WHO strategies for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis

References

• World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2015. WHO/HTM/TB/2015.22. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Uplekar M, Weil D, Lonnroth K, et al. WHO’s new End TB Strategy. Lancet. 2015;385:1799–1801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotgiu G, Mauch V, Migliori GB, et al. Evidence-based, agreed-upon health priorities to remedy the tuberculosis patient’s economic disaster. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(6):1563–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Towards TB elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries. WHO/HTM/TB/2014.13. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Lonnroth K, Migliori GB, Abubakar I, et al. Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:928–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Zellweger JP, et al. Old ideas to innovate tuberculosis control: preventive treatment to achieve elimination. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(3):785–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Ambrosio L, Dara M, Tadolini M, et al. Tuberculosis elimination: theory and practice in Europe. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(5):1410–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliori GB, Lienhardt C, Weyer K, et al. Ensuring rational introduction and responsible use of new TB tools. Outcome of an ERS multi-sectoral Consultation. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(6):1412–1417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. – 2011 update. WHO/HTM/TB/2011.6. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Companion handbook to the WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis. WHO/HTM/TB/2014.11. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Assessing tuberculosis under-reporting through inventory studies. WHO/HTM/TB/2012.12. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Skrahina A, Hurevich H, Zalutskaya A, et al. Alarming levels of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Belarus: results of a survey in Minsk. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(6):1425–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, Gandhi NR, et al. Drug resistance beyond extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2013;42:169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falzon D, Gandhi N, Migliori GB, et al. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectable drugs: impact on multidrug-resistant TB outcomes. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(1):156–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinal MA, Kim SJ, Suarez PG, et al. Standard short-course chemotherapy for drug-resistant tuberculosis: treatment outcomes in 6 countries. J. Am.Med. Assoc. 2000;283:2537–2545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye C, Williams BG. Criteria for the control of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(14):8180–8185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathanson E, Nunn P, Uplekar M, et al. MDR tuberculosis – critical steps for prevention and control. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1050–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The stop TB strategy. WHO/HTM/STB/2006.37. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines 4th edition. WHO/HTM/TB/2009.420. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. A Roadmap for Ensuring Quality Tuberculosis Diagnostics Services within National Laboratory Strategic Plans. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2010. Available from: www.tbevidence.org/documents/rescentre/books/GLI_Roadmap_2010.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Implementing tuberculosis diagnostics: A policy framework. WHO/HTM/TB/2015.11. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Revision of the case definition for sputum smear-positive tuberculosis: background document. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/laboratory/policy_sputum_smearpositive_tb_case/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Improving the diagnosis and treatment of smear-negative pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis among adults and adolescents: recommendations for HIV-prevalent and resource-constrained settings. WHO/HTM/TB/2007.379. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2nd ed. WHO/HTM/TB/2014.03. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Implementing the WHO stop TB strategy. A handbook for national tuberculosis control programmes. WHO/HTM/TB/2008.401. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• TB CARE I. International standards for tuberculosis care, edition 3. TB CARE I, The Hague (the Netherlands) 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Migliori GB, Zellweger JP, Abubakar I, et al. European union standards for tuberculosis care. Eur Respir J. 2012;39:807–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Lung Association, Canadian Thoracic Society, Public Health Agency of Canada, Centre for Communicable Diseases and Infection Control (Canada). Canadian tuberculosis standards 7th ed. 2014. Available from: http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/201/301/weekly_checklist/2014/internet/w14-14-U-E.html/collections/collection_2014/aspc-phac/HP40-18-2014-eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• O’Grady J, Maeurer M, Mwabab P, et al. New and improved diagnostics for detection of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2011;17:134–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Grady J, Bates M, Chilukutu L, et al. Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay at a Tertiary Care Referral Hospital in a setting where tuberculosis and HIV infection are highly endemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55:1171–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai M, Schito M. Tuberculosis diagnostics in 2015: landscape, priorities, needs, and prospects. J Infect Dis. 2015;211(suppl2):S21–S28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catanzaro A, Rodwell TC, Catanzaro DG, et al. Performance comparison of three rapid tests for the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyer K, Mirzayev F, Migliori GB, et al. Rapid molecular TB diagnosis: evidence, policy making and global implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(1):252–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small PM, Pai M. Tuberculosis diagnosis–time for a game change. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:1070–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Policy statement. Automated real-time nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid and simultaneous detection of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF system. WHO/HTM/TB/2011.4. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Tortoli E, Russo C, Piersimoni C, et al. Clinical validation of Xpert MTB/RIF for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:442–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zignol M, van Gemert W, Falzon D, et al. Surveillance of antituberculosis drug resistance in the world: an updated analysis, 2007–2010. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:111–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falzon D, Jaramillo E, Schünemann HJ, et al. WHO guidelines for the programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis: 2011 update. Eur Respir J. 2011;38(3):516–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alland D, Rowneki M, Smith L, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF ultra: a new near-patient TB test with sensitivity equal to culture. [CROI Abstract 91]. In special issue: abstracts from the 2015 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Top Antivir Med. 2015;23(e–1):37 (.
   Google Scholar
• GeneXpert Omni. Cepheid. Sunnyvale, CA, USA. [ cited 2016 Mar 24]. Available from: http://www.cepheid.com/us/genexpert-omni
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO policy statement. Molecular line probe assays for rapid screening of patients at risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2008. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/features_archive/policy_statement.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sachdeva KS, Raizada N, Sreenivas A, et al. Use of xpert MTB/RIF in decentralized public health settings and its effect on pulmonary TB and DR-TB case finding in India. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Policy guidance on drug susceptibility testing (DST) of second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. WHO/HTM/TB/2008.392.Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Glaziou P, Falzon D, Floyd K, et al. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Semin Respir Crit Med. 2013;34:3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The use of molecular line probe assay for the detection of resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Expert group meeting report. Document WHO/HTM/TB/2013.01 Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Caminero JA, Sotgiu G, Zumla A, et al. Best drug treatment for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:621–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raviglione M, Marais B, Floyd K, et al. Scaling up interventions to achieve global tuberculosis control: progress and new developments. Lancet. 2012;379:1902–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orenstein EW, Basu S, Shah NS, et al. Treatment outcomes among patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:153–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hest R, Ködmön C, Verver S, et al. Tuberculosis treatment outcome monitoring in European Union countries: systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(3):635–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diacon AH, Pym A, Grobusch M, et al. The diarylquinoline TMC207 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2397–2405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diacon AH, Donald PR, Pym A, et al. Randomized pilot trial of eight weeks of bedaquiline (TMC207) treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: long-term outcome, tolerability, and effect on emergence of drug resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:3271–3276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diacon AH, Pym A, Grobusch MP, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and culture conversion with bedaquiline. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(8):723–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pontali E, Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Bedaquiline and MDR-TB: a systematic and critical analysis of the evidence. Eur Respir J.. (2015) Forthcoming. doi:10.1183/13993003.01891-2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ndjeka N, Conradie F, Schnippel K, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis with bedaquiline in a high HIV prevalence setting: an interim cohort analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(8):979–985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guglielmetti L, Le Dû D, Jachym M, et al. MDR-TB Management Group of the French National Reference Center for Mycobacteria and the Physicians of the French MDR-TB Cohort. Compassionate use of bedaquiline for the treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: interim analysis of a French cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(2):188–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gler MT, Skripconoka V, Sanchez-Garavito E, et al. Delamanid for multidrugresistant pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2151–2160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skripconoka V, Danilovits M, Pehme L, et al. Delamanid improves outcomes and reduces mortality for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(6):1393–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells CD, Gupta R, Hittel N, et al. Long-term mortality assessment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated with delamanid. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(5):1498–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The use of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis-Interim policy guidance. WHO/HTM/TB/2013.6. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. WHO/HTM/TB2014.23. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Matteelli A, D’Ambrosio L, Centis R, et al. Compassionate and optimum use of new tuberculosis drugs. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(10):1131–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang S, Yao L, Hao X, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid for the treatment of XDR-TB: a study in China. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(1):161–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotgiu G, Centis R, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of linezolid containing regimens in treating MDR-TB and XDR-TB: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1430–1442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Lee J, Carrol MW, et al. Linezolid for treatment of chronic extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1508–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A phase 2 dose-ranging trial to evaluate the bactericidal activity, safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of linezolid in adult subjects with newly diagnosed drug-sensitive, smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinical Trial n. NCT02279875. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT02279875
   Google Scholar
• Winters N, Butler-Laporte G, Menzies D. Efficacy and safety of World Health Organization group 5 drugs for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(5):1461–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Lorenzo S, Alffenaar JW, Sotgiu G, et al. Efficacy and safety of meropenem/clavulanate added to linezolid containing regimens in the treatment of M/XDR-TB. Eur Respir J. 2013;41:1386–1392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiberi S, D’Ambrosio L, De Lorenzo S, et al. Ertapenem in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: first clinical experience. Eur Respir J.. 2015 Nov 19. pii: ERJ-01278-2015. doi:10.1183/13993003.01278-2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Deun A, Maug AK, Salim MA, et al. Short, highly effective, and inexpensive standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182:684–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu HB, Jiang RH, Xiao HP. Clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;18:1104–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang S, Yao L, Hao X, et al. Clofazimine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled study in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1361–1367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diacon AH, Dawson R, von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, et al. Bactericidal activity of pyrazinamide and clofazimine alone and in combinations with pretomanid and bedaquiline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(8):943–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopal M, Padayatchi N, Metcalfe JZ, et al. Systematic review of clofazimine for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(8):1001–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang TJ, Dotsenko S, Jafarov A, et al. Safety and availability of clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of published guidance and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2014; 2 4(1):e004143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson R, Diacon AH, Everitt D, et al. Efficiency and safety of the combination of moxifloxacin, pretomanid (PA-824), and pyrazinamide during the first 8 weeks of antituberculosis treatment: a phase 2b, open-label, partly randomised trial in patients with drug-susceptible or drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet. 2015;385(9979):1738–1747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis RS, Dawson R, Friedrich SO, et al. Mycobactericidal activity of sutezolid (PNU-100480) in sputum (EBA) and blood (WBA) of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Plos One. 2014;9(4):e94462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ^World Health Organization. WHO policy on infection control in health-care facilities, congregate settings and households. WHO/HTM/TB/2009.419. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, Centis R, et al. TB and M/XDR-TB infection control in European TB reference centres: the Achilles’ heel?. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:1221–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliori GB, Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, et al. TB and MDR/XDR-TB in European Union and European Economic Area countries: managed or mismanaged?. Eur Respir J. 2012;39(3):619–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotgiu G, Centis R, D’ambrosio L, et al. Development of a standardised tool to survey MDR-/XDR-TB case management in Europe. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(1):208–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ködmön C, Hollo V, E H, et al. Multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a persistent problem in the European Union European Union and European Economic Area. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(11). pii: 19519.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dara M, de Colombani P, Petrova-Benedict R, et al. Minimum package for cross-border TB control and care in the WHO European region: a Wolfheze consensus statement. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(5):1081–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi NR, Moll A, Sturm AW, et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet. 2006;368(9547):1575–1580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu S, Andrews JR, Poolman EM, et al. Prevention of nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in rural South African district hospitals: an epidemiological modelling study. Lancet. 2007;370(9597):1500–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi NR, Weissman D, Moodley P, et al. Nosocomial transmission of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in a rural hospital in South Africa. J Infect Dis. 2013;207(1):9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu S, Galvani AP. The transmission and control of XDR TB in South Africa: an operations research and mathematical modelling approach. Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136(12):1585–1598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlucci JG, Jin L, Sanders JE, et al. Development of tuberculosis infection control guidelines in a pediatric HIV clinic in sub-Saharan Africa. Public Health Action. 2015;5(1):2–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries AD, Maher D, Nunn P. Practical and affordable measures for the protection of health care workers from tuberculosis in low-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75(5):477–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock NN, Jensen PA, Miller B, et al. Tuberculosis infection control in resource-limited settings in the era of expanding HIV care and treatment. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Suppl 1):S108–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews JR, Shah NS, Gandhi N, et al. Tugela Ferry Care and Research (TF CARES) Collaboration. Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: implications for the HIV epidemic and antiretroviral therapy rollout in South Africa. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(Suppl 3):S482–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrahina A, Hurevich H, Zalutskaya A, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Belarus: the size of the problem and associated risk factors. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(1):36–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toungoussova OS, Bjune G, Caugant DA. Epidemic of tuberculosis in the former Soviet Union: social and biological reasons. Tuberculosis (Edinb). 2006;86(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davtyan K, Hayrapetyan A, Dara M, et al. Key role of tuberculosis services funding mechanisms in tuberculosis control and elimination. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(1):289–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardell E, Dharmadhikari A. Turning off the spigot: reducing drug-resistant tuberculosis transmission in resource-limited settings. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2010;14(10):1233–1243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buregyeya E, Nuwaha F, Verver S, et al. Implementation of tuberculosis infection control in health facilities in Mukono and Wakiso districts, Uganda. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacigalupe A, Escolar-Pujolar A. The impact of economic crises on social inequalities in health: what do we know so far?. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanikolos M, Mladovsky P, Cylus J, et al. Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe. Lancet. 2013;381:1323–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortblad KF, Salomon JA, Bärnighausen T, et al. Stopping tuberculosis: a biosocial model for sustainable development. The Lancet. 2015 Oct 23;386:2354–2362. pii: S0140-6736(15)00324-4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00324-4. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Médecins Sans Frontières and STOP TB Partnership. Out of step 2015. TB policies in 24 countries. A survey of diagnostic and treatment practices. [ cited 2016 Mar 30]. Available from: http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/news/report_out_of_step_2015_11_pdf_with_interactive_links.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick C, Floyd K. A systematic review of the cost and cost effectiveness of treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Pharmacoeconomics. 2012;30:63–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diel R, Vandeputte J, de Vries G, et al. Costs of tuberculosis disease in the European Union: a systematic analysis and cost calculation. Eur Respir J. 2014;43:554–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotgiu G, Migliori GB. Facing multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015;32:144–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiberi S, D’Ambrosio L, De Lorenzo S, et al. Tuberculosis elimination, patients’ lives and rational use of new drugs: revisited. Eur Respir J. 2015 Nov 5. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1183/13993003.01297-2015.
   Google Scholar
• Gillini L, Davtyan K, Davtyan H, et al. TB financing in East Europe promotes unnecessary hospital admissions: the case of Armenia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2013;7(3):289–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox H, Ramma L, Wilkinson L, et al. Cost per patient of treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in a community-based programme in Khayelitsha, South Africa.. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20(10):1337–1345. doi:10.1111/tmi.12544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnippel K, Rosen S, Shearer K, et al. Costs of inpatient treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(1):109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinanovic E, Ramma L, Vassall A, et al. Impact of reduced hospitalisation on the cost of treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(2):172–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfson LJ, Gibbert J, Wirth D, et al. Cost-effectiveness of incorporating bedaquiline into a treatment regimen for multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Germany. Eur Respir J. 2015 Oct 22;pii: ERJ-00811–2015. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1183/13993003.00811-2015.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfson LJ, Walker A, Hettle R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of adding bedaquiline to drug regimens for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the UK. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito S, D’Ambrosio L, Tadolini M, et al. ERS/WHO Tuberculosis Consilium assistance with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis management in a child: case study of compassionate delamanid use. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(3):811–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Médecins Sans Frontières. PUSH, PULL, POOL: accelerating innovation and access to medicines for tuberculosis. [ cited 2016 Mar 24]. Available from: http://www.msfaccess.org/3Ps-project
   Google Scholar