The role of air pollution in COPD and implications for therapy

References

• Mortality GBD, Causes of Death C. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(10010):2287–2323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data; ambient air pollution. [ cited 2016 Feb 3]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/phe/outdoor_air_pollution/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Sava F, Carlsten C. Respiratory health effects of ambient air pollution: an update. Clin Chest Med. 2012;33(4):759–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beelen R, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Stafoggia M, et al. Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project. Lancet. 2014;383(9919):785–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam M, Schikowski T, Carsin AE, et al. Adult lung function and long-term air pollution exposure. ESCAPE: a multicentre cohort study and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(1):38–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisner MD, Anthonisen N, Coultas D, et al. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(5):693–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soriano JB, Powell P, Sealy S. ESCAPEing from bad-quality air: a cleaner air, from Europe to elsewhere. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(1):11–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen K, Doblhammer G, Rau R, et al. Ageing populations: the challenges ahead. Lancet. 2009;374(9696):1196–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miravitlles M. What was the impact of the Spanish COPD guidelines (GesEPOC) and how can they be improved? Arch Bronconeumol. 2016;52(1):1–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang F, Ni SS, Liu H. Pollutional haze and COPD: etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology, biological markers and therapy. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(1):E20–E30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigsgaard T, Forsberg B, Annesi-Maesano I, et al. Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(6):1577–1588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assad NA, Kapoor V, Sood A. Biomass smoke exposure and chronic lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016;22(2):150–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barredo JI, San Miguel J, Caudullo G, et al. European map of living forest biomass and carbon stock executive report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Tan WC, Sin DD, Bourbeau J, et al. Characteristics of COPD in never-smokers and ever-smokers in the general population: results from the CanCOLD study. Thorax. 2015;70(9):822–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Venegas A, Sansores RH, Perez-Padilla R, et al. Survival of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to biomass smoke and tobacco. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(4):393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez Venegas A, Sansores R, Pérez-Bautista O. Etiology and risk factors for COPD. In: Jenkins C, Miravitlles M, editors. 100 key questions on COPD. Barcelona: Penmanyer; 2015. p. 11–20.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Venegas A, Sansores RH, Quintana-Carrillo RH, et al. FEV1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with biomass exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(9):996–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Campos JL, Tan W, Soriano JB. Global burden of COPD. Respirology. 2016;21(1):14–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gemert F, Kirenga B, Chavannes N, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and associated risk factors in Uganda (FRESH AIR Uganda): a prospective cross-sectional observational study. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3(1):e44–e51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assad NA, Balmes J, Mehta S, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease secondary to household air pollution. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;36(3):408–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camp PG, Ramirez-Venegas A, Sansores RH, et al. COPD phenotypes in biomass smoke- versus tobacco smoke-exposed Mexican women. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(3):725–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solleiro-Villavicencio H, Quintana-Carrillo R, Falfan-Valencia R, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease induced by exposure to biomass smoke is associated with a Th2 cytokine production profile. Clin Immunol. 2015;161(2):150–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva R, Oyarzun M, Olloquequi J. Pathogenic mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease due to biomass smoke exposure. Arch Bronconeumol. 2015;51(6):285–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannino DM. Smoking and emphysema: looking beyond the cigarette. Chest. 2015;148(5):1126–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez-Venegas A, Sansores RH, Velázquez-Uncal M, et al. Nonsmokers and biomass exposure. ERS Monogr. 2015;69:35–46.
   Google Scholar
• Golpe R, Perez De Llano L. Are the diagnostic criteria for asthma-COPD overlap syndrome appropriate in biomass smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Arch Bronconeumol. 2016;52(2):110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Berge M, Aalbers R. The asthma-COPD overlap syndrome: how is it defined and what are its clinical implications? J Asthma Allergy. 2016;9:27–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wurst KE, Kelly-Reif K, Bushnell GA, et al. Understanding asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome. Respir Med. 2016;110:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Campos JL, Fernández-Villa A, Calero-Acuña C, et al.; on behalf of the On-Sint study. Occupational and biomass exposure in COPD: results of a cross-sectional analysis of the On-Sint study. Arch Bronconeumol. Forthcoming 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Behera D, Jindal SK. Respiratory symptoms in Indian women using domestic cooking fuels. Chest. 1991;100(2):385–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahesh PA, Jayaraj BS, Prabhakar AK, et al. Identification of a threshold for biomass exposure index for chronic bronchitis in rural women of Mysore district, Karnataka, India. Indian J Med Res. 2013;137(1):87–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denguezli M, Daldoul H, Harrabi I, et al. COPD in nonsmokers: reports from the Tunisian population-based burden of obstructive lung disease study. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu JY, Sunwoo YE, Lee SY, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and vapors, gases, dusts, or fumes (VGDF): a meta-analysis. COPD. 2015;12(4):374–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wurtz ET, Schlunssen V, Malling TH, et al. Occupational COPD among Danish never-smokers: a population-based study. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(6):456–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillien A, Puyraveau M, Soumagne T, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for COPD in farmers: a cross-sectional controlled study. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(1):95–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohner M, Kersten N, Gellissen J. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and longitudinal changes in pulmonary function due to occupational exposure to respirable quartz. Occup Environ Med. 2013;70(1):9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santo Tomas LH. Emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in coal miners. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2011;17(2):123–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh DH, Kim JI, Kim KH, et al. Welding fume exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in welders. Occup Med (Lond). 2015;65(1):72–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szram J, Schofield SJ, Cosgrove MP, et al. Welding, longitudinal lung function decline and chronic respiratory symptoms: a systematic review of cohort studies. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(5):1186–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen GH, Schlunssen V, Schaumburg I, et al. Cross-shift and longitudinal changes in FEV1 among wood dust exposed workers. Occup Environ Med. 2013;70(1):22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson E, Murgia N, Nilsson T, et al. Incidence of chronic bronchitis in a cohort of pulp mill workers with repeated gassings to sulphur dioxide and other irritant gases. Environ Health. 2013;12:113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algranti E, Mendonca EM, Hnizdo E, et al. Longitudinal decline in lung function in former asbestos exposed workers. Occup Environ Med. 2013;70(1):15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart JE, Eisen EA, Laden F. Occupational diesel exhaust exposure as a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18(2):151–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishwick D, Sen D, Barber C, et al. Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a standard of care. Occup Med (Lond). 2015;65(4):270–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baur X, Bakehe P, Vellguth H. Bronchial asthma and COPD due to irritants in the workplace - an evidence-based approach. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2012;7(1):19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgren TM, Bailey KL. Pulmonary health effects of agriculture. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016;22(2):144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoleski S, Minov J, Karadzinska-Bislimovska J, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never-smoking dairy farmers. Open Respir Med J. 2015;9:59–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoppin JA, Umbach DM, Long S, et al. Respiratory disease in United States farmers. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71(7):484–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borlee F, Yzermans CJ, van Dijk CE, et al. Increased respiratory symptoms in COPD patients living in the vicinity of livestock farms. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(6):1605–1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye M, Beach J, Martin JW, et al. Association between lung function in adults and plasma DDT and DDE levels: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123(5):422–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunanayake CP, Hagel L, Rennie DC, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of respiratory symptoms in rural population. J Agromedicine. 2015;20(3):310–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tual S, Clin B, Leveque-Morlais N, et al. Agricultural exposures and chronic bronchitis: findings from the AGRICAN (AGRIculture and CANcer) cohort. Ann Epidemiol. 2013;23(9):539–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Ren Y, Wen D, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for COPD in greenhouse farmers: a large, cross-sectional survey of 5,880 farmers from northeast China. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:2097–2108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczyrek M, Krawczyk P, Milanowski J, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in farmers and agricultural workers - an overview. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011;18(2):310–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eduard W, Pearce N, Douwes J. Chronic bronchitis, COPD, and lung function in farmers: the role of biological agents. Chest. 2009;136(3):716–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang KM, Syamlal G, Mazurek JM, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevalence among nonsmokers by occupation in the United States. J Occup Environ Med. 2013;55(9):1021–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagstad S, Backman H, Bjerg A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of COPD among never-smokers in two areas of Sweden - occupational exposure to gas, dust or fumes is an important risk factor. Respir Med. 2015;109(11):1439–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melville AM, Pless-Mulloli T, Afolabi OA, et al. COPD prevalence and its association with occupational exposures in a general population. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(3):488–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caillaud D, Lemoigne F, Carre P, et al. Association between occupational exposure and the clinical characteristics of COPD. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulin LM, Diette GB, Blanc PD, et al. Occupational exposures are associated with worse morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(5):557–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez E, Ferrer J, Zock JP, et al. Lifetime occupational exposure to dusts, gases and fumes is associated with bronchitis symptoms and higher diffusion capacity in COPD patients. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez E, Ferrer J, Marti S, et al. Impact of occupational exposure on severity of COPD. Chest. 2008;134(6):1237–1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heikkila K, Madsen IE, Nyberg ST, et al. Job strain and COPD exacerbations: an individual-participant meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(1):247–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanc PD, Iribarren C, Trupin L, et al. Occupational exposures and the risk of COPD: dusty trades revisited. Thorax. 2009;64(1):6–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marescaux A, Degano B, Soumagne T, et al. Impact of farm modernity on the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in dairy farmers. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(2):127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan EA, Hokanson JE, Murphy JR, et al. Genetic epidemiology of COPD (COPDGene) study design. COPD. 2010;7(1):32–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koeverden I, Blanc PD, Bowler RP, et al. Secondhand tobacco smoke and COPD risk in smokers: a COPDGene study cohort subgroup analysis. COPD. 2015;12(2):182–189.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Filippidis FT, Agaku IT, Girvalaki C, et al. Relationship of secondhand smoke exposure with sociodemographic factors and smoke-free legislation in the European Union. Eur J Public Health. 2016;26(2):344–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuschner WG, Hegde S, Agrawal M. Occupational history quality in patients with newly documented, clinician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis. Chest. 2009;135(2):378–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Q, Christiani DC, Wang X, et al. The global contribution of outdoor air pollution to the incidence, prevalence, mortality and hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(11):11822–11832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai Y, Schikowski T, Adam M, et al. Cross-sectional associations between air pollution and chronic bronchitis: an ESCAPE meta-analysis across five cohorts. Thorax. 2014;69(11):1005–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson RW, Carey IM, Kent AJ, et al. Long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution and the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national English cohort. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72(1):42–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai SS, Chang CC, Yang CY. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case-crossover study in Taipei. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(11):6015–6026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Report on climate change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Available from: https://www.ipcc.ch/.
   Google Scholar
• Hansel NN, McCormack MC, Kim V. The effects of air pollution and temperature on COPD. COPD. 2016;13(3):372–379.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein AS, Rice MB. Lungs in a warming world: climate change and respiratory health. Chest. 2013;143(5):1455–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez-Garduno E, Garduno-Alanis A, Santamaria-Benhumea AM, et al. Climate change, air pollution, and COPD outcomes: too many factors to be considered, even barometric pressure! Chest. 2013;144(5):1731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt OK, Zhang J, Pinkerton KE. Pulmonary health effects of air pollution. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2016;22(2):138–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Trigo G, Zock JP, Isidro Montes I. [Health effects of exposure to oil spills]. Arch Bronconeumol. 2007;43(11):628–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zock JP, Rodriguez-Trigo G, Pozo-Rodriguez F, et al. Health effects of oil spills: lessons from the Prestige. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(10):1094–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zock JP, Rodriguez-Trigo G, Pozo-Rodriguez F, et al. Prolonged respiratory symptoms in clean-up workers of the prestige oil spill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(6):610–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Trigo G, Zock JP, Pozo-Rodriguez F, et al. Health changes in fishermen 2 years after clean-up of the Prestige oil spill. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(8):489–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zock JP, Rodriguez-Trigo G, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, et al. Persistent respiratory symptoms in clean-up workers 5 years after the Prestige oil spill. Occup Environ Med. 2012;69(7):508–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banauch GI, Hall C, Weiden M, et al. Pulmonary function after exposure to the World Trade Center collapse in the New York City Fire Department. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(3):312–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skloot GS, Schechter CB, Herbert R, et al. Longitudinal assessment of spirometry in the World Trade Center medical monitoring program. Chest. 2009;135(2):492–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reibman J, Liu M, Cheng Q, et al. Characteristics of a residential and working community with diverse exposure to World Trade Center dust, gas, and fumes. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51(5):534–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich TK, Gustave J, Hall CB, et al. Lung function in rescue workers at the World Trade Center after 7 years. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(14):1263–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banauch GI, Brantly M, Izbicki G, et al. Accelerated spirometric decline in New York City firefighters with alpha(1)-antitrypsin deficiency. Chest. 2010;138(5):1116–1124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott JA, Mannino DM, Alverson CJ, et al. Cardiorespiratory hospitalizations associated with smoke exposure during the 1997, Southeast Asian forest fires. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2005;208(1–2):75–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston FH, Purdie S, Jalaludin B, et al. Air pollution events from forest fires and emergency department attendances in Sydney, Australia 1996-2007: a case-crossover analysis. Environ Health. 2014;13:105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarnieri M, Diaz E, Pope D, et al. Lung function in rural Guatemalan women before and after a chimney stove intervention to reduce wood smoke exposure: results from the randomized exposure study of pollution indoors and respiratory effects and chronic respiratory effects of early childhood exposure to respirable particulate matter study. Chest. 2015;148(5):1184–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romieu I, Riojas-Rodriguez H, Marron-Mares AT, et al. Improved biomass stove intervention in rural Mexico: impact on the respiratory health of women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(7):649–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, Zou Y, Li X, et al. Lung function and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after improved cooking fuels and kitchen ventilation: a 9-year prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2014;11(3):e1001621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauderman WJ, Urman R, Avol E, et al. Association of improved air quality with lung development in children. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(10):905–913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golpe R, Sanjuan Lopez P, Cano Jimenez E, et al. Distribution of clinical phenotypes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by biomass and tobacco smoke. Arch Bronconeumol. 2014;50(8):318–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaji DA, Belli AJ, McCormack MC, et al. Indoor pollutant exposure is associated with heightened respiratory symptoms in atopic compared to non-atopic individuals with COPD. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li MH, Fan LC, Mao B, et al. Short term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases hospitalizations and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2016;149(2):447–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling SH, van Eeden SF. Particulate matter air pollution exposure: role in the development and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:233–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ni L, Chuang CC, Zuo L. Fine particulate matter in acute exacerbation of COPD. Front Physiol. 2015;6:294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway RA, Donnelly LE. Immunopathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2013;19(2):95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofianopoulou E, Rushton SP, Diggle PJ, et al. Association between respiratory prescribing, air pollution and deprivation, in primary health care. J Public Health (Oxf). 2013;35(4):502–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar