Advances in the treatment of virus-induced asthma

References

• Global Initiative for Asthma. From the global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2015. Available from: http://www.ginasthma.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss KB, Sullivan SD. The health economics of asthma and rhinitis. I. Assessing the economic impact. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(1):3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Custovic A, Johnston SL, Pavord I, et al. EAACI position statement on asthma exacerbations and severe asthma. Allergy. 2013;68(12):1520–1531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks GB, Correll PK, Williamson M. Asthma in Australia 2005. Med J Aust. 2005;183(9):445–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haahtela T, Järvinen M, Kava T, et al. Comparison of a beta 2-agonist, terbutaline, with an inhaled corticosteroid, budesonide, in newly detected asthma. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(6):388–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ. How corticosteroids control inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;148(3):245–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, et al. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;4:CD005533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels RA, Löfdahl CG, Postma DS, et al. Effect of inhaled formoterol and budesonide on exacerbations of asthma. Formoterol and Corticosteroids Establishing Therapy (FACET) International Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(20):1405–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamm M, Richards DH, Beghé B, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting β2-agonist pharmacological profiles: effective asthma therapy in practice. Respir Med. 2012;106(Suppl 1):S9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards MR, Johnson MW, Johnston SL. Combination therapy: synergistic suppression of virus induced chemokines in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2006;34:616–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman KR, Barnes NC, Greening AP, et al. Single maintenance and reliever therapy (SMART) of asthma: a critical appraisal. Thorax. 2010;65(8):747–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doull IJ, Lampe FC, Smith S, et al. Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on episodes of wheezing associated with viral infection in school age children: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 1997;315(7112):858–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rueter K, Bizzintino J, Martin AC, et al. Symptomatic viral infection is associated with impaired response to treatment in children with acute asthma. J Pediatr. 2012;160(1):82–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skevaki CL, Christodoulou I, Spyridaki IS, et al. Budesonide and formoterol inhibit inflammatory mediator production by bronchial epithelial cells infected with rhinovirus. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(11):1700–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett NW, Slater L, Glanville N, et al. Defining critical roles for NF-kappaB p65 and type I interferon in innate immunity to rhinovirus. EMBO Mol Med. 2012;4(12):1244–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas BJ, Porritt RA, Hertzog PJ, et al. Glucocorticosteroids enhance replication of respiratory viruses: effect of adjuvant interferon. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies JM, Carroll ML, Li H, et al. Budesonide and formoterol reduce early innate anti-viral immune responses in vitro. PLoS One. 2011;6(11):e27898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipworth BJ. Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(9):941–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly HW, Sternberg AL, Lescher R, et al. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoids in childhood on adult height. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(10):904–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aun MV, Ribeiro MR, Costa Garcia CL, et al. Esophageal candidiasis–an adverse effect of inhaled corticosteroids therapy. J Asthma. 2009;46(4):399–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reber LL, Daubeuf F, Plantinga M, et al. A dissociated glucocorticoid receptor modulator reduces airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. J Immunol. 2012;188(7):3478–3487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laidlaw TM, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors, old and new; implications for asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2012;42(9):1313–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmantier R, Rocheleau H, Laviolette M, et al. Characteristics of leukotriene biosynthesis by human granulocytes in presence of plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998;1389(3):187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Message SD, Laza-Stanca V, Mallia P, et al. Rhinovirus-induced lower respiratory illness is increased in asthma and related to virus load and Th1/2 cytokine and IL-10 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(36):13562–13567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour ML, Gilby N, Bardin PG, et al. Rhinovirus infection increases 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 in bronchial biopsy specimens from nonatopic subjects. J Infect Dis. 2002;185(4):540–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heise CE, O’Dowd BF, Figueroa DJ, et al. Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(39):30531–30536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camargo CA Jr, Gurner DM, Smithline HA, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled study of intravenous montelukast for the treatment of acute asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2):374–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniu SA. Targeting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2014;18(11):1285–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novelli F, Malagrinò L, Dente FL, et al. Efficacy of anticholinergic drugs in asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2012;6(3):309–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proskocil BJ, Sekhon HS, Jia Y, et al. Acetylcholine is an autocrine or paracrine hormone synthesized and secreted by airway bronchial epithelial cells. Endocrinology. 2004;145(5):2498–2506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kistemaker LE, Hiemstra PS, Bos IS, et al. Tiotropium attenuates IL-13-induced goblet cell metaplasia of human airway epithelial cells. Thorax. 2015;70(7):668–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigo GJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA. Anticholinergics in the treatment of children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Thorax. 2005;60(9):740–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths B, Ducharme FM. Combined inhaled anticholinergics and short-acting beta2-agonists for initial treatment of acute asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;8:CD000060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstjens HA, Disse B, Schroder-Babo W, et al. Tiotropium improves lung function in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;128(2):308–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelmeier C, Hederer B, Glaab T, et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(12):1093–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstjens HA, Engel M, Dahl R, et al. Tiotropium in asthma poorly controlled with standard combination therapy. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(13):1198–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kew KM, Evans DJ, Allison DE, et al. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) added to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) versus addition of long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;6:CD011438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham LM, Eid N. The impact of asthma exacerbations and preventive strategies. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• BinMahfouz H, Borthakur B, Yan D, et al. Superiority of combined phosphodiesterase PDE3/PDE4 inhibition over PDE4 inhibition alone on glucocorticoid- and long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonist-induced gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2015;87(1):64–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosío BG, Mann B, Ito K, et al. Histone acetylase and deacetylase activity in alveolar macrophages and blood mononocytes in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(2):141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celis P, Rada G. High-dose inhaled corticosteroids or addition of theophylline in patients with poorly controlled asthma? Medwave. 2015;15(Suppl 2):e6224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turner SW, Heaton T, Rowe J, et al. Early-onset atopy is associated with enhanced lymphocyte cytokine responses in 11-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy. 2007;37(3):371–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sly PD, Boner AL, Björksten B, et al. Early identification of atopy in the prediction of persistent asthma in children. Lancet. 2008;372(9643):1100–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff PG, Modrek B, Choy DF, et al. T-helper type 2-driven inflammation defines major subphenotypes of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(5):388–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spits H, Artis D, Colonna M, et al. Innate lymphoid cells – a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(2):145–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow JL, Bellosi A, Hardman CS, et al. Innate IL-13-producing nuocytes arise during allergic lung inflammation and contribute to airways hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;129(1):191-198.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartemes KR, Kephart GM, Fox SJ, et al. Enhanced innate type 2 immune response in peripheral blood from patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(3):671–678.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green RM, Custovic A, Sanderson G, et al. Synergism between allergens and viruses and risk of hospital admission with asthma: case-control study. BMJ. 2002;324(7344):763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CS, Poletti G, Kebadze T, et al. Study of modifiable risk factors for asthma exacerbations: virus infection and allergen exposure increase the risk of asthma hospital admissions in children. Thorax. 2006;61(5):376–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DJ, Makrinioti H, Rana BM, et al. IL-33-dependent type 2 inflammation during rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(12):1373–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGlashan DW Jr, Bochner BS, Adelman DC, et al. Down-regulation of Fc(epsilon)RI expression on human basophils during in vivo treatment of atopic patients with anti-IgE antibody. J Immunol. 1997;158(3):1438–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker S, Monteil M, Phelan K, et al. Anti-IgE for chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2:CD003559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Busse WW, Morgan WJ, Gergen PJ, et al. Randomized trial of omalizumab (anti-IgE) for asthma in inner-city children. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(11):1005–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teach SJ, Gill MA, Togias A, et al. Preseasonal treatment with either omalizumab or an inhaled corticosteroid boost to prevent fall asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(6):1476–1485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder JT, Bieneman AP, Xiao H, et al. TLR9- and FcepsilonRI-mediated responses oppose one another in plasmacytoid dendritic cells by down-regulating receptor expression. J Immunol. 2005;175(9):5724–5731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill MA, Bajwa G, George TA, et al. Counterregulation between the FcepsilonRI pathway and antiviral responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Immunol. 2010;184(11):5999–6006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrani SR, Montville DJ, Pratt AS, et al. Innate immune responses to rhinovirus are reduced by the high-affinity IgE receptor in allergic asthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(2):489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brusselle GG, Kips JC, Tavernier JH, et al. Attenuation of allergic airway inflammation in IL-4 deficient mice. Clin Exp Allergy. 1994;24(1):73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart TK, Blackburn MN, Brigham-Burke M, et al. Preclinical efficacy and safety of pascolizumab (SB 240683): a humanized anti-interleukin-4 antibody with therapeutic potential in asthma. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002;130(1):93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinke JW. Anti-interleukin-4 therapy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2004;24(4):599–614, vi.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle AJ, Le Gros G, Bertrand C, et al. Interleukin-4 is required for the induction of lung Th2 mucosal immunity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995;13(1):54–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper E, Brightling C, Niven R, et al. A phase II placebo-controlled study of tralokinumab in moderate-to-severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(2):330–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanania NA, Noonan M, Corren J, et al. Lebrikizumab in moderate-to-severe asthma: pooled data from two randomised placebo-controlled studies. Thorax. 2015;70(8):748–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, et al. Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(26):2455–2466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contoli M, Ito K, Padovani A, et al. Th2 cytokines impair innate immune responses to rhinovirus in respiratory epithelial cells. Allergy. 2015;70(8):910–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beale J, Jayaraman A, Jackson DJ, et al. Rhinovirus-induced IL-25 in asthma exacerbation drives type 2 immunity and allergic pulmonary inflammation. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(256):256ra134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jatakanon A, Lim S, Barnes PJ. Changes in sputum eosinophils predict loss of asthma control. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(1):64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega HG, Liu MC, Pavord ID, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1198–1207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bel EH, Wenzel SE, Thompson PJ, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(13):1189–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro M, Wenzel SE, Bleecker ER, et al. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin 5 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody, versus placebo for uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma: a phase 2b randomised dose-ranging study. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(11):879–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraenkel DJ, Bardin PG, Sanderson G, et al. Lower airways inflammation during rhinovirus colds in normal and in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(3 Pt 1):879–886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmutovic-Persson I, Akbarshahi H, Bartlett NW, et al. Inhaled dsRNA and rhinovirus evoke neutrophilic exacerbation and lung expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergic mice with established experimental asthma. Allergy. 2014;69(3):348–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9842):651–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne SJ, Barlow JL, Jolin HE, et al. Blocking IL-25 prevents airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120(6):1324–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YH, Angkasekwinai P, Lu N, et al. IL-25 augments type 2 immune responses by enhancing the expansion and functions of TSLP-DC-activated Th2 memory cells. J Exp Med. 2007;204(8):1837–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neill DR, Wong SH, Bellosi A, et al. Nuocytes represent a new innate effector leukocyte that mediates type-2 immunity. Nature. 2010;464(7293):1367–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang YJ, Kim HY, Albacker LA, et al. Innate lymphoid cells mediate influenza-induced airway hyper-reactivity independently of adaptive immunity. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(7):631–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying S, O’Connor B, Ratoff J, et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity. J Immunol. 2005;174(12):8183–8190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou B, Comeau MR, De Smedt T, et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Nat Immunol. 2005;6(10):1047–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauvreau GM, O’Byrne PM, Boulet LP, et al. Effects of an anti-TSLP antibody on allergen-induced asthmatic responses. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(22):2102–2110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemanske RF Jr. The childhood origins of asthma (COAST) study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13(Suppl 15):38–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DJ, Gangnon RE, Evans MD, et al. Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(7):667–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkhammar M, Larsson O, KumlienGeorén S. Toll-like receptor ligands LPS and poly (I:C) exacerbate airway hyperresponsiveness in a model of airway allergy in mice, independently of inflammation. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornung V, Rothenfusser S, Britsch S, et al. Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol. 2002;168(9):4531–4537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannidis I, Ye F, McNally B, et al. Toll-like receptor expression and induction of type I and type III interferons in primary airway epithelial cells. J Virol. 2013;87(6):3261–3270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller-Larsen S, Nyegaard M, Haagerup A, et al. Association analysis identifies TLR7 and TLR8 as novel risk genes in asthma and related disorders. Thorax. 2008;63(12):1064–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roponen M, Yerkovich ST, Hollams E, et al. Toll-like receptor 7 function is reduced in adolescents with asthma. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(1):64–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moisan J, Camateros P, Thuraisingam T, et al. TLR7 ligand prevents allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia in allergic asthma by a MYD88-dependent and MK2-independent pathway. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006;290(5):L987–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatchwell L, Collison A, Girkin J, et al. Toll-like receptor 7 governs interferon and inflammatory responses to rhinovirus and is suppressed by IL-5-induced lung eosinophilia. Thorax. 2015;70(9):854–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camateros P, Tamaoka M, Hassan M, et al. Chronic asthma-induced airway remodeling is prevented by toll-like receptor-7/8 ligand S28463. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(12):1241–1249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake MG, Scott GD, Proskocil BJ, et al. Toll-like receptor 7 rapidly relaxes human airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(6):664–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsitoura D, Ambery C, Price M, et al. Early clinical evaluation of the intranasal TLR7 agonist GSK2245035: use of translational biomarkers to guide dosing and confirm target engagement. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;98(4):369–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene CM, McElvaney NG. Toll-like receptor expression and function in airway epithelial cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2005;53(5):418–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juarez E, Nunez C, Sada E, et al. Differential expression of Toll-like receptors on human alveolar macrophages and autologous peripheral monocytes. Respir Res. 2010;11:2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller B, Bals R, Roos D, et al. Innate immune receptors on neutrophils and their role in chronic lung disease. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(7):535–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline JN, Waldschmidt TJ, Businga TR, et al. Modulation of airway inflammation by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in a murine model of asthma. J Immunol. 1998;160(6):2555–2559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain VV, Kitagaki K, Businga T, et al. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides inhibit airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110(6):867–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borden EC, Sen GC, Uze G, et al. Interferons at age 50: past, current and future impact on biomedicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6(12):975–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry AK, Chen G, Zheng D, et al. The host type I interferon response to viral and bacterial infections. Cell Res. 2005;15(6):407–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoggins JW. Interferon-stimulated genes: roles in viral pathogenesis. Curr Opin Virol. 2014;6:40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wark PA, Johnston SL, Bucchieri F, et al. Asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells have a deficient innate immune response to infection with rhinovirus. J Exp Med. 2005;201(6):937–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards MR, Regamey N, Vareille M, et al. Impaired innate interferon induction in severe therapy resistant atopic asthmatic children. Mucosal Immunol. 2013;6(4):797–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gielen V, Sykes A, Zhu J, et al. Increased nuclear suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 in asthmatic bronchial epithelium suppresses rhinovirus induction of innate interferons. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(1):177–188e11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotenko SV, Gallagher G, Baurin VV, et al. IFN-lambdas mediate antiviral protection through a distinct class II cytokine receptor complex. Nat Immunol. 2003;4(1):69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contoli M, Message SD, Laza-Stanca V, et al. Role of deficient type III interferon-lambda production in asthma exacerbations. Nat Med. 2006;12(9):1023–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koltsida O, Hausding M, Stavropoulos A, et al. IL-28A (IFN-lambda2) modulates lung DC function to promote Th1 immune skewing and suppress allergic airway disease. EMBO Mol Med. 2011;3(6):348–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerr CU, McCarthy CD, Mindt BC, et al. Type I interferon restricts type 2 immunopathology through the regulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol. 2016;17(1):65–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro K, Kabata H, Tanabe M, et al. Interferon and IL-27 antagonize the function of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and type 2 innate immune responses. Nat Immunol. 2016;17:76–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Souza N, Favoreto S, Wong H, et al. In vitro susceptibility to rhinovirus infection is greater for bronchial than for nasal airway epithelial cells in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(6):1384–1390.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bochkov YA, Hanson KM, Keles S, et al. Rhinovirus-induced modulation of gene expression in bronchial epithelial cells from subjects with asthma. Mucosal Immunol. 2010;3(1):69–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller EK, Hernandez JZ, Wimmenauer V, et al. A mechanistic role for type III IFN-lambda1 in asthma exacerbations mediated by human rhinoviruses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(5):508–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sykes A, Edwards MR, Macintyre J, et al. TLR3, TLR4 and TLRs7–9 induced interferons are not impaired in airway and blood cells in well controlled asthma. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e65921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djukanovic R, Harrison T, Johnston SL, et al. The effect of inhaled IFN-beta on worsening of asthma symptoms caused by viral infections. A randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(2):145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, et al. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9–11 year old children. BMJ. 1995;310(6989):1225–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SL, Pattemore PK, Sanderson G, et al. The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma: a time-trend analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154(3 Pt 1):654–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grissell TV, Powell H, Shafren DR, et al. Interleukin-10 gene expression in acute virus-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(4):433–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve JM, Davis G, Meyer AM, et al. The major human rhinovirus receptor is ICAM-1. Cell. 1989;56(5):839–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traub S, Nikonova A, Carruthers A, et al. An anti-human icam-1 antibody inhibits rhinovirus-induced exacerbations of lung inflammation. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(8):e1003520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couch RB. The common cold: control? J Infect Dis. 1984;150(2):167–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards MR, Kebadze T, Johnson MW, et al. New treatment regimes for virus-induced exacerbations of asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2006;19(5):320–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden FG, Coats T, Kim K, et al. Oral pleconaril treatment of picornavirus-associated viral respiratory illness in adults: efficacy and tolerability in phase II clinical trials. Antivir Ther. 2002;7(1):53–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patick AK, Binford SL, Brothers MA, et al. In vitro antiviral activity of AG7088, a potent inhibitor of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(10):2444–2450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu G, Qi J, Chen Z, et al. Enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 3C proteases: binding to rupintrivir and their substrates and anti-hand, foot, and mouth disease virus drug design. J Virol. 2011;85(19):10319–10331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastromarino P, Capobianco D, Cannata F, et al. Resveratrol inhibits rhinovirus replication and expression of inflammatory mediators in nasal epithelia. Antiviral Res. 2015;123:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadarani BN, Majumdar AS. Resveratrol potentiates the effect of dexamethasone in rat model of acute lung inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015;28(1):773–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmenberg AC, Gern JE. Classification and evolution of human rhinoviruses. Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1221:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niespodziana K, Napora K, Cabauatan C, et al. Misdirected antibody responses against an N-terminal epitope on human rhinovirus VP1 as explanation for recurrent RV infections. Faseb J. 2012;26(3):1001–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett N, Johnston S. Rhinoviruses. In: Mahy B, Regenmortel M, editors. Encyclopedia of virology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Elsevier; 2008. p. 467–475.
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki J, Smith WA, Stone SR, et al. Species-specific and cross-reactive IgG1 antibody binding to viral capsid protein 1 (VP1) antigens of human rhinovirus species A, B and C. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e70552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlmayr J, Niespodziana K, Popow-Kraupp T, et al. Antibodies induced with recombinant VP1 from human rhinovirus exhibit cross-neutralisation. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(1):44–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney MK, Wise JA, Kenny GE, et al. Broad antigenic relationships among rhinovirus serotypes revealed by cross-immunization of rabbits with different serotypes. J Immunol. 1975;114(2 Pt 1):635–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett NW, Walton RP, Edwards MR, et al. Mouse models of rhinovirus-induced disease and exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation. Nat Med. 2008;14(2):199–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanville N, McLean GR, Guy B, et al. Cross-serotype immunity induced by immunization with a conserved rhinovirus capsid protein. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(9):e1003669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar