Iron deficiency anemia in IBD: an overlooked comorbidity

References

• Ng SC, Shi HY, Hamidi N, et al. Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: a systematic review of population-based studies. Lancet. 2017 Dec 23;390(10114):2769–2778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulnigg S, Gasche C. Systematic review: managing anaemia in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:1507–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De La Morena F, Gisbert JP. Anemia and inflammatory bowel disease. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2008;100:285–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Gomoll NF. Common misconceptions in the diagnosis and management of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasche C. Anemia in IBD: the overlooked villain. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2000;6:142–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra RS, Feitosa MR, Ferreira SDC, et al. Anemia and iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease patients in a referral center in brazil: prevalence and risk factors. Arq Gastroenterol. 2020 Jul-Sep;57(3):272–277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al Khoury A, Singh K, Kurti Z, et al. The burden of anemia remains significant over time in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases at a tertiary referral center. J Gastrointestinal Liver Dis. 2020 Dec 1;29(4):555–559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese S, Hoffman C, Vel S, et al. Anaemia from a patient perspective in inflammatory bowel disease: results from the European Federation of Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Association’s online survey. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26:1385–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Bager P, Befrits R, et al. Anaemia management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: routine practice across nine European countries. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25:1456–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenstein I, Dignass A, Vollmer S, et al. Current practice in the diagnosis and management of IBD associated anaemia and iron deficiency in Germany: the German AnaemIBD Study. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:1308–1314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bager P, Befrits R, Wikman O, et al. The prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in IBD outpatients in Scandinavia. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2011;46:304–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filmann N, Rey J, Schneeweiss S, et al. Prevalence of anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases in european countries: a systematic review and individual patient data metaanalysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:936–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel D, Yang YX, Trivedi C, et al. Incidence, duration, and management of anemia: a nationwide comparison between IBD and non-IBD populations. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2020 May 12;26(6):934–940. PMID: 31560755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ershler WB, Chen K, Reyes EB, et al. Economic burden of patients with anemia in selected diseases. Value Health. 2005;8:629–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells CW, Lewis S, Barton JR, et al. Effects of changes in hemoglobin level on quality of life and cognitive function in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Feb;12(2):123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• König P, Jimenez K, Saletu-Zyhlarz G, et al. Iron deficiency, depression, and fatigue in inflammatory bowel diseases. Z Gastroenterol. 2020 Dec;58(12):1191–1200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaney H, Vu P, Mathew A, et al. Anemia severity associated with increased healthcare utilization and costs in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2020 Sep;5:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Khan N, Patel D, Shah Y, et al. Factors predicting testing and treatment of iron deficiency in a nationwide cohort of anemic UC patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(12):2894–2901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignass AU, Gasche C, Bettenworth D, et al. European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:211–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1011–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Gasche C. Pathogenesis and treatment of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Haematologica. 2010;95:175–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang C, Ross V, Mahadevan U. Micronutrient deficiencies in inflammatory bowel disease: from A to zinc. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:1961–1981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Hartmann F, Dignass AU. Diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia in patients with IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7:599–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GJ. Non-transferrin-bound iron and cellular toxicity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14:105–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besson-Fournier C, Latour C, Kautz L, et al. Induction of activin B by inflammatory stimuli up-regulates expression of the iron-regulatory peptide hepcidin through Smad1/5/8 signaling. Blood. 2012;120:431–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth E, Rivera S, Gabayan V, et al. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest. 2004;113:1271–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaskova E, Pospisilova D, Velganova-Veghova M, et al. Importance of hepcidin in the etiopathogenesis of anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;16:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, et al. Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization. Science. 2004;306:2090–2093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theurl I, Mattle V, Seifert M, et al. Dysregulated monocyte iron homeostasis and erythropoietin formation in patients with anemia of chronic disease. Blood. 2006;107:4142–4148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basseri RJ, Nemeth E, Vassilaki ME, et al. Hepcidin is a key mediator of anemia of inflammation in Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7:e286–e291.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Semrin G, Fishman DS, Bousvaros A, et al. Impaired intestinal iron absorption in Crohn’s disease correlates with disease activity and markers of inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:1101–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez A, Cacoub P, Macdougall IC, et al. Iron deficiency anaemia. Lancet. 2016;387:907–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Nutritional anaemias: tools for effective prevention and control. 2017. [cited 2020 Nov 20]. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259425/9789241513067-eng.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• Wilson A, Reyes E, Ofman J. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med. 2004;116(Suppl7A):44S–9S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oldenburg B, Koningsberger JC, Van Berge Henegouwen GP, et al. Iron and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15:429–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camaschella C. Iron-deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1832–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappellini MD, Motta I. Anemia in clinical practice-definition and classification: does hemoglobin change with aging? Semin Hematol. 2015;52:261–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artz A, Dong X. Defining anemia by race using epidemiologic data. Blood. 2008;111:2941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J, Dignass A. Management of iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease a practical approach. Ann Gastroenterol. 2012 Jan 26;25:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cakal B, Akoz AG, Ustundag Y, et al. Red cell distribution width for assessment of activity of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:842–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasche C, Lomer MC, Cavill I, et al. Iron, anaemia, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut. 2004;53:1190–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker SD, Comin CJ, Filippatos G, et al. Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2436–2448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowska EA, Malyszko J, Ardehali H, et al. Iron status in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:827–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook JD. Diagnosis and management of iron-deficiency anaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2005;18:319–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas C, Thomas L. Anemia of chronic disease: pathophysiology and laboratory diagnosis. Lab Hematol. 2005;11:14–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lipschitz DA, Cook JD, Finch CA. A clinical evaluation of serum ferritin as an index of iron stores. N Engl J Med. 1974;290:1213–1216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast AE, Blinder MA, Gronowski AM, et al. Clinical utility of the soluble transferrin receptor and comparison with serum ferritin in several populations. Clin Chem. 1998;44:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G. Anemia of chronic disorders: new diagnostic tools and new treatment strategies. Semin Hematol. 2015;52:313–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer NM, Brugnara C. Diagnosis of iron-deficient states. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2015;52:256–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wish JB. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;1:S4–S8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas L, Thomas C. Anemia in iron deficiency and disorders of iron metabolism. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2002;127:1591–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oustamanolakis P, Koutroubakis IE, Messaritakis I, et al. Soluble transferrin receptor-ferritin index in the evaluation of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study. Ann Gastroenterol. 2011;24(2):108–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oustamanolakis P, Koutroubakis IE. Soluble transferrin receptor-ferritin index is the most efficient marker for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in patients with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011 Dec 1;17(12):E158–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abitbol V, Borderie D, Polin V, et al. Diagnosis of iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease by transferrin receptor-ferritin index. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Jul;94(26):e1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daude S, Remen T, Chateau T, et al. Comparative accuracy of ferritin, transferrin saturation and soluble transferrin receptor for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Jun;51(11):1087–1095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beguin Y. Soluble transferrin receptor for the evaluation of erythropoiesis and iron status. Clin Chim Acta. 2003;329:9–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojkovic Lalosevic M, Toncev L, Stankovic S, et al. Hepcidin Is a reliable marker of Iron Deficiency Anemia in newly diagnosed patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dis Markers. 2020 Nov 28;2020:1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evstatiev R, Marteau P, Iqbal T, et al. FERGI Study Group. FERGIcor, a randomized controlled trial on ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011 Sep;141(3):846–853.e1–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Bermejo F, Pajares R, et al. Oral and intravenous iron treatment in inflammatory bowel disease: hematological response and quality of life improvement. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Oct;15(10):1485–1491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasche C, Waldhoer T, Feichtenschlager T, et al. Austrian Inflammatory Bowel Diseases study group. Prediction of response to iron sucrose in inflammatory bowel disease-associated anemia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2382–2387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroder O, Mickisch O, Seidler U, et al. Intravenous iron sucrose versus oral iron supplementation for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease—a randomized, controlled, open-label, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:2503–2509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva AD, Tsironi E, Feakins RM, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of oral iron therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, comparative trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(11–12):1097–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Arguelles GJ, Diaz-Hernandez A, Manzano C, et al. Ineffectiveness of oral iron hydroxide polymaltose in iron-deficiency anemia. Hematology. 2007;12(3):255–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltwasser JP, Werner E, Niechzial M. Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of bivalent and trivalent iron preparations. Arzneimittelforschung. 1987;37(1A):122–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra S, Garg SK, Khullar GK, et al. Kinetics of two different iron formulations and their effect on diurnal variation of serum iron levels. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2004;26(6):417–420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen OH, Ainsworth M, Coskun M, et al. Management of Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaitha S, Bashir M, Ali T. Iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2015;6:62–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gulec S, Anderson GJ, Collins JF. Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption. Am J Physiol Liver Physiol. 2014;307:G397–G409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoffel NU, Cercamondi CI, Brittenham G, et al. Iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Haematol. 2017 Nov;4(11):e524–e533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolkien Z, Stecher L, Mander AP, et al. Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects in adults: a systematic review and metaanalysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0117383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tay HS, Soiza RL. Systematic review and meta-analysis: what is the evidence for oral iron supplementation in treating anaemia in elderly people? Drugs Aging. 2015;32:149–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg ND. Iron deficiency anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2013;6:61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kara M, Hasinoff BB, Dw MK, et al. Clinical and chemical interactions between iron preparations and ciprofloxacin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31(3):257–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg L, Rossander L, Skånberg AB. Phytates and the inhibitory effect of bran on iron absorption in man. Am J Clin Nut. 1987;45(5):988–996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disler P, Lynch SR, Charlton RW, et al. The effect of tea on iron absorption. Gut. 1975;16(3):193–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortman GA, Raffatellu M, Swinkels DW, et al. Nutritional iron turned inside out: intestinal stress from a gut microbial perspective. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2014;38:1202–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasche C, Ahmad T, Tulassay Z, et al. Ferric maltol is effective in correcting iron deficiency anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results from a phase-3 clinical trial program. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(3):579–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howaldt S, Jacob I, Sampson M, et al. P567 Impact of oral ferric maltol and IV iron on health-related quality of life in patients with iron deficiency anaemia and inflammatory bowel disease, and relationship with haemoglobin and serum iron. J Crohns Colitis. 2020;14:S478–S479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accrufer. Package Insert. UK: Shield Therapeutics. 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 15]. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/212320Orig1s000lbl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kis L, Szuts A, Otomo N, et al. The Potential of sucrose esters to be used as oral absorption enhacers. Sci Pharm. 2010;78:716.
   Google Scholar
• Kis L, Hellinger E, Pilbat AM, et al. Sucrose esters increase drug penetration, but do not inhibit p-glycoprotein in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. J Pharm Sci. 2014;103:3107–3119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccio E, Sabbatini M, Capuano I, et al. Oral Sucrosomial® iron versus intravenous iron for recovering iron deficiency anaemia in ND-CKD patients: a cost-minimization analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21:1–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbati G, Incerti F, Boarini C, et al. Safety and efficacy of sucrosomial iron in inflammatory bowel disease patients with iron deficiency anemia. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;14:423–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Ramírez S, Brilli E, Tarantino G, et al. Sucrosomial® Iron: a new generation iron for improving oral supplementation. Pharmaceuticals. 2018;11:97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulnigg S, Teischinger L, Dejaco C, et al. Rapid recurrence of IBD-associated anemia and iron deficiency after intravenous iron sucrose and erythropoietin treatment. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1460–1467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadhan-Raj S, Strauss W, Ford D, et al. Efficacy and safety of IV ferumoxytol for adults with iron deficiency anemia previously unresponsive to or unable to tolerate oral iron. Am J Hematol. 2014;89:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TW, Kolber MR, Fedorak RN, et al. Iron replacement therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients with iron deficiency anemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2012;6:267–275.
   Google Scholar
• Reinisch W, Staun M, Tandon RK, et al. A randomized, open-label, non-inferiority study of intravenous iron isomaltoside 1000 (Monofer) compared with oral iron for treatment of anemia in IBD (PROCEED). Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1877–1888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chertow GM, Mason PD, Vaage-Nilsen O, et al. Update on adverse drug events associated with parenteral iron. Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation. 2006;21(2):378–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dexferrum [package insert]. American regent. Shirley, NY, USA: 2008.
   Google Scholar
• INFeD. Package insert. Morristown, NJ, USA: Watson Pharma; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Ganzoni AM. Intravenous iron-dextran: therapeutic and experimental possibilities. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. 1970;100(7):301–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Regent. Venofer [Package Insert]. Shirley, NY, USA: American Regent; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrlecit. Package insert. Bridgewater, NJ, USA: Sanofi-Aventis US; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Feraheme [package insert]. AMAG pharmaceuticals. Lexington, Mass, USA; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Kulnigg S, Stoinov S, Simanenkov V, et al. A novel intravenous iron formulation for treatment of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: the ferric carboxymaltose (FERINJECT) randomized controlled trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(5):1182–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niepel D, Klag T, Malek NP, et al. Practical guidance for the management of iron deficiency in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2018 Apr;26(11):1756284818769074.
   Google Scholar
• Khan N, Patel D, Shah Y, et al. Factors predicting testing and treatment of iron deficiency in a nationwide cohort of anemic UC patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016 Dec 1;22(12):2894–2901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach M, Ballard H. Clinical use of intravenous iron: administration, efficacy, and safety. ASH Educ Program Book. 2010;2010:338–347.
   Google Scholar
• Auerbach M, Ballard H, Glaspy J. Clinical update: intravenous iron for anaemia. Lancet. 2007;369:1502–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz M, Gómez-Ramírez S, García-Erce JA, et al. Intravenous iron in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4666–4674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksan A, Isik H, Radeke HH, et al. Systematic review with network meta-analysis: comparative efficacy and tolerability of different intravenous iron formulations for the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45:1303–1318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf M, Koch TA, Bregman DB. Effects of iron deficiency anemia and its treatment on fibroblast growth factor 23 and phosphate homeostasis in women. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:1793–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasche C, Berstad A, Befrits R, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13:1545–1553. PMID: 17985376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverstein SB, Rodgers GM. Parenteral iron therapy options. Am J Hematol. 2004;76:74–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez RM, Aladren BS, Garcia FG. Use of agents stimulating erythropoiesis in digestive diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:4675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez KM, Gasche C. Management of Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Acta Haematol. 2019;142:30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadaki HA, Kritikos HD, Valatas V, et al. Anemia of chronic disease in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with increased apoptosis of bone marrow erythroid cells: improvement following anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy. Blood. 2002;100:474–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furst DE, Kay J, Wasko MC, et al. The effect of golimumab on haemoglobin levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52:1845–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutroubakis IE, Ramos-Rivers C, Regueiro M, et al. The influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents on hemoglobin levels of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:1587–1593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes X, Borrás-Blasco J, Molés JR, et al. Safety of ferric carboxymaltose immediately after infliximab administration, in a single session, in inflammatory bowel disease patients with iron deficiency: a pilot study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0128156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucendo AJ, Roncero O, Serrano-Duenas MT, et al. Effects of anti-TNF-alpha therapy on hemoglobin levels and anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52:400–407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim SY, Su Young S, Park DK, et al. Efficacy of iron supplementation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020;13:1756284820961302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsanos K, Cavalier E, Ferrante M, et al. Intravenous iron therapy restores functional iron deficiency induced by infliximab. J Crohns Colitis. 2007 Dec 1;1(2):97–105. Epub 2007 Sep 27. PMID: 21172191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucendo AJ, Roncero Ó, Serrano-Duenas MT, et al. Effects of anti–TNF-alpha therapy on hemoglobin levels and anemia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Digestive Liver Dis. 2020 Apr 1;52(4):400–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, An S, Park DK, et al. Efficacy of iron supplementation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020 Sep;13:1756284820961302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashizume M, Uchiyama Y, Horai N, et al. Tocilizumab, a humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptorantibody, improved anemia in monkey arthritis by suppressing IL-6-induced hepcidin production. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30:917–923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadhan-Raj S, Abonour R, Goldman JW, et al. A first-in-human phase 1 study of a hepcidin monoclonal antibody, LY2787106, in cancer-associated anemia. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leung D, Hill KA, De Rosa DC, et al. LY2928057, an antibody targeting ferroportin, is a potent inhibitor of hepcidin activity and increases iron mobilization in normal cynomolgus monkeys. Blood. 2013;122:3433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin CC, Shanahan F. Anemia in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Aug 1;96(8):2296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar