Targeting cannabinoid receptors in gastrointestinal cancers for therapeutic uses: current status and future perspectives

References

• Izzo AA, Muccioli GG, Ruggieri MR, et al. Endocannabinoids and the digestive tract and bladder in health and disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2015;231:423–447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ligresti A, De Petrocellis L, Di Marzo V. From phytocannabinoids to cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoids: pleiotropic physiological and pathological roles through complex pharmacology. Physiol Rev. 2016;96:1593–1659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasenoehrl C, Taschler U, Storr M, et al. The gastrointestinal tract – a central organ of cannabinoid signaling in health and disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;28:1765–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ligresti A, Bisogno T, Matias I, et al. Possible endocannabinoid control of colorectal cancer growth. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:677–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph J, Niggemann B, Zaenker KS, et al. Anandamide is an endogenous inhibitor for the migration of tumor cells and T lymphocytes. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2004;53:723–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhough A, Patsos HA, Williams AC, et al. The cannabinoid delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits RAS-MAPK and PI3K-AKT survival signalling and induces BAD-mediated apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:2172–2180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Wang H, Ning W, et al. Loss of cannabinoid receptor 1 accelerates intestinal tumor growth. Cancer Res. 2008;68:6468–6476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cianchi F, Papucci L, Schiavone N, et al. Cannabinoid receptor activation induces apoptosis through tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated ceramide de novo synthesis in colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:7691–7700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsos HA, Hicks DJ, Dobson RR, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide, induces cell death in colorectal carcinoma cells: a possible role for cyclooxygenase 2. Gut. 2005;54:1741–1750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega A, García-Hernández VM, Ruiz-García E, et al. Comparing the effects of endogenous and synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists on survival of gastric cancer cells. Life Sci. 2016;165:56–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xian X-S, Park H, Choi M-G, et al. Cannabinoid receptor agonist as an alternative drug in 5-fluorouracil-resistant gastric cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2013;33:2541–2547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JM, Xian X-S, Choi M-G, et al. Antiproliferative mechanism of a cannabinoid agonist by cell cycle arrest in human gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem. 2011;112:1192–1205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafsson SB, Lindgren T, Jonsson M, et al. Cannabinoid receptor-independent cytotoxic effects of cannabinoids in human colorectal carcinoma cells: synergism with 5-fluorouracil. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009;63:691–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyato H, Kitayama J, Yamashita H, et al. Pharmacological synergism between cannabinoids and paclitaxel in gastric cancer cell lines. J Surg Res. 2009;155:40–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo AA, Aviello G, Petrosino S, et al. Increased endocannabinoid levels reduce the development of precancerous lesions in the mouse colon. J Mol Med (Berl). 2008;86:89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh JH, Lee JY, Baeg MK, et al. Antineoplastic effect of WIN 55,212-2, a cannabinoid agonist, in a murine xenograft model of gastric cancer. Chemotherapy. 2013;59:200–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagano E, Borrelli F, Orlando P, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of MAGL attenuates experimental colon carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Res. 2017;119:227–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye L, Zhang B, Seviour EG, et al. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) knockdown inhibits tumor cells growth in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett. 2011;307:6–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kargl J, Haybaeck J, Stančić A, et al. O-1602, an atypical cannabinoid, inhibits tumor growth in colitis-associated colon cancer through multiple mechanisms. J Mol Med (Berl). 2013;91:449–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis MP. Cannabinoids for symptom management and cancer therapy: the evidence. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2016;14:915–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Chen H, Li Y, et al. Endocannabinoid and ceramide levels are altered in patients with colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 2015;34:447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedoya F, Rubio JC, Morales-Gutierrez C, et al. Single nucleotide change in the cannabinoid receptor-1 (CNR1) gene in colorectal cancer outcome. Oncology. 2009;76:435–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung CK, Kang WK, Park JM, et al. Expression of the cannabinoid type I receptor and prognosis following surgery in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett. 2013;5:870–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Martínez E, Gómez I, Martín P, et al. Cannabinoids receptor type 2, CB2, expression correlates with human colon cancer progression and predicts patient survival. Oncoscience. 2015;2:131–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aviello G, Romano B, Borrelli F, et al. Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer. J Mol Med (Berl). 2012;90:925–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano B, Borrelli F, Pagano E, et al. Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol. Phytomedicine. 2014;21:631–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli F, Pagano E, Romano B, et al. Colon carcinogenesis is inhibited by the TRPM8 antagonist cannabigerol, a Cannabis-derived non-psychotropic cannabinoid. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35:2787–2797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar