The effect of medical cannabis in inflammatory bowel disease: analysis from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry

References

• Alatab S, Sepanlou SG, Ikuta K, et al. The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jan;5(1):17–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SH. Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now? Intest Res. 2022 Apr 30;20(2):159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Mitchell R. Impact of inflammatory bowel disease on quality of life: results of the European Federation of Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Associations (EFCCA) patient survey. J Crohns Colitis. 2007 Sep 1;1(1):10–20. Internet
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer AGEM, Bennebroek Evertsz’ F, Stokkers PC, et al. Employment status, difficulties at work and quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Oct;28(10):1130–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luces C, Bodger K. Economic burden of inflammatory bowel disease: a UK perspective. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2006 Aug 9;6(4):471–482.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naegeli AN, Balkaran BL, Shan M, et al. The impact of symptom severity on the humanistic and economic burden of inflammatory bowel disease: a real-world data linkage study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2022Apr3;38(4):541–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armuzzi A, Tarallo M, Lucas J, et al. The association between disease activity and patient-reported outcomes in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis in the United States and Europe. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020 Dec 21;20(1):18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai Z, Wang S, Li J. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive review. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Dec 20;8:2681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai L, Ma C, Dulai PS, et al. Contemporary risk of surgery in patients with ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis of population-based cohorts. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021Oct1;19(10):2031–2045.e11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, Argollo M, et al. Loss of response to vedolizumab and ability of dose intensification to restore response in patients with crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Apr;17(5):838–846.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberio B, Savarino EV, Card T, et al. Incidence comparison of adverse events in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving different biologic agents: retrospective long-term evaluation. Intest Res. 2022 Jan 30;20(1):114–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahbazi F, Grandi V, Banerjee A, et al. Cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors: the story so far. iScience. 2020 Jul;23(7):101301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmes MW, Kaczocha M, Berger WT, et al. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular carriers for δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). J Biol Chem. 2015 Apr;290(14):8711–8721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccarrone M, Bab I, Bíró T, et al. Endocannabinoid signaling at the periphery: 50 years after THC. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015 May;36(5):277–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massa F, Storr M, Lutz B. The endocannabinoid system in the physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract. J Mol Med. 2005 Dec 26;83(12):944–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hryhorowicz S, Kaczmarek-Ryś M, Zielińska A, et al. Endocannabinoid system as a promising therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease – a systematic review. Front Immunol. 2021 Dec 22;12. 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massa F, Marsicano G, Hermann H, et al. The endogenous cannabinoid system protects against colonic inflammation. J Clin Investig. 2004 Apr 15;113(8):1202–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball ES, Schneider CR, Wallace NH, et al. Agonists of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 inhibit experimental colitis induced by oil of mustard and by dextran sulfate sodium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006 Aug;291(2):G364–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storr MA, Keenan CM, Zhang H, et al. Activation of the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2) protects against experimental colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009 Nov;15(11):1678–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapellos TS, Taylor L, Feuerborn A, et al. Cannabinoid receptor 2 deficiency exacerbates inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. FASEB J. 2019 May 25;33(5):6154–6167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein TW, Newton CA, Nakachi N, et al. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment suppresses immunity and early IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-12 receptor β2 responses to legionella pneumophila infection. J Immunol Internet]. 2000;164(12):6461–6466 [cited 2022 Aug 1]. https://www.jimmunol.org/content/164/12/6461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean-Gilles L, Gran B, Constantinescu CS. Interaction between cytokines, cannabinoids and the nervous system. Immunobiology. 2010 Aug;215(8):606–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henshaw FR, Dewsbury LS, Lim CK, et al. The effects of cannabinoids on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: a systematic review of in vivo studies. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021 Jun 1;6(3):177–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hegde VL, Hegde S, Cravatt BF, et al. Attenuation of experimental autoimmune hepatitis by exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids: involvement of regulatory t cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Jul;74(1):20–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieder SA, Chauhan A, Singh U, et al. Cannabinoid-induced apoptosis in immune cells as a pathway to immunosuppression. Immunobiology. 2010 Aug;215(8):598–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviello G, Romano B, Izzo A. Cannabinoids and gastrointestinal motility: animal and human studies. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2008 Sep 1;12 Suppl 1:81–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo AA, Fezza F, Capasso R, et al. Cannabinoid CB 1 -receptor mediated regulation of gastrointestinal motility in mice in a model of intestinal inflammation. Br J Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;134(3):563–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo AA. Cannabinoids and intestinal motility: welcome to CB2 receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Aug 1;142(8):1201–1202. Internet
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanson M, Bueno L, Fioramonti J. Involvement of cannabinoid receptors in inflammatory hypersensitivity to colonic distension in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motility. 2006 Oct 1;18(10):949–956. Internet
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi A, Ohashi K, Sugie Y, et al. Pharmacological evaluation of a novel cannabinoid 2 (CB2) ligand, PF-03550096, In vitro and in vivo by using a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008;106(2):219–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzanares J, Julian M, Carrascosa A. Role of the cannabinoid system in pain control and therapeutic implications for the management of acute and chronic pain episodes. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2006 Jul 1;4(3):239–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lötsch J, Weyer-Menkhoff I, Tegeder I. Current evidence of cannabinoid-based analgesia obtained in preclinical and human experimental settings. Eur J Pain. 2018 Mar;22(3):471–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan SE. An update on PPAR activation by cannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol. 2016 Jun;173(12):1899–1910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker LA, Rock EM, Limebeer CL. Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids. Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Aug;163(7):1411–1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marzo V, Matias I. Endocannabinoid control of food intake and energy balance. Nat Neurosci. 2005 May 26;8(5):585–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doeve BH, van de Meeberg MM, van Schaik FDM, et al. A systematic review with meta-analysis of the efficacy of cannabis and cannabinoids for inflammatory bowel disease: what can we learn from randomized and nonrandomized studies? J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021;55(9):798–809. [cited 2022 Aug 1]. Available from: https://journals.lww.com/jcge/Fulltext/2021/10000/A_Systematic_Review_With_Meta_Analysis_of_the.12.aspx
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best WR, Becktel JM, Singleton JW, et al. Development of a crohn’s disease activity index. Gastroenterology. 1976 Mar;70(3):439–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naftali T, Bar-Lev Schleider L, Almog S, et al. Oral CBD-rich cannabis induces clinical but not endoscopic response in patients with crohn’s disease, a randomised controlled trial. J Crohns Colitis. 2021 Nov 8;15(11):1799–1806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh N, Premchand P. A UK cost of care model for inflammatory bowel disease. Frontline Gastroenterol. Internet]. 2015 Feb 24. 2015Jul;6(3):169–174. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28839807
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lal S, Prasad N, Ryan M, et al. Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Oct;23(10):891–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson MJ, Abelev SV, Connor SJ, et al. Medicinal cannabis for inflammatory bowel disease: a survey of perspectives, experiences, and current use in Australian patients. Crohns Colitis 360. 2020 Apr 1;2(2):1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Merker AM, Riaz M, Friedman S, et al. Legalization of medicinal marijuana has minimal impact on use patterns in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018 Oct 12;24(11):2309–2314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravikoff Allegretti J, Courtwright A, Lucci M, et al. Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013 Dec;19(13):2809–2814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Cruz J, Muñiz L, Negron F, et al. 702 knowledge, perception, and use of cannabis therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Oct;114(1):S413–S413.
   Google Scholar
• Appleton K, Whittaker E, Cohen Z, et al. Attitudes towards and use of cannabis in New Zealand patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an exploratory study. N Z Med J. 2021 Feb 19;134:38–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Oct 16;147(8):573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Case P. The NICE guideline on medicinal cannabis: keeping pandora’s box shut tight? Med Law Rev. 2020 May 1;28(2):401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erridge S, Salazar O, Kawka M, et al. An initial analysis of the UK medical cannabis registry: outcomes analysis of first 129 patients. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep. Internet]. 2021 14 May. 2021Sep;41(3):362–370. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33988306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine EJ, Zhou Q, Thompson AK. The short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire: a quality of life instrument for community physicians managing inflammatory bowel disease. CCRPT investigators. Canadian Crohn’s relapse prevention trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91(8):1571–1578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowett SL, Seal CJ, Barton JR, et al. The short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire is reliable and responsive to clinically important change in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Oct;96(10):2921–2928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reggev S, Goran G, Sarid O, et al. P267 Validation of the short inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire as an outcome measure in Crohn’s disease patients. J Crohns Colitis. 2020 Jan 15;14:S283–S283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May 22;166(10):1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin NJ, Brooks R. EQ-5D and the euroqol group: past, present and future. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2017 Apr 13;15(2):127–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hout B, Janssen MF, Feng YS, et al. Interim Scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L Value Sets. Value Health. 2012 Jul;15(5):708–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder E, Cai B, DeMuro C, et al. A new single-item sleep quality scale: results of psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic primary insomnia and depression. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Nov 15;14(11):1849–1857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Hong PJ, May C, et al. Medical cannabis or cannabinoids for chronic non-cancer and cancer related pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2021 Sep 8;n1034.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhathasan N, Dufort A, MacKillop J, et al. The use of cannabinoids for sleep: a critical review on clinical trials. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019 Aug;27(4):383–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sznitman SR, Vulfsons S, Meiri D, et al. Medical cannabis and insomnia in older adults with chronic pain: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2020 Dec;10(4):415–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott W, McCracken LM. Patients’ impression of change following treatment for chronic pain: global, specific, a single dimension, or many? J Pain. 2015 Jun;16(6):518–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. Common terminology criteria for adverse events (CTCAE) version 4.0. Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 May 28;4(3)
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly K. SNOMED-CT: the advanced terminology and coding system for eHealth. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;121:279–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BNF. Prescribing in palliative care [cited 2022 Aug 1]. https://bnf.nice.org.uk/guidance/prescribing-in-palliative-care.html.
   Google Scholar
• Naftali T, Bar-Lev Schleider L, Scklerovsky Benjaminov F, et al. Cannabis is associated with clinical but not endoscopic remission in ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2021 Feb 11;16(2):e0246871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagarkatti P, Pandey R, Rieder SA, et al. Cannabinoids as novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Future Med Chem. 2009 Oct;1(7):1333–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand U, Oldfield C, Pacchetti B, et al. Dose-related inhibition of capsaicin responses by cannabinoids CBG, CBD, THC and their combination in cultured sensory neurons. J Pain Res. 2021 Nov;14:3603–3614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra RS, Chebli JM, Amarante HM, et al. Quality of life, work productivity impairment and healthcare resources in inflammatory bowel diseases in Brazil. World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Oct 14;25(38):5862–5882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson AM, Le C, Dautrich T. Measuring the change in health-related quality of life in patients using marijuana for pain relief. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids. 2021 Aug 12;4(2):114–120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silczuk A, Smułek D, Kołodziej M, et al. The construct of medical and non-medical marijuana-critical review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Internet]. 2022 Feb 27;19(5):2769. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35270462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright M, Di Ciano P, Brands B. Use of cannabidiol for the treatment of anxiety: a short synthesis of pre-clinical and clinical evidence. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2020 Sep 1;5(3):191–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sofia MA, Lipowska AM, Zmeter N, et al. Poor sleep quality in crohn’s disease is associated with disease activity and risk for hospitalization or surgery. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019 Dec 10. 10.1093/ibd/izz258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballesio A, Zagaria A, Baccini F, et al. A meta-analysis on sleep quality in inflammatory bowel disease. Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Dec;60:101518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch A, Seidenberg C, Fliss Isakov N, et al. P559 cannabis improves sleep quality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in a prospective observational study. J Crohns Colitis. 2022 Jan 21;16(Supplement_1):i503–i503.
   Google Scholar
• AminiLari M, Wang L, Neumark S, et al. Medical cannabis and cannabinoids for impaired sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sleep. 2022 Feb 14;45(2). 10.1093/sleep/zsab234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suraev A, Grunstein RR, Marshall NS, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for chronic insomnia disorder (‘CANSLEEP’ trial): protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, proof-of-concept trial. BMJ Open. 2020 May 18;10(5):e034421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farbod Y, Popov J, Armstrong D, et al. Reduction in anxiety and depression scores associated with improvement in quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb 1;5(1):12–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweeney L, Moss-Morris R, Czuber-Dochan W, et al. Pain management in inflammatory bowel disease: feasibility of an online therapist-supported CBT-based self-management intervention. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2021 Dec 16;7(1):95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blågestad T, Pallesen S, Grønli J, et al. How perceived pain influence sleep and mood more than the reverse: a novel, exploratory study with patients awaiting total hip arthroplasty. Front Psychol. 2016 Oct 28;7. 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin DC, Shaker A, Levin MS. Chronic intestinal inflammation: inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated colon cancer. Front Immunol. 2012;3:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielińska A, Sałaga M, Włodarczyk M, et al. Focus on current and future management possibilities in inflammatory bowel disease-related chronic pain. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019 Feb 19;34(2):217–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targownik LE, Nugent Z, Singh H, et al. The prevalence and predictors of opioid use in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Oct;109(10):1613–1620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr NE, Smith C, West R, et al. Increasing prescription of opiates and mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in England. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Apr;16(4):534–41.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery N, McNeilage AG, Stanaway F, et al. Efficacy of interventions to reduce long term opioid treatment for chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022 Apr 4:e066375. doi10.1136/bmj-2021-066375.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ergisi M, Erridge S, Harris M, et al. An updated analysis of clinical outcome measures across patients from the UK medical cannabis registry. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2022 Jan 24; 10.1089/can.2021.0145
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ergisi M, Erridge S, Harris M, et al. UK medical cannabis registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Jan 18;15(4):487–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris M, Erridge S, Ergisi M, et al. UK medical cannabis registry: an analysis of clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for chronic pain conditions. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Dec 31;14:1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nimalan D, Kawka M, Erridge S, et al. UK Medical cannabis registry palliative care patients cohort: initial experience and outcomes. J Cannabis Res. 2022 Dec 4;4(1):3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsieh YH, Chung CH, Sun CA, et al. Association between optic neuritis and inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. J Clin Med. 2021 Feb 10;10(4):688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper ZD, Craft RM. Sex-dependent effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: a translational perspective. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018 Jan 17;43(1):34–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamarripa CA, Vandrey R, Spindle TR. Factors that impact the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of cannabis: a review of human laboratory studies. Curr Addict Rep. 2022 Jul 26;9:608–621.
   Google Scholar
• de la Fuente A, Zamberlan F, Sánchez Ferrán A, et al. Relationship among subjective responses, flavor, and chemical composition across more than 800 commercial cannabis varieties. J Cannabis Res. 2020 Dec 17;2(1):21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallace EA, Andrews SE, Garmany CL, et al. Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. South Med J. 2011 Sep;104(9):659–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar