Updates and advancements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma patients after hepatectomy

References

• International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Cancer today. [cited 2019 Jun 22]. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/home
   Google Scholar
• Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(2):115–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Peng NF, You XM, et al. Tumor stage and primary treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma at a large tertiary hospital in China: A real-world study. Oncotarget. 2017;8(11):18296–18302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiang X, Zhong JH, Wang YY, et al. Distribution of tumor stage and initial treatment modality in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Transl Oncol. 2017;19(7):891–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva A, Longo DL. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(15):1450–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Ke Y, Gong WF, et al. Hepatic resection associated with good survival for selected patients with intermediate and advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2014;260(2):329–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galle PR, Forner A, Llovet JM, European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):182–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Ma L, Li LQ. Postoperative therapy options for hepatocellular carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49(6):649–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun HC, Zhang W, Qin LX, et al. Positive serum hepatitis B e antigen is associated with higher risk of early recurrence and poorer survival in patients after curative resection of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2007;47(5):684–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon RT, Fan ST, Ng IO, et al. Different risk factors and prognosis for early and late intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;89(3):500–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portolani N, Coniglio A, Ghidoni S, et al. Early and late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic and therapeutic implications. Ann Surg. 2006;243(2):229–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi M, Guo RP, Lin XJ, et al. Partial hepatectomy with wide versus narrow resection margin for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2007;245(1):36–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva A, Hoshida Y, Battiston C, et al. Combining clinical, pathology, and gene expression data to predict recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(5):1501–1512. e1502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu SD, Wang YY, Peng NF, et al. Preoperative ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes predicts postresection survival in selected patients with early or intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(5):e2722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, et al. Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol. 2003;38(2):200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun JM, Kwon HJ, Sohn J, et al. Prognostic factors after early recurrence in patients who underwent curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2011;103(2):148–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu XF, Xing H, Han J, et al. Risk factors, patterns, and outcomes of late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study from China. JAMA Surg. 2019;154(3):209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao J, Li W, Mao J. Early versus late recurrence of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma after mesohepatectomy: A cohort study based on the STROBE guidelines. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(23):e15540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamanaka N, Takada M, Tanaka T, et al. Viral serostatus and coexisting inflammatory activity affect metachronous carcinogenesis after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. A further report. J Gastroenterol. 2000;35(3):206–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AWH, Zhong JH, Berhane S, et al. Development of pre and post-operative models to predict early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection. J Hepatol. 2018;69(6):1284–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang X, Qin HG, You XM, et al. Expression of P62 in hepatocellular carcinoma involving hepatitis B virus infection and aflatoxin B1 exposure. Cancer Med. 2017;6(10):2357–2369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv Y, Wei W, Huang Z, et al. Long non-coding RNA expression profile can predict early recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Hepatol Res. 2018;48(13):1140–1148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Li H, Li LQ, et al. Adjuvant therapy options following curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review of randomized trials. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012;38(4):286–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu GQ, Shi KQ, Yu HJ, et al. Optimal adjuvant therapy for resected hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review with network meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2015;6(20):18151–18161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogel A, Cervantes A, Chau I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(Supplement_4):iv238–iv255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68(2):723–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Hepatobiliary Cancers. Verson 2.2019-March; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO). Guidelines of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2018. V1). Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH); 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Omata M, Cheng AL, Kokudo N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(4):317–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Sun HC, Wang Z, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2017 Edition). Liver Cancer. 2018;7(3):235–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Liver Cancer Association; National Cancer Center. 2018 Korean liver cancer association-national cancer center korea practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Liver. 2019;13(3):227–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Y, Qiu Y, Li J, et al. Adjuvant therapy with capecitabine postpones recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(12):3137–3144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song TJ, Fong Y, Cho SJ, et al. Comparison of hepatocellular carcinoma in American and Asian patients by tissue array analysis. J Surg Oncol. 2012;106(1):84–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuang XJ, Jia RR, Huo RR, et al. Systematic review of risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(9):1026–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YF, Zhao W, Zhong YD, et al. Interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis B reduces progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16(4):265–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singal AK, Salameh H, Kuo YF, et al. Meta-analysis: the impact of oral anti-viral agents on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38(2):98–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu JF, Ye JZ, Feng XZ, et al. Pre- and post-operative HBsAg levels may predict recurrence and survival after curative resection in patients with HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2017;116(2):140–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo S, Hirohashi K, Tanaka H, et al. Effect of viral status on recurrence after liver resection for patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2000;88(5):1016–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JC, Huang YH, Chau GY, et al. Risk factors for early and late recurrence in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2009;51(5):890–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Li J, Yan J, et al. Antiviral therapy decreases viral reactivation in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. J Viral Hepat. 2013;20(5):336–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang G, Lau WY, Wang ZG, et al. Antiviral therapy improves postoperative survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2015;261(1):56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang G, Li PP, Lau WY, et al. Antiviral therapy reduces hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in patients with low HBV-DNA levels: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2018;268(6):943–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin J, Li N, Han Y, et al. Effect of antiviral treatment with nucleotide/nucleoside analogs on postoperative prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a two-stage longitudinal clinical study. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(29):3647–3655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LT, Jeng LB, Hsiao CF, et al. Randomized, phase III trial of adjuvant adeforvir vs. therapeutic lamivudine in post-operative BCLC stage 0 or A HBV-related HCC: The Taiwan Cooperative Oncology Group T1206 study. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(15_suppl):4101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu GM, Huang XY, Shen SL, et al. Adjuvant antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2016;46(1):100–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia BW, Zhang YC, Wang J, et al. Efficacy of antiviral therapy with nucleotide/nucleoside analogs after curative treatment for patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2015;39(4):458–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong JS, Wong GL, Tsoi KK, et al. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of anti-viral therapy in prevention of recurrence after curative treatment of chronic hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(10):1104–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan P, Chen P, Qian Y. Evaluation of antiviral therapy performed after curative therapy in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2016:5234969.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mo HY, Xiang BD, Zhong JH, et al. Comment on “Evaluation of antiviral therapy performed after curative therapy in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated meta-analysis”. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2016:7625982.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, et al. Antiviral therapy decreases recurrence of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection: a meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2014;38(9):2395–2402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang G, Yu X, Liu P, et al. Efficacy of nucleoside analogs for chronic hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative Treatment: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(12):3207–3219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke Y, Ma L, You XM, et al. Antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after radical hepatectomy. Cancer Biol Med. 2013;10(3):158–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhong JH. Nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy for HBV-related HCC after hepatic resection: clinical benefits and unanswered questions. Tumour Biol. 2014;35(12):12779–12784.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhong JH, Ma L, Li LQ. Postoperative antiviral therapy with Nucleos(t)ide analogs in patients with hepatitis B virus–related hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2017;265(4):e46–e47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang JH, Xiang BD, Li LQ, et al. Postoperative antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogs for patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2016;40(3):e29–e30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong WF, Zhong JH, Lu SD, et al. Effects of antiviral therapy on post-hepatectomy HBV reactivation and liver function in HBV DNA-negative patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8(9):15047–15056.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan BH, Li RH, Yuan WP, et al. Perioperative entecavir for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma and low levels of viral DNA: analysis using propensity score matching. Oncotarget. 2017;8(31):51810–51816.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang XY, Jia RR, Xiang X, et al. Letter: older age and male gender increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46(9):906–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Ke Y, Zhu SL, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil is less expensive than lamivudine and associated with similar prognosis in patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after radical resection. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:6897–6907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L, Xia Z, Shen J, et al. The different effects of adefovir dipivoxil and telbivudine on the prognosis of hepatitis b virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(6):e14386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu SL, Zhong JH, Ke Y, et al. Comparative efficacy of postoperative transarterial chemoembolization with or without antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(8):6277–6284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen LT, Chen MF, Li LA, et al. Long-term results of a randomized, observation-controlled, phase III trial of adjuvant interferon Alfa-2b in hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Ann Surg. 2012;255(1):8–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda K, Arase Y, Saitoh S, et al. Interferon beta prevents recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after complete resection or ablation of the primary tumor-A prospective randomized study of hepatitis C virus-related liver cancer. Hepatology. 2000;32(2):228–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo S, Nishiguchi S, Hirohashi K, et al. Randomized clinical trial of long-term outcome after resection of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma by postoperative interferon therapy. Br J Surg. 2002;89(4):418–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SM, Lin CJ, Hsu CW, et al. Prospective randomized controlled study of interferon-alpha in preventing hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after medical ablation therapy for primary tumors. Cancer. 2004;100(2):376–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo CM, Liu CL, Chan SC, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of postoperative adjuvant interferon therapy after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2007;245(6):831–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiratori Y, Shiina S, Teratani T, et al. Interferon therapy after tumor ablation improves prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(4):299–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun HC, Tang ZY, Wang L, et al. Postoperative interferon alpha treatment postponed recurrence and improved overall survival in patients after curative resection of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized clinical trial. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2006;132(7):458–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaferro V, Romito R, Schiavo M, et al. Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence with alpha-interferon after liver resection in HCV cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2006;44(6):1543–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitenstein S, Dimitroulis D, Petrowsky H, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of interferon after curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with viral hepatitis. Br J Surg. 2009;96(9):975–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang TS, Shyu YC, Chen HY, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of adjuvant interferon therapy after curative treatment for patients with viral hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Viral Hepat. 2013;20(10):729–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao RY, Zhao HT, Yang HY, et al. Postoperative adjuvant antiviral therapy for hepatitis B/C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(23):2931–2942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake Y, Takaki A, Iwasaki Y, et al. Meta-analysis: interferon-alpha prevents the recurrence after curative treatment of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17(4):287–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen YC, Hsu C, Chen LT, et al. Adjuvant interferon therapy after curative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a meta-regression approach. J Hepatol. 2010;52(6):889–894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singal AK, Freeman Jr DH Jr., Anand BS. Meta-analysis: interferon improves outcomes following ablation or resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(7):851–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu JB, Qi FZ, Xu G, et al. Adjuvant interferon therapy after surgical treatment for hepatitis B/C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2014;44(2):209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, He XD, Yao N, et al. A meta-analysis of adjuvant therapy after potentially curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol. 2013;27(6):351–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang S, Liu Y, Wang L, et al. A meta-analysis and systematic review: adjuvant interferon therapy for patients with viral hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol. 2013;11(1):240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu J, Li J, Chen J, et al. Effect of adjuvant interferon therapy on hepatitis b/c virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative therapy - meta-analysis. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2015;24(2):331–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang L, Zeng X, Yang Z, et al. Effect and safety of interferon for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e61361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Yin Z, Cao L, et al. Adjuvant pegylated interferon therapy improves the survival outcomes in patients with hepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(28):e11295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi R, Shimizu K, Iyobe T, et al. Postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion of Lipiodol containing anticancer drugs in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 1994;20(2):295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JQ, Zhang YQ, Zhang WZ, et al. Randomized study of chemoembolization as an adjuvant therapy for primary liver carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1995;121(6):364–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Wang J, Sun Y, et al. Postoperative transhepatic arterial chemoembolization and portal vein chemotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized study with 131 cases. Dig Surg. 2006;23(4):235–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng BG, He Q, Li JP, et al. Adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization improves efficacy of hepatectomy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus. Am J Surg. 2009;198(3):313–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong C, Guo RP, Li JQ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of hepatectomy with adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization versus hepatectomy alone for Stage III A hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2009;135(10):1437–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Ren Z, Chen Y, et al. Adjuvant Transarterial Chemoembolization for HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Resection: A Randomized Controlled Study. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(9):2074–2081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei W, Jian PE, Li SH, et al. Adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with solitary tumor and microvascular invasion: a randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2018;38(1):61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhong JH, Li LQ. Postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for participants with hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2010;40(10):943–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao M, Zhu Z, Wang H, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for patients after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2017;52(6–7):624–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XP, Liu YC, Chen ZH, et al. Postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization improves outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatic vein invasion: a propensity score matching analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2019;26(5):1465–1473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Z, Du G, Pang Y, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization after radical resection contributed to the outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with high-risk factors. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(33):e7426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang JH, Guo Z, Lu HF, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: propensity score analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(15):4627–4634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi YP, Zhong JH, Liang ZY, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma involving microvascular invasion. Am J Surg. 2019;217(4):739–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Ke Q, Lin N, et al. Does postoperative adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization benefit for all patients with hepatocellular carcinoma combined with microvascular invasion: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2019;54(5):528–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen ZH, Zhang XP, Zhou TF, et al. Adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization improves survival outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2019;45:2188–2196. Epub ahead of print.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau WY, Lai EC, Leung TW, et al. Adjuvant intra-arterial iodine-131-labeled lipiodol for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial-update on 5-year and 10-year survival. Ann Surg. 2008;247(1):43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau WY, Leung TW, Ho SK, et al. Adjuvant intra-arterial iodine-131-labelled lipiodol for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9155):797–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung AY, Ooi LL, Machin D, et al. Adjuvant hepatic intra-arterial iodine-131-lipiodol following curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. World J Surg. 2013;37(6):1356–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong L, Shi L, Sun J, et al. Comparative survival analysis of adjuvant therapy with iodine-131-labeled lipiodol to hepatic resection of primary hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Nucl Med Commun. 2014;35(5):484–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama T, Sekine T, Makuuchi M, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy to lower postsurgical recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2000;356(9232):802–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawata A, Une Y, Hosokawa M, et al. Adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Adriamycin, interleukin-2, and lymphokine-activated killer cells versus adriamycin alone. Am J Clin Oncol. 1995;18(3):257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie L, Pang R, Jin Y, et al. [Effects of hepatic artery chemotherapeutic embolization combined with perfusing LAK cells into hepatic artery after radical operation of liver cancer]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2000;8(3):142–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou WP, Wu MC, Chen H, et al. [The effects of combined hepatectomy and immuno-chemotherapy on postoperative recurrence rate of primary liver cancer]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 1995;33(1):35–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu L, Wang J, Kim Y, et al. A randomized controlled trial on patients with or without adjuvant autologous cytokine-induced killer cells after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology. 2016;5(3):e1083671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng DS, Zhou J, Zhou QM, et al. Minimally invasive treatment combined with cytokine-induced killer cells therapy lower the short-term recurrence rates of hepatocellular carcinomas. J Immunother. 2008;31(1):63–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Lim YS, Yeon JE, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(7):1383–1391. e1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong H, Li Q, Wang J, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of postoperative adjuvant cytokine-induced killer cells immunotherapy after radical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis. 2009;41(1):36–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xie F, Zhang X, Li H, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy in postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma: a systemic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Ma L, Wu LC, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy for postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66(1):21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Liu A, Bo W, et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy with autologous cytokine-induced killer cells for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative resection, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2016;48(11):1275–1282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao H, Zheng M, Wang K, et al. A meta-analysis of adoptive immunotherapy in postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther. 2018;14(4):807–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo HY, Liao YY, You XM, et al. Timely meta-analysis on the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients after curative therapy. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0174222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan BH, Li RH, Yuan WP, et al. Harms and benefits of adoptive immunotherapy for postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma: an updated review. Oncotarget. 2017;8(11):18537–18549.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Nakamura H, Liu W, et al. Involvement of hepatoma-derived growth factor in the growth inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by vitamin K(2). J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(3):228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiji H, Noguchi R, Toyohara M, et al. Combination of vitamin K2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ameliorates cumulative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2009;51(2):315–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotta N, Ayada M, Sato K, et al. Effect of vitamin K2 on the recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(79):2073–2077.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishizuka M, Kubota K, Shimoda M, et al. Effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin k2 analog, on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Anticancer Res. 2012;32(12):5415–5420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakizaki S, Sohara N, Sato K, et al. Preventive effects of vitamin K on recurrent disease in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma arising from hepatitis C viral infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(4):518–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida H, Shiratori Y, Kudo M, et al. Effect of vitamin K2 on the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2011;54(2):532–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuta T, Ozaki I, Eguchi Y, et al. The effect of menatetrenone, a vitamin K2 analog, on disease recurrence and survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a pilot study. Cancer. 2006;106(4):867–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosho K, Okano J, Koda M, et al. Vitamin K2 has no preventive effect on recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after effective treatment. Yonago Acta Med. 2008;51:95–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Mo XS, Xiang BD, et al. Postoperative use of the chemopreventive vitamin K2 analog in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu KJ, Lai EC, Yao XP, et al. Vitamin analogues in chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg. 2010;33(3):120–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riaz IB, Riaz H, Riaz T, et al. Role of vitamin K2 in preventing the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Gong WF, Li LQ, et al. Meta-analysis of postoperative chemopreventive Vitamin K2 analog for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27(Suppl. 5):212–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barone M, Viggiani MT, Losurdo G, et al. Systematic review: renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(20):2524–2538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muto Y, Moriwaki H, Ninomiya M, et al. Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid, polyprenoic acid, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatoma Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(24):1561–1567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai K, Okuno M, Yasuda I, et al. Prevention of second primary tumors by an acyclic retinoid in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Updated analysis of the long-term follow-up data. Intervirology. 2005;48(1):39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto M, Arii S, Sugahara K, et al. Adjuvant oral chemotherapy to prevent recurrence after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1996;83(3):336–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasegawa K, Takayama T, Ijichi M, et al. Uracil-tegafur as an adjuvant for hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2006;44(4):891–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong JH, Xiang BD, Ma L, et al. Conventional oral systemic chemotherapy for postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review. Mol Clin Oncol. 2014;2(6):1091–1096.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruix J, Takayama T, Mazzaferro V, et al. Adjuvant sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma after resection or ablation (STORM): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(13):1344–1354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long-term oral administration of branched chain amino acids after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. The San-in Group of Liver Surgery. Br J Surg. 1997;84(11):1525–1531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng WC, Leung KL, Ho RL, et al. Prospective randomized control study on the effect of branched-chain amino acids in patients with liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aust NZ J Surg. 1999;69(11):811–815.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okabayashi T, Iyoki M, Sugimoto T, et al. Oral supplementation with carbohydrate- and branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrients improves postoperative quality of life in patients undergoing hepatic resection. Amino Acids. 2011;40(4):1213–1220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshiji H, Noguchi R, Ikenaka Y, et al. Combination of branched-chain amino acids and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor suppresses the cumulative recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma: a randomized control trial. Oncol Rep. 2011;26(6):1547–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nojiri S, Fujiwara K, Shinkai N, et al. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized trial. Nutrition. 2017;33:20–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa K, Okabayashi T, Maeda H, et al. Oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acids reduces early recurrence after hepatic resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study. Surg Today. 2013;43(7):720–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng JY, Zhong JH, Zhang HG, et al. Pre-, Peri-, and postoperative oral administration of branched-chain Amino acids for primary liver cancer patients for hepatic resection: a systematic review. Nutr Cancer. 2014;66(3):517–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Chen Y, Wang X, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral branched-chain amino acid supplementation in patients undergoing interventions for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Nutr J. 2015;14:67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen K, Xia Y, Wang H, et al. Adjuvant iodine-125 brachytherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma after complete hepatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CJ, Lee PH, Lin DY, et al. Heparanase inhibitor PI-88 as adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection: a randomized phase II trial for safety and optimal dosage. J Hepatol. 2009;50(5):958–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CJ, Chang J, Lee PH, et al. Adjuvant heparanase inhibitor PI-88 therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(32):11384–11393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yau T, Hsu C, Kim TY, et al. Nivolumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: sorafenib-experienced Asian cohort analysis. J Hepatol. 2019. Epub ahead of print. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.1005.1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehrenberg-Klee E, Goyal L, Dugan M, et al. Y-90 radioembolization combined with a PD-1 inhibitor for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;41(11):1799–1802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen T, Jin C, Facciorusso A, et al. Multidisciplinary management of recurrent and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma after resection: an international expert consensus. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr. 2018;7(5):353–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng IO, Guan XY, Poon RT, et al. Determination of the molecular relationship between multiple tumour nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma differentiates multicentric origin from intrahepatic metastasis. J Pathol. 2003;199(3):345–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Li J, Shen F, et al. Significance of presence of microvascular invasion in specimens obtained after surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33(2):347–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaibori M, Ishizaki M, Matsui K, et al. Predictors of microvascular invasion before hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102(5):462–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxford centre for evidence-based medicine – levels of evidence (March 2009) [DB/OL]. [ cited cited 2019 July 3]. Available from:https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/.
   Google Scholar