870
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

An overview of walled-off pancreatic necrosis for clinicians

Pages 331-343 | Received 09 Nov 2018, Accepted 23 Jan 2019, Published online: 08 Feb 2019

References

  • Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, et al. Acute Pancreatitis Classification Working Group. Classification of acute pancreatitis – 2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013;62:102–111.
  • Stamatakos M, Stefanaki C, Kontzoglou K, et al. Walled off pancreatic necrosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:1701–1712.
  • Ramia JM, de la Plaza R, Quiñones-Sampedro JE, et al. Walled off pancreatic necrosis. Neth J Med. 2012;70:168–171.
  • Isayama H, Nakai Y, Rerknimitr R, et al. Asian consensus statements on endoscopic management of walled-off necrosis part 1: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31:1546–1554.
  • Rana SS, Sharma RK, Gupta P, et al. Natural course of asymptomatic walled off necrosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.10.010
  • Pannala R, Ross AS. Pancreatic endotherapy and necrosectomy. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2015;13:185–197.
  • Takahashi N, Papachristou GI, Schmit GD, et al. CT findings of walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN): differentiation from pseudocyst and prediction of outcome after endoscopic therapy. Eur Radiol. 2008;18:2522–2529.
  • Morgan DE, Baron TH, Smith JK, et al. Pancreatic fluid collections prior to intervention: evaluation with MR imaging compared with CT and US. Radiology. 1997;203:773–778.
  • Zaheer A, Singh VK, Qureshi RO, et al. The revised Atlanta classification for acute pancreatitis: updates in imaging terminology and guidelines. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38:125–136.
  • Rana SS, Chaudhary V, Sharma R, et al. Comparison of abdominal ultrasound, endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in detection of necrotic debris in walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Gastroenterol Rep. 2016;4:50–53.
  • Banks PA, Freeman ML. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:2379–2400.
  • Gerzof SG, Banks PA, Robbins AH, et al. Early diagnosis of pancreatic infection by computed tomography-guided aspiration. Gastroenterology. 1987;93:1315–1320.
  • Islim F, Salik AE, Bayramoglu S, et al. Non-invasive detection of infection in acute pancreatic and acute necrotic collections with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary findings. Abdom Imaging. 2014 Jun;39(3):472–481.
  • Arvanitakis M, Rodrigues Duarte H, El Bacha S, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and characterisation of pancreatic fluid collections: preliminary results. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:S314–S315.
  • Buchler MW, Gloor B, Muller CA, et al. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: treatment strategy according to the status of infection. Ann Surg. 2000;232:619–626.
  • Banks PA, Gerzof SG, Langevin RE, et al. CT-guided aspiration of suspected pancreatic infection: bacteriology and clinical outcome. Int J Pancreatol. 1995;18:265–270.
  • Rana SS, Bhasin DK, Reddy YR, et al. Morphological features of fluid collections on endoscopic ultrasound in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: do they change over time? Ann Gastroenterol. 2014;27:258–261.
  • Wittau M, Mayer B, Scheele J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:261–270.
  • Rana SS, Chaudhary V, Sharma R, et al. Impact of nasojejunal feeding on outcome of patients with walled off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) presenting with pain: a pilot study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2015;19:1621–1624.
  • Lee JK, Kwak KK, Park JK, et al. The efficacy of nonsurgical treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. Pancreas. 2007;34:399–404.
  • Mouli VP, Sreenivas V, Garg PK. Efficacy of conservative treatment, without necrosectomy, for infected pancreatic necrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2013;144: 333–340.e2).
  • Seewald S, Groth S, Omar S, et al. Aggressive endoscopic therapy for pancreatic necrosis and pancreatic abscess: a new safe and effective treatment algorithm (videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:92–100.
  • Rao C, Bhasin DK, Rana SS, et al. Implications of culture positivity in acute pancreatitis; does the source matter? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28:887–892.
  • Boumitri C, Brown E, Kahaleh M. Necrotizing pancreatitis: current management and therapies. Clin Endosc. 2017;50:357–365.
  • Rau B, Bothe A, Beger HG. Surgical treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis by necrosectomy and closed lavage: changing patient characteristics and outcome in a 19-year, single-center series. Surgery. 2005;138:28–39.
  • Connor S, Alexakis N, Raraty MG, et al. Early and late complications after pancreatic necrosectomy. Surgery. 2005;137:499–505.
  • Parekh D. Laparoscopic-assisted pancreatic necrosectomy: a new surgical option for treatment of severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Arch Surg. 2006;141: 895–902. Discussion 902–903.
  • van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bollen TL, et al. Case-matched comparison of the retroperitoneal approach with laparotomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. World J Surg. 2007;31:1635–1642.
  • Raraty MG, Halloran CM, Dodd S, et al. Minimal access retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy: improvement in morbidity and mortality with a less invasive approach. Ann Surg. 2010;251:787–793.
  • Alsfasser G, Hermeneit S, Rau BM, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for pancreatic disease – current status. Dig Surg. 2016;33:276–283.
  • Cooperman AM. Surgical treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts. Surg Clin North Am. 2001;81:411–419.
  • Zyromski NJ, Nakeeb A, House MG, et al. Transgastric pancreatic necrosectomy: how I do it. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20:445–449.
  • Worhusky DJ, Qadan M, Dua MM, et al. Laparoscopic transgastric necrosectomy for the management of pancreatic necrosis. J Am Coll Surg. 2014;219:735–743.
  • Driedger M, Zyromski NJ, Visser BC, et al. Surgical transgastric necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis: a single-stage procedure for walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Ann Surg. 2018 Sep 13. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003048
  • Dua MM, Jensen CW, Friedland S, et al. Isolated pancreatic tail remnants after transgastric necrosectomy can be observed. J Surg Res. 2018;231:109–115.
  • Khan MA, Hammad T, Khan Z, et al. Endoscopic versus percutaneous management for symptomatic pancreatic fluid collections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. 2018;6:E474–E483.
  • Akshintala VS, Saxena P, Zaheer A, et al. A comparative evaluation of outcomes of endoscopic versus percutaneous drainage for symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014; 79: 921–928: quiz 983 e2, 983 e5.
  • L C H, Debroux S, Delhaye M, et al. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic-fluid collections in 116 patients: a comparison of etiologies, drainage techniques, and outcomes. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63:635–643.
  • Ke L, Li J, Hu P, et al. Percutaneous catheter drainage in infected pancreatitis necrosis: a systematic review. Indian J Surg. 2016;78:221–228.
  • Rana SS, Gupta R, Kang M, et al. Percutaneous catheter drainage followed by endoscopic transluminal drainage/necrosectomy for treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis in early phase of illness. Endosc Ultrasound. 2018;7:41–47.
  • Shenvi S, Gupta R, Kang M, et al. Timing of surgical interventionin patients of infected necrotizing pancreatitis not responding to percutaneous catheter drainage. Pancreatology. 2016;16:778–787.
  • Babu RY, Gupta R, Kang M, et al. Predictors of surgery in patients with severe acute pancreatitis managed by the step-up approach. Ann Surg. 2013;257:737–750.
  • Freeny PC, Hauptmann E, Althaus SJ, et al. Percutaneous CT-guided catheter drainage of infected acute necrotizing pancreatitis: techniques and results. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;170:969–975.
  • van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group, et al.. A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1491–1502.
  • Bruennler T, Langgartner J, Lang S, et al. Outcome of patients with acute, necrotizing pancreatitis requiring drainage-does drainage size matter? World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:725–730.
  • Tong Z, Li W, Yu W, et al. Percutaneous catheter drainage for infective pancreatic necrosis: is it always the first choice for all patients? Pancreas. 2012;41:302–305.
  • Sharma V, Gorsi U, Gupta R, et al. Percutaneous interventions in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Trop Gastroenterol. 2016;37:4–18.
  • Bakken JC, Baron TH. Use of partially covered and fully covered self expandable metal stents to establish percutaneous access for endoscopic necrosectomy. Endoscopy. 2011;43:A69.
  • Dhingra R, Srivastava S, Behra S, et al. Single or multiport percutaneous endoscopic necrosectomy performed with the patient under conscious sedation is a safe and effective treatment for infected pancreatic necrosis (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;81:351–359.
  • Saumoy M, Kumta NA, Tyberg A, et al. Transcutaneous endoscopic necrosectomy for walled-off pancreatic necrosis in the paracolic gutter. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:458–463.
  • Thorsen A, Borch AM, Novovic S, et al. Endoscopic necrosectomy through percutaneous self‐expanding metal stents may be a promising additive in treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63:2456–2465.
  • Gluck M, Ross A, Irani S, et al. Endoscopic and percutaneous drainage of symptomatic walled-off pancreatic necrosis reduces hospital stay and radiographics resources. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:1083–1088.
  • van Brunschot S, Bakker OJ, Besselink MG, et al.; Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. Treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:1190–1201.
  • Gurusamy KS, Belgaumkar AP, Haswell A, et al. Interventions for necrotising pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD011383.
  • Khan MA, Kahaleh M, Khan Z, et al. Time for a changing of guard: from minimally invasive surgery to endoscopic drainage for management of pancreatic walled-off necrosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018 Oct 31. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001141
  • van Brunschot S, van Grinsven J, van Santvoort HC, Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group, et al.. Endoscopic or surgical step-up approach for infected necrotising pancreatitis: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391:51–58.
  • Bakker OJ, van Santvoort HC, van Brunschot S, Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group, et al.. Endoscopic transgastric vs surgical necrosectomy for infected necrotizing pancreatitis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;307:1053–1061.
  • Adler DG. Surgery versus endoscopy for patients with infected pancreatic necrosis. Lancet. 2018;391:6–8.
  • Guo J, Saftoiu A, Vilmann P, et al. A multi-institutional consensus on how to perform endoscopic ultrasound-guided peri-pancreatic fluid collection drainage and endoscopic necrosectomy. Endosc Ultrasound. 2017;6:285–291.
  • Sharma V, Rana SS, Bhasin DK. Endoscopic ultrasound guided interventional procedures. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;7:628–642.
  • Isayama H, Nakai Y, Rerknimitr R, et al. Asian consensus statements on endoscopic management of walled-off necrosis. Part 2: endoscopic management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31:1555–1565.
  • Varadarajulu S, Christein JD, Tamhane A, et al. Prospective randomized trial comparing EUS and EGD for transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:1102–1111.
  • Rana SS, Bhasin DK. Nonfluoroscopic endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage of pseudocysts: A pictorial technical review. Endosc Ultrasound. 2015;4:92–97.
  • Rana SS, Bhasin DK, Rao C, et al. Non-fluoroscopic endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage of symptomatic non-bulging walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Dig Endosc. 2013;25:47–52.
  • Law R, Baron TH. Endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts and necrosis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;9:167–175.
  • Bang JY, Hasan MK, Navaneethan U, et al. Lumen apposing metal stents (LAMS) for drainage of pancreatic fluid collections: when and for whom? Dig Endosc. 2017;29:83–90.
  • Siddiqui AA, Kowalski TE, Loren DE, et al. Fully covered self-expanding metal stents versus lumen-apposing fully covered self-expanding metal stent versus plastic stents for endoscopic drainage of pancreatic walled-off necrosis: clinical outcomes and success. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:758–765.
  • Sharaiha RZ, Tyberg A, Khashab MA, et al. Endoscopic therapy with lumen-apposing metal stents is safe and effective for patients with pancreatic walled-off necrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1797–1803.
  • Siddiqui AA, Adler DG, Nieto J, et al. EUS-guided drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections and necrosis by using a novel lumen-apposing stent: a large retrospective, multicenter U.S. experience (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83:699–707.
  • Hammad T, Khan MA, Alastal Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of lumen-apposing metal stents in management of pancreatic fluid collections: are they better than plastic stents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63:289–301.
  • Rana SS, Sharma V, Sharma R, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound guided transmural drainage of walled off pancreatic necrosis using a “step – up” approach: A single centre experience. Pancreatology. 2017;17:203–208.
  • Bang JY, Navaneethan U, Hasan MK, et al. Non-superiority of lumen-apposing metal stents over plastic stents for drainage of walled-off necrosis in a randomised trial. Gut. 2018 Jun 1;pii: gutjnl-2017–315335. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315335
  • Lang GD, Fritz C, Bhat T, et al. EUS-guided drainage of peripancreatic fluid collections with lumen-apposing metal stents and plastic double-pigtail stents: comparison of efficacy and adverse event rates. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;87:150–157.
  • Rana SS, Sharma R, Gupta R. Early removal of metal stents in walled off pancreatic necrosis. Pancreatology. 2018 Oct 2. DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.10.001
  • Orr J, Yachimski P. Timing of endoscopic necrosectomy following transmural stent placement for pancreatic necrosis. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2018 Oct 27. DOI: 10.1007/s11938-018-0211-1
  • Yan L, Dargan A, Nieto J, et al. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy at the time of transmural stent placement results in earlier resolution of complex walled-off pancreatic necrosis: results from a large multicenter United States trial. Endosc Ultrasound. 2018 Jun 6. DOI: 10.4103/eus.eus_108_17
  • Gornals JB, Consiglieri CF, Busquets J, et al. Endoscopic necrosectomy of walled-off pancreatic necrosis using a lumen-apposing metal stent and irrigation technique. Surg Endosc. 2016;30:2592–2602.
  • Gardner TB, Chahal P, Papachristou GI, et al. A comparison of direct endoscopic necrosectomy with transmural endoscopic drainage for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:1085–1094.
  • Arvanitakis M, Dumonceau JM, Albert J, et al. Endoscopic management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: european Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) evidence-based multidisciplinary guidelines. Endoscopy. 2018;50:524–546.
  • Lakhtakia S, Basha J, Talukdar R, et al. Endoscopic “step-up approach” using a dedicated biflanged metal stent reduces the need for direct necrosectomy in walled-off necrosis (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:1243–1252.
  • Bang JY, Holt BA, Hawes RH, et al. Outcomes after implementing a tailored endoscopic step‑up approach to walled‑off necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 2014;101:1729‑38.
  • Rana SS, Bhasin DK, Sharma RK, et al. Do the morphological features of walled off pancreatic necrosis on endoscopic ultrasound determine the outcome of endoscopic transmural drainage? Endosc Ultrasound. 2014;3:118‑22.
  • Varadarajulu S, Rana SS, Bhasin DK. Endoscopic therapy for pancreatic duct leaks and disruptions. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2013;23:863–892.
  • Jagielski M, Smoczyński M, Adrych K. The role of endoscopic treatment of pancreatic duct disruption in patients with walled-off pancreatic necrosis. Surg Endosc. 2018;32:4939–4952.
  • Bhasin DK, Rana SS. Combining transpapillary pancreatic duct stenting with endoscopic transmural drainage for pancreatic fluid collections: two heads are better than one! J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:433–434.
  • Amin S, Yang DJ, Lucas AL, et al. There is no advantage to transpapillary pancreatic duct stenting for the transmural endoscopic drainage of pancreatic fluid collections: a meta-analysis. Clin Endosc. 2017;50:388–394.
  • Yang D, Amin S, Gonzalez S, et al. Transpapillary drainage has no added benefit on treatment outcomes in patients undergoing EUS-guided transmural drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts: a large multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83:720–729.
  • Rana SS, Bhasin DK, Rao C, et al. Consequences of long term indwelling transmural stents in patients with walled off pancreatic necrosis & disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome. Pancreatology. 2013;13:486–490.
  • Arvanitakis M, Delhaye M, Bali MA, et al. Pancreatic fluid collections: a randomized controlled trial regarding stent removal after endoscopic transmural drainage. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65:609–619.
  • Varadarajulu S, Wilcox CM. Endoscopic placement of permanent indwelling transmural stents in disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome: does benefit outweigh the risks? Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74:1408–1412.
  • Dhir V, Adler DG, Dalal A, et al. Early removal of biflanged metal stents in the management of pancreatic walled-off necrosis: a prospective study. Endoscopy. 2018;50:597–605.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.