: report of nine new cases and a review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:1929–1932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harewood GC, Loftus EV Jr., Tefferi A, et al. Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease and myelodysplastic syndromes. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1999;5:98–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura F, Watanabe T, Hori K, et al. Simultaneous occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease and myelodysplastic syndrome due to chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells. Digestion. 2009;79:215–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet. 2009;374:1617–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Connor SJ, Virgin G, et al. Anemia and iron deficiency in gastrointestinal and liver conditions. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Sep 21;22(35):7908-7925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidarsdottir JB, Johannsdottir SE, Thorsdottir I, et al. A cross-sectional study on nutrient intake and status in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Nutr J 2016;15:61.
   Google Scholar
• Vagianos K, Clara I, Carr R, et al. What are adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) eating? A closer look at the dietary habits of a population-based Canadian IBD cohort. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40:405-411.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmermann N, Krieger K, Loitsch SM, et al. Evidence of low micronutrient intake in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:S437-S437.
   Google Scholar
• Gerasimidis K, McGrogan P, Edwards CA. The aetiology and impact of malnutrition in paediatric inflmmatory bowel disease. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2011;24:313-326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van assche G, Dignass A, Bokemeyer B, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 3: special situations. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7:1–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, et al. Review article: the nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:582–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Schett G. Anaemia in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9:205–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wish JB. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1(Suppl1):S4–8.
   Google Scholar
• Heimpel H, Diem H, Nebe T. [Counting reticulocytes: new importance of an old method]. Med Klin (Munich). 2010;105:538–543.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harms K, Kaiser T. Beyond soluble transferrin receptor: old challenges and new horizons. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;29:799–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamaki A. Serum transferrin receptor, ferritin and TfR-F index in identification of latent iron deficiency. Eur J Haematol. 1998;60:135–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junca J, Fernandez-aviles F, Oriol A, et al. The usefulness of the serum transferrin receptor in detecting iron deficiency in the anemia of chronic disorders. Haematologica. 1998;83:676–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skikne BS, Punnonen K, Caldron PH, et al. Improved differential diagnosis of anemia of chronic disease and iron deficiency anemia: a prospective multicenter evaluation of soluble transferrin receptor and the sTfR/log ferritin index. Am J Hematol. 2011;86:923–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oustamanolakis P, Koutroubakis IE, Messaritakis I, et al. Soluble transferrin receptor-ferritin index in the evaluation of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Ann Gastroenterol. 2011;24:108–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abitbol V, Borderie D, Polin V, et al. Diagnosis of iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease by transferrin receptor-ferritin index. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugnara C, Mohandas N. Red cell indices in classification and treatment of anemias: from M.M. Wintrobes’s original 1934 classification to the third millennium. Curr Opin Hematol. 2013;20:222–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urrechaga E, Borque L, Escanero JF. Percentage of hypochromic erythrocytes as a potential marker of iron availability. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012;50:685–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parodi E, Giraudo MT, Davitto M, et al. Reticulocyte parameters: markers of early response to oral treatment in children with severe iron-deficiency anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2012;34:e249–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagg JH, Goldberg A, Lochhead A. Value of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in the diagnosis of latent iron deficiency (sideropenia). Br J Haematol. 1966;12:326–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastka J, Lasserre JJ, Schwarzbeck A, et al. Zinc protoporphyrin in anemia of chronic disorders. Blood. 1993;81:1200–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesenthal M, Dienethal A, Dignass AU, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio for screening of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:S599–S599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiesenthal M, Dignass A, Hartmann F, et al. Serum hepcidin levels predict intestinal iron absorption in IBD patients. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:S120–S120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli M, Strisciuglio C, Alessandrella A, et al. Serum hepcidin and iron absorption in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:566–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmel R. Biomarkers of cobalamin (vitamin B-12) status in the epidemiologic setting: a critical overview of context, applications, and performance characteristics of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and holotranscobalamin II. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:348S–358S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasche C, Ahmad T, Tulassay Z, et al. Ferric maltol is effective in correcting iron deficiency anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a phase-3 clinical trial program. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:579–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1832–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolkien Z, Stecher L, Mander AP, et al. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 2015;10:e0117383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay HS, Soiza RL. Systematic review and meta-analysis: what is the evidence for oral iron supplementation in treating anaemia in elderly people? Drugs Aging. 2015;32:149–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortman GA, Raffatellu M, Swinkels DW, et al. Nutritional iron turned inside out: intestinal stress from a gut microbial perspective. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2014;38:1202–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez K, Kulnigg-dabsch S, Gasche C. Management of iron deficiency anemia. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2015;11:241–250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moretti D, Goede JS, Zeder C, et al. Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood. 2015;126:1981–1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okam MM, Koch TA, Tran MH. Iron deficiency anemia treatment response to oral iron therapy: a pooled analysis of five randomized controlled trials. Haematologica. 2016;101:e6–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozzard D. When is high-dose intravenous iron repletion needed? Assessing new treatment options. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2011;5:51–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geisser P, Baer M, Schaub E. Structure/histotoxicity relationship of parenteral iron preparations. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992;42:1439–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder SE, Reddy MB, Schalinske KL. Retinoic acid modulates hepatic iron homeostasis in rats by attenuating the RNA-binding activity of iron regulatory proteins. J Nutr. 2007;137:2686–2690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yessayan L, Sandhu A, Besarab A, et al. Intravenous iron dextran as a component of anemia management in chronic kidney disease: a report of safety and efficacy. Int J Nephrol. 2013;2013:703038.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang C, Graham DJ, Kane RC, et al. Comparative risk of anaphylactic reactions associated with intravenous iron products. Jama. 2015;314:2062–2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (EMA). EMA. Assessment report for: Iron containing intravenous (IV) medicinal products. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/IV_iron_31/WC500150771.pdf 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Ganzoni AM. [Intravenous iron-dextran: therapeutic and experimental possibilities]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1970;100:301–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evstatiev R, Marteau P, Iqbal T, et al. FERGIcor, a randomized controlled trial on ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:846-853 e1-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulnigg S, Teischinger L, Dejaco C, et al. Rapid recurrence of IBD-associated anemia and iron deficiency after intravenous iron sucrose and erythropoietin treatment. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1460–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evstatiev R, Alexeeva O, Bokemeyer B, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose prevents recurrence of anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:269–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinisch W, Altorjay I, Zsigmond F, et al. A 1-year trial of repeated high-dose intravenous iron isomaltoside 1000 to maintain stable hemoglobin levels in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:1226–1233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabler SP. Clinical practice. Vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:149–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal-Alaball J, Butler CC, Cannings-John R, et al. Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jul 20;(3):CD004655.
   Google Scholar
• Selhub J, Morris MS, Jacques PF, et al. Folate-vitamin B-12 interaction in relation to cognitive impairment, anemia, and biochemical indicators of vitamin B-12 deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:702S–6S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raftery T, O’Sullivan M. Optimal vitamin D levels in Crohn’s disease: a review. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74:56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hlavaty T, Krajcovicova A, Payer J. Vitamin D therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases: who, in what form, and how much? J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:198–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsiolakidou G, Koutroubakis IE. Stimulating erythropoiesis in inflammatory bowel disease associated anemia. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13:4798–4806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy GJ, Reeves BC, Rogers CA, et al. Increased mortality, postoperative morbidity, and cost after red blood cell transfusion in patients having cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2007;116:2544–2552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehra T, Seifert B, Bravo-reiter S, et al. Implementation of a patient blood management monitoring and feedback program significantly reduces transfusions and costs. Transfusion. 2015;55:2807–2815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar