References
- EASL-EASD-EASO. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64(6):1388–1402.
- Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, et al. Global epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(1):73–84.
- Lazo M, Hernaez R, Bonekamp S, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2011;343(nov18 2):d6891.
- Ballestri S, Zona S, Targher G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31(5):936–944.
- Mantovani A, Byrne CD, Bonora E, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(2):372–382.
- Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Marchesini G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a precursor of the metabolic syndrome. Dig Liver Dis. 2015;47(3):181–190.
- Park JW, Chen M, Colombo M, et al. Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: the BRIDGE study. Liver Int. 2015;35(9):2155–2166.
- Beste LA, Leipertz SL, Green PK, et al. Trends in burden of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma by underlying liver disease in US veterans, 2001 – 2013. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(6):1471–1482.e5.
- Wong RJ, Aguilar M, Cheung R, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(3):547–555.
- Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87–108.
- Grgurevic I, Podrug K, Mikolasevic I, et al. Natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: implications for clinical practice and an individualized approach. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;2020:5–7.
- Younossi ZM, Marchesini G, Pinto-Cortez H, et al. Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: implications for liver transplantation. Transplantation. 2019;103(1):22–27.
- Kleiner D, Brunt E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathologic patterns and biopsy evaluation in clinical research. Semin Liver Dis. 2012;32(1):3–13.
- Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, et al. Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(4):643–654.
- McPherson S, Hardy T, Henderson E, et al. Evidence of NAFLD progression from steatosis to fibrosing-steatohepatitis using paired biopsies: implications for prognosis and clinical management. J Hepatol. 2015;62(5):1148–1155.
- Pais R, Charlotte F, Fedchuk L, et al. A systematic review of follow-up biopsies reveals disease progression in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. J Hepatol. 2013;59(3):550–556.
- Ekstedt M, Hagström H, Nasr P, et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2015;61(5):1547–1554.
- Angulo P, Kleiner DE, Dam-Larsen S, et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(2):389–397.e10.
- Kanwal F, Kramer JR, Mapakshi S, et al. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(6):1828–1837.e2.
- Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Targher G, et al. AISF position paper on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): updates and future directions. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49(5):471–483.
- Day CP, James OFW. Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits”? Gastroenterology. 1998;114(4):842–845.
- Buzzetti E, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism. 2016;65(8):1038–1048.
- Tilg H, Moschen AR. Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatology. 2010;52(5):1836–1846.
- Suzuki A, Diehl AM. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Ann Rev Med. 2017;16(1):85–93.
- Moschen AR, Kaser S, Tilg H. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a microbiota-driven disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013;24(11):537–545.
- Lawrence T, Hagemann T, Balkwill F. CANCER: sex, cytokines, and cancer. Science. 2007;317(5834):51–52.
- Jiménez-Castro MB, Casillas-Ramírez A, Negrete-Sánchez E, et al. Adipocytokines in steatotic liver surgery/transplantation. Transplantation. 2019;103(1):71–77.
- Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, et al. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;16:411–428.
- Perumpail RB, Liu A, Wong RJ, et al. Pathogenesis of hepatocarcinogenesis in non-cirrhotic nonalcoholic fatty liver disease : potential mechanistic pathways. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(22):2384–2388.
- Britton LJ, Subramaniam VN, Crawford DH. Iron and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(36):8112–8122.
- Aigner E, Weiss G, Datz C. Dysregulation of iron and copper homeostasis in nonalcoholic fatty liver. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(2):177–188.
- Beaton MD, Chakrabarti S, Adams PC. Inflammation is not the cause of an elevated serum ferritin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Hepatol. 2014;13(3):353–356.
- George DK, Goldwurm S, Macdonald GA, et al. Increased hepatic iron concentration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 1998;114(2):311–318.
- Nelson JE, Wilson L, Brunt EM, et al. Relationship between the pattern of hepatic iron deposition and histological severity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2011;53(2):448–457.
- Maliken BD, Nelson JE, Klintworth HM, et al. Hepatic reticuloendothelial system cell iron deposition is associated with increased apoptosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2013;57(5):1806–1813.
- Valenti L, Fracanzani AL, Bugianesi E, et al. HFE genotype, parenchymal iron accumulation, and liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(3):905–912.
- Kowdley KV, Belt P, Wilson LA, et al. Serum ferritin is an independent predictor of histologic severity and advanced fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2012;55(1):77–85.
- Sachinidis A, Doumas M, Imprialos K, et al. Dysmetabolic iron overload in metabolic syndrome [internet]. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;1–6. http://www.eurekaselect.com/node/178835/article.
- Angulo P, George J, Day CP, et al. Serum ferritin levels lack diagnostic accuracy for liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(7):1163–1169 e1.
- Hagstrom H, Nasr P, Bottai M, et al. Elevated serum ferritin is associated with increased mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease after 16 years of follow-up. Liver Int. 2016;36(11):1688–1695.
- Sorrentino P, D’Angelo S, Ferbo U, et al. Liver iron excess in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma developed on non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2009;50(2):351–357.
- Clarke JD, Novak P, Lake AD, et al. Characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma related genes and metabolites in human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(2):365–374.
- Adams LA, Crawford DH, Stuart K, et al. The impact of phlebotomy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 2015;61(5):1555–1564.
- Tariq R, Axley P, Singal AK. Extra-hepatic manifestations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2020;10(1):81–87.
- Huh JH, Kim KJ, Kim SU, et al. Obesity is more closely related with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis measured by transient elastography than metabolic health status. Metabolism. 2017;66:23–31.
- Bedossa P, Tordjman J, Aron-Wisnewsky J, et al. Systematic review of bariatric surgery liver biopsies clarifies the natural history of liver disease in patients with severe obesity. Gut. 2017;66(9):1688–1696.
- Mummadi RR, Kasturi KS, Chennareddygari S, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(12):1396–1402.
- Mathurin P, Hollebecque A, Arnalsteen L, et al. Prospective study of the long-term effects of bariatric surgery on liver injury in patients without advanced disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(2):532–540.
- Cazzo E, Jimenez LS, Pareja JC, et al. Effect of roux-en-y gastric bypass on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease evaluated through nafld fibrosis score: a prospective study. Obes Surg. 2015;25(6):982–985.
- Moretto M, Kupski C, Da Silva VD, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on liver fibrosis. Obes Surg. 2012;22(7):1044–1049.
- Ooi GJ, Burton PR, Doyle L, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on liver function tests in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Obes Surg. 2017;27(6):1533–1542.
- Larsson SC, Wolk A. Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(7):1005–1008.
- van Meer S, van Erpecum KJ, Sprengers D, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic versus noncirrhotic livers: results from a large cohort in the Netherlands. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28(3):352–359.
- Weinmann A, Alt Y, Koch S, et al. Treatment and survival of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis associated hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2015;15(1):210.
- Alexander J, Torbenson M, Wu TT, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis in non-cirrhotic liver: a clinical and pathological study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(5):848–854.
- Ertle J, Dechêne A, Sowa JP, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of apparent cirrhosis. Int J Cancer. 2011;128(10):2436–2443.
- Duan X-Y, Qiao L, Fan J-G. Clinical features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2012;11(1):18–27.
- Leung C, Yeoh SW, Patrick D, et al. Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(4):1189–1196.
- Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Negro F, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean individuals in the United States. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012;91(6):319–327.
- Feldman A, Eder SK, Felder TK, et al. Clinical and metabolic characterization of lean caucasian subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(1):102–110.
- Leung JC-F, Loong TC-W, Wei JL, et al. Histological severity and clinical outcomes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in non-obese patients. Hepatology. 2017;65(1):54–64.
- Blachier M, Leleu H, Peck-Radosavljevic M, et al. The burden of liver disease in Europe: a review of available epidemiological data. J Hepatol. 2013;58(3):593–608.
- Raff EJ, Kakati D, Bloomer JR, et al. Diabetes mellitus predicts occurrence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer in alcoholic liver and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2015;3:9–16.
- Morling JR, Fallowfield JA, Guha IN, et al. Using non-invasive biomarkers to identify hepatic fibrosis in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study. J Hepatol. 2014;60(2):384–391.
- Adami HO, Chow WH, Nyrén O, et al. Excess risk of primary liver cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88(20):1472–1477.
- Yang WS, Va P, Bray F, et al. The role of pre-existing diabetes mellitus on hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence and prognosis: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e27326.
- Mohamad B, Shah V, Onyshchenko M, et al. Characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients without cirrhosis. Hepatol Int. 2016;10(4):632–639.
- Tokushige K, Hyogo H, Nakajima T, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Japanese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic liver disease: multicenter survey. J Gastroenterol. 2015;51(6):586–596.
- Than NN, Ghazanfar A, Hodson J, et al. Comparing clinical presentations, treatments and outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis c and non alcoholic fatty liver disease. QJM. 2017;110(2):73–81.
- Kikuchi L, Oliveira CP, Alvares-da-Silva MR, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma management in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: applicability of the BCLC staging system. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016;39(5):428–432.
- Piscaglia F, Svegliati-Baroni G, Barchetti A, et al., Clinical patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicenter prospective study. Hepatology. 2016;63(3):827–838.
- Kew MC. The role of cirrhosis in the etiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2014;45(1):12–21.
- Mittal S, El-Serag HB, Sada YH, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis in united states veterans is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(1):124–131.e1.
- Paradis V, Zalinski S, Chelbi E, et al. Hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with metabolic syndrome often develop without significant liver fibrosis: a pathological analysis. Hepatology. 2009;49(3):851–859.
- Yasui K, Hashimoto E, Komorizono Y, et al. Characteristics of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis who develop hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(5):428–433.
- Loomba R, Lim JK, Patton H, et al. AGA clinical practice update on screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2020. Available from. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.053..
- Caldwell SH, Crespo DM. The spectrum expanded: cryptogenic cirrhosis and the natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2004;40(4):578–584.
- Thuluvath PJ, Hanish S, Savva Y. Waiting list mortality and transplant rates for nash cirrhosis when compared with cryptogenic, alcoholic, or aih cirrhosis. Transplantation. 2019;103(1):113–121.
- Kogiso T, Sagawa T, Kodama K, et al. Long-term outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk factors for mortality and hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;n/a. doi:10.1111/jgh.14989
- Shirazi F, Wang J, Wong RJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis becomes the leading indication for liver transplant registrants among US adults born between 1945 and 1965. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2020;10(1):30–36.
- Natarajan Y, Kramer JR, Yu X, et al. Risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2020;n/a. doi:10.1002/hep.31157
- Mittal S, Sada YH, El-Serag HB, et al. Temporal trends of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma in the veteran affairs population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(3):594–601.
- Kodama K, Kawaguchi T, Hyogo H, et al. Clinical features of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients without advanced fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(9):1626–1632.
- Galle PR, Forner A, Llovet JM, et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):182–236.
- Tateishi R, Okanoue T, Fujiwara N, et al. Clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of non-B, non-C hepatocellular carcinoma: a large retrospective multicenter cohort study. J Gastroenterol. 2015;50(3):350–360.
- Glantzounis GK, Paliouras A, Stylianidi MC, et al. The role of liver resection in the management of intermediate and advanced stage hepatocellular carcinoma. A systematic review. Eur J Surg Oncol . 2018;44(2):195–208.
- Kwong A, Kim WR, Lake JR, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2018 annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2020;20(s1):193–299.
- Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Wilson LA, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score and the histopathologic diagnosis in NAFLD: distinct clinicopathologic meanings. Hepatology. 2011;53(3):810–820.
- Reig M, Gambato M, Man NK, et al., Should patients with NAFLD/NASH be surveyed for HCC? Transplantation. 2019;103(1):39–44.
- Ballestri S, Nascimbeni F, Lugari S, et al. A crtitical appraisal of the use of ultrasound in hepatic steatosis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;13(7):667–681.
- Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(6):1706–1718.
- Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Ballestri S, et al. Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps. Hepatology. 2019;70(4):1457–1469.
- Coulouarn C, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Lee JS, et al. Oncogene-specific gene expression signatures at preneoplastic stage in mice define distinct mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology. 2006;44(4):1003–1011.
- Estes C, Anstee QM, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016–2030. J Hepatol. 2018;69:896–904.
- Leonardo A, Ballestri S. Perspectives of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease research: a personal point of view. Explor Med. 2020. doi:10.37349/emed.2020.00007)