Hepatitis B reactivation: diagnosis and management

References

• Nguyen MH, Wong G, Gane E, et al. Hepatitis B virus: advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(2):2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer A, Horn J, Mikolajczyk RT, et al. Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(10003):1546–1555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HC, Kao JH. Revisiting the natural history of chronic HBV infection [original]. Current Hepatol Rep. 2016;15(3):141–149.
   Google Scholar
• Lok AS, Liang RH, Chiu EK. et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1991;100(1):182–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CJ, Chen PJ, Chen DS, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy: natural history, pathogenesis, and management. Hepatol Int. 2013;7(2):316–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YH, Bae SC, Song GG. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in rheumatic patients with hepatitis core antigen (HBV occult carriers) undergoing anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2013;31(1):118–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evens AM, Jovanovic BD, Su YC, et al. Rituximab-associated hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in lymphoproliferative diseases: meta-analysis and examination of FDA safety reports. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(5):1170–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Zhou Y, Chen C, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients with positive Hepatitis B surface antigen undergoing PD-1 inhibition. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ende AR, Kim NH, Yeh MM, et al. Fulminant hepatitis B reactivation leading to liver transplantation in a patient with chronic hepatitis C treated with simeprevir and sofosbuvir: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2015;9:164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang X W, Ye J Z, Li Y T, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in patients receiving direct-acting antiviral therapy or interferon-based therapy for hepatitis C: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(28):3181–3191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C J, Chuang W L, Sheen I S, et al., Efficacy of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir treatment of HCV infection in patients coinfected with HBV. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(4): 989–997. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belperio PS, Shahoumian TA, Mole LA, et al. Evaluation of hepatitis B reactivation among 62,920 veterans treated with oral hepatitis C antivirals. Hepatology. 2017;66(1):27–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liang RH, Lok AS, Lai CL, et al. Hepatitis B infection in patients with lymphomas. Hematol Oncol. 1990;8(5):261–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mindikoglu AL, Regev A, Schiff ER. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after cytotoxic chemotherapy: the disease and its prevention. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(9):1076–1081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih CA, Chen WC, Yu HC, et al. Risk of severe acute exacerbation of chronic HBV infection cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy and did not receive anti-viral prophylaxis. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0132426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Chan PKS, Hui P, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in breast cancer patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy: A prospective study. J Med Virol. 2003;70(4):553–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers J, Mason WS. Replication of the genome of a hepatitis B–like virus by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Cell. 1982;29(2):403–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger C, Mason WS. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000;64(1):51–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HC, Kao JH. Persistence of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA in hepatocytes: molecular mechanisms and clinical significance. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2014;3(9):e64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger C, Mason WS. Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus infection. Virology. 2015;479–480:672–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werle-Lapostolle B, Bowden S, Locarnini S, et al. Persistence of cccDNA during the natural history of chronic hepatitis B and decline during adefovir dipivoxil therapy. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(7):1750–1758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalak TI, Pasquinelli C, Guilhot S, et al. Hepatitis B virus persistence after recovery from acute viral hepatitis. J Clin Invest. 1994;94(2):907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loriot MA, Marcellin P, Walker F, et al. Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and liver from patients with chronic hepatitis B after loss of HBsAg. J Hepatol. 1997;27(2):251–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehermann B. Pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis: differential roles of T cells and NK cells. Nat Med. 2013;19(7):859–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertoletti A, Ferrari C. Adaptive immunity in HBV infection. J Hepatol. 2016;64(1 Suppl):S71–s83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018;67(4):1560–1599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau GK, et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol Int. 2016;10(1):1–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASL 2017 clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;67(2):370–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF, Tai DI, Chu CM, et al. The development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective study. Hepatology. 1988;8(3):493–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau JY, Lai CL, Lin HJ, et al. Fatal reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection following withdrawal of chemotherapy in lymphoma patients. Q J Med. 1989;73(270):911–917.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lau GK, Leung YH, Fong DY, et al. High hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load as the most important risk factor for HBV reactivation in patients positive for HBV surface antigen undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2002;99(7):2324–2330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu C, Tsou HH, Lin SJ, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B reactivation in lymphoma patients with resolved HBV infection: a prospective study. Hepatology. 2014;59(6):2092–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svicher V, Salpini R, Malagnino V, et al. New markers in monitoring the reactivation of Hepatitis B virus infection in immunocompromised hosts. Viruses. 2019;11:9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HC, Tsou HH, Pei SN, et al. Quantification of HBV core antibodies may help predict HBV reactivation in patients with lymphoma and resolved HBV infection. J Hepatol. 2018;69(2):286–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caviglia GP, Abate ML, Tandoi F, et al. Quantitation of HBV cccDNA in anti-HBc-positive liver donors by droplet digital PCR: A new tool to detect occult infection. J Hepatol. 2018;69(2):301–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto WK, Wong DK, Chan TS, et al. Association of Hepatitis B core-related antigen with Hepatitis B virus reactivation in occult viral carriers undergoing high-risk immunosuppressive therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(12):1788–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusumoto S, Tanaka Y, Suzuki R, et al. Ultra-high sensitivity HBsAg assay can diagnose HBV reactivation following rituximab-based therapy in patients with lymphoma. J Hepatol. 2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dervite I, Hober D, Morel P. Acute hepatitis B in a patient with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen who was receiving rituximab. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(1):68–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusumoto S, Arcaini L, Hong X, et al. Risk of HBV reactivation in patients with B-cell lymphomas receiving obinutuzumab or rituximab immunochemotherapy. Blood. 2019;133(2):137–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong HJ, Ni LN, Sheng GF, et al. Risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients receiving rituximab-chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2013;57(3):209–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrillo RP, Gish R, Falck-Ytter YT. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(1):221–244.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada T, Nannya Y, Suetsugu A, et al. Late reactivation of Hepatitis B virus after chemotherapies for hematological malignancies: a case report and review of the literature. Intern Med. 2017;56(1):115–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei J, Zhu X, Mao X, et al. Severe early hepatitis B reactivation in a patient receiving anti-CD19 and anti-CD22 CAR T cells for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien YC, Yen HH, Chiu YM. Incidence and clinical characteristics of hepatitis B virus reactivation in HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive patients receiving rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(5):831–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YM, Chen HH, Huang WN, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection following rituximab treatment in HBsAg-negative, HBcAb-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients: A long-term, real-world observation. Int J Rheum Dis. 2019;22(6):1145–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varisco V, Vigano M, Batticciotto A, et al. Low risk of Hepatitis B virus reactivation in HBsAg-negative/Anti-HBc-positive carriers receiving rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective multicenter Italian study. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(5):869–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton AR, Pallett LJ, McCoy LE, et al. Circulating and intrahepatic antiviral B cells are defective in hepatitis B. J Clin Invest. 2018;128(10):4588–4603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond SP, Chen K, Pandit A, et al. Risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients treated with ibrutinib. Blood. 2018;131(17):1987–1989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GK, He ML, Fong DY, et al. Preemptive use of lamivudine reduces hepatitis B exacerbation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Hepatology. 2002;36(3):702–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto WK, Chan TS, Hwang YY, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in occult viral carriers undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A prospective study. Hepatology. 2017;65(5):1451–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GK, Lie AK, Kwong YL, et al. A case-controlled study on the use of HBsAg-positive donors for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood. 2000;96(2):452–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, Kim K, Kim DH, et al. Changes of hepatitis B virus serologic status after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and impact of donor immunity on hepatitis B virus. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2011;17(11):1630–1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulska M, Nicolini L, Signori A, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in HBsAg-negative/HBcAb-positive allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: risk factors and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(10):O694–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Cai Q, Lin T, et al. Lamivudine for the prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with advanced or relapsed non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma single institution experience. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009;10(15):2399–2406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma A, Biritxinaga L, Saliba RM, et al. Impact of Hepatitis B core antibody seropositivity on the outcome of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2017;23(4):581–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Chan PK, Zhong S, et al. Frequency of hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a prospective study of 626 patients with identification of risk factors. J Med Virol. 2000;62(3):299–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu CH, Hsu HC, Chen HL, et al. Doxorubicin activates hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in HBV-harboring hepatoblastoma cells. A possible novel mechanism of HBV reactivation in HBV carriers receiving systemic chemotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2004;24(5a):3035–3040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tur-Kaspa R, Shaul Y, Moore DD, et al. The glucocorticoid receptor recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in hepatitis B virus DNA causing increased activity of the HBV enhancer. Virology. 1988;167(2):630–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy KR, Beavers KL, Hammond SP, et al. American gastroenterological association institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(1):215–9; quiz e16–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong GL, Wong VW, Yuen BW, et al. Risk of hepatitis B surface antigen seroreversion after corticosteroid treatment in patients with previous hepatitis B virus exposure. J Hepatol. 2020;72(1):57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakolpour S, Soori T, Noormohammadpour P, et al. Rituximab administration in a patient with pemphigus vulgaris following reactivation of occult hepatitis B virus infection. Dermatol Online J. 2017;23:6.
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Alvarez R, Diaz-Lagares C, Garcia-Hernandez F, et al. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-targeted therapy: analysis of 257 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2011;90(6):359–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomba R, Liang TJ. Hepatitis B reactivation associated with immune suppressive and biological modifier therapies: current concepts, management strategies, and future directions. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(6):1297–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin TC, Yoshida K, Tedeschi SK, et al. Risk of Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with inflammatory arthritis receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70(5):724–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan JL, Chen YM, Hsieh TY, et al. Kinetics of viral loads and risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in hepatitis B core antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(10):1719–1725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantini F, Boccia S, Goletti D, et al. HBV reactivation in patients treated with antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) agents for rheumatic and dermatologic conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Rheumatol. 2014;2014:926836.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papa A, Felice C, Marzo M, et al. Prevalence and natural history of hepatitis B and C infections in a large population of IBD patients treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(2):113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah R, Ho EY, Kramer JR, et al. Hepatitis B virus screening and reactivation in a national VA cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Dig Dis Sci. 2018;63(6):1551–1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou L, Zhao J, Gao S, et al. Restriction of hepatitis B virus replication by c-Abl-induced proteasomal degradation of the viral polymerase. Sci Adv. 2019;5(2):eaau7130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda K, Shiga Y, Takahashi A, et al. Fatal hepatitis B virus reactivation in a chronic myeloid leukemia patient during imatinib mesylate treatment. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(1):155–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhani S, Davidson L, Priebat DA, et al. Reactivation of chronic hepatitis B infection related to imatinib mesylate therapy. Hepatol Int. 2008;2(4):498–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai GM, Yan SL, Chang CS, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation in chronic myeloid leukemia patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(8):1318–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inayat F, Song F, Ali NS, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation following imatinib therapy: A comparative review of 9 cases. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2019;25(6):1500–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S-H, Kim HJ, Kwak J-Y, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in chronic myeloid leukemia treated with various tyrosine kinase inhibitors: multicenter, retrospective study. Blood. 2012;120(21):3738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhm J, Kim S-H, Oh S, et al. High incidence of Hepatitis B viral reactivation in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Blood. 2018;132(Supplement 1):3010.
   Google Scholar
• Wang YH, Liang JD, Sheng WH, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation during treatment of tyrosine kinase inhibitors-experience in 142 adult patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res. 2019;81:95–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao ZH, Liao WY, Ho CC, et al. Incidence of hepatitis B reactivation during epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Eur J Cancer. 2019;117:107–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pol S, Haour G, Fontaine H, et al. The negative impact of HBV/HCV coinfection on cirrhosis and its consequences. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;46(11–12):1054–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bini EJ, Perumalswami PV. Hepatitis B virus infection among American patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence, racial/ethnic differences, and viral interactions. Hepatology. 2010;51(3):759–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu G, Chi X, Wu R, et al. Replication inhibition of Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis c virus in co-infected patients in Chinese population. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0139015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan LB, Rao HY, Ma YJ, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in Chinese patients with hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence, clinical characteristics, viral interactions and host genotypes: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(10):e012016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins JM, Raphael KL, Terry C, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation during successful treatment of hepatitis C virus with sofosbuvir and simeprevir. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(8):1304–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng X, Uchida T, Xia Y, et al. Diminished hepatic IFN response following HCV clearance triggers HBV reactivation in coinfection. J Clin Invest. 2020. doi: 10.1172/JCI135616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucke MM, Backus LI, Mucke VT, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation during direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(3):172–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh ML, Huang CF, Huang CI, et al. Hepatitis B-related outcomes following direct-acting antiviral therapy in Taiwanese patients with chronic HBV/HCV co-infection. J Hepatol. 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.01.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASL recommendations on treatment of Hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol. 2018;69(2):461–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu D, Yin L, Zhou Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with HBV/HCV infection and advanced-stage cancer: A systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(5):e19013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LF, Mo YQ, Jing J, et al. Short-course tocilizumab increases risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective clinical observation. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(7):859–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu HY, Hui RC, Huang YH, et al. Safety pro fi le of secukinumab in treatment of patients with psoriasis and concurrent Hepatitis B or C: a multicentric prospective cohort study. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98(9):829–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting SW, Chen YC, Huang YH. Risk of Hepatitis B reactivation in patients with psoriasis on ustekinumab. Clin Drug Investig. 2018;38(9):873–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Huang B, Li Y, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with multiple myeloma receiving bortezomib-containing regimens followed by autologous stem cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(6):1710–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataca Atilla P, Yalciner M, Atilla E, et al. Hepatitis B reactivation rate and fate among multiple myeloma patients receiving regimens containing lenalidomide and/or bortezomib. Turk J Haematol. 2019;36(4):266–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannitto E, Minardi V, Calvaruso G, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation and alemtuzumab therapy. Eur J Haematol. 2005;74(3):254–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cil T, Altintas A, Tuzun Y, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation induced by Yttrium-90-ibritumomab-tiuxetan. Leuk Lymphoma. 2007;48(9):1866–1868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HH, Chen PJ, Chen DS, et al. Postpartum subsidence of hepatitis B viral replication in HBeAg-positive carrier mothers. J Med Virol. 1989;29(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HH, Wu WY, Kao JH, et al. Hepatitis B post-partum e antigen clearance in hepatitis B carrier mothers: correlation with viral characteristics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(3):605–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles M, Visvanathan K, Lewin S, et al. Clinical and virological predictors of hepatic flares in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B. Gut. 2015;64(11):1810–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen AA, Myers RP. The outcomes of pregnancy in patients with cirrhosis: a population-based study. Liver Int. 2010;30(2):275–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu PI, Lai KH, Cheng JS, et al. Prevention of acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in a hepatitis B virus endemic area. Hepatology. 2015;62(2):387–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riveiro-Barciela M, Gubern P, Roade L, et al. An electronic alert system increases screening for hepatitis B and C and improves management of patients with haematological disorders. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GKK, Yiu HHY, Fong DYT, et al. Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(6):1742–1749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeo W, Ho WM, Hui P, et al. Use of lamivudine to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004;88(3):209–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang JW, Choi JY, Bae SH, et al. A randomized controlled study of preemptive lamivudine in patients receiving transarterial chemo-lipiodolization. Hepatology. 2006;43(2):233–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomba R, Rowley A, Wesley R, et al. Systematic review: the effect of preventive lamivudine on hepatitis B reactivation during chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(7):519–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul S, Saxena A, Terrin N, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation and prophylaxis during solid tumor chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(1):30–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Li X, Zhu J, et al. Entecavir vs lamivudine for prevention of hepatitis B virus reactivation among patients with untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma receiving R-CHOP chemotherapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312(23):2521–2530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho EY, Yau T, Rousseau F, et al. Preemptive adefovir versus lamivudine for prevention of hepatitis B reactivation in chronic hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Hepatol Int. 2015;9(2):224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Huang L, Guo H, et al. Antiviral efficacy analysis of telbivudine concurrent with the first cycle of chemotherapy in HBsAg-positive lymphoma patients. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(2):199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M Y, Zhu G Q, Shi K Q, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative efficacy of oral nucleos(t)ide analogues for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus reactivation. Oncotarget. 2016;7(21):30642–30658.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buti M, Gane E, Seto WK, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(3):196–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan HLY, Fung S, Seto WK, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;1(3):185–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakaya A, Fujita S, Satake A, et al. Delayed HBV reactivation in rituximab-containing chemotherapy: how long should we continue anti-virus prophylaxis or monitoring HBV-DNA? Leuk Res. 2016;50:46–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu WP, Wang XP, Zheng W, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation after withdrawal of prophylactic antiviral therapy in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016;57(6):1355–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang JP, Somerfield MR, Alston-Johnson DE, et al. Hepatitis B virus screening for patients with cancer before therapy: american society of clinical oncology provisional clinical opinion update. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(19):2212–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong WWL, Hicks LK, Tu H A, et al. Hepatitis B virus screening before adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early-stage breast cancer: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;151(3):639–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan G, Zhou K, Tan CH, et al. Cost effectiveness of universal Hepatitis B virus screening in patients beginning chemotherapy for sarcomas or GI stromal tumors. J Glob Oncol. 2016;2(4):186–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hwang JP, Huang D, Vierling JM, et al., Cost-effectiveness analysis of Hepatitis B virus screening and management in patients with hematologic or solid malignancies anticipating immunosuppressive cancer therapy. JCO Clin Cancer Inform. 2019;3(3): 1–12. .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Konijeti GG, Grandhe S, Konerman M, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of screening for Hepatitis B virus infection in patients with solid tumors before initiating chemotherapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsou HH, Yang HC, Hsiao CF, et al. Cost-effectiveness of preventing hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with lymphoma and resolved HBV infection. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(1):335–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida T, Matsubara T, Yakushijin T, et al. Prediction and clinical implications of HBV reactivation in lymphoma patients with resolved HBV infection: focus on anti-HBs and anti-HBc antibody titers. Hepatol Int. 2019;13(4):407–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikawa K, Kimura K, Kanda Y, et al. A prospective trial of vaccine to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Sgro C, et al. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: a French population-based study. Hepatology. 2002;36(2):451–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norvell JP, Blei AT, Jovanovic BD, et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis: an analysis of the published literature and institutional cases. Liver Transpl. 2007;13(10):1428–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks SL, Freeman HJ. Cytomegalovirus hepatitis: evidence for direct hepatic viral infection using monoclonal antibodies. Gastroenterology. 1984;86(2):346–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijnders JG, Deterding K, Petersen J, et al. Antiviral effect of entecavir in chronic hepatitis B: influence of prior exposure to nucleos(t)ide analogues. J Hepatol. 2010;52(4):493–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han GR, Cao MK, Zhao W, et al. A prospective and open-label study for the efficacy and safety of telbivudine in pregnancy for the prevention of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2011;55(6):1215–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HL, Lee CN, Chang CH, et al. Efficacy of maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in interrupting mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology. 2015;62(2):375–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RS Jr., McMahon BJ, Lok AS, et al. Antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B viral infection during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):319–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao CA, Lee CM, Wu HC, et al. Lamivudine for the treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation following chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2002;116(1):166–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien RN, Lin CH, Liaw YF. The effect of lamivudine therapy in hepatic decompensation during acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2003;38(3):322–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan AC, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic liver failure. Hepatol Int. 2009;3(4):571–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar