Early lung cancer detection by low-dose CT screening: therapeutic implications

References

• World Health Organisation. Cancer: fact Sheet no. 297. 2015. 2015 July 8. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010.. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(5):277–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Klaveren RJ. Lung cancer screening. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(Suppl 3):S147–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstraw P, Chansky K, Crowley J, et al. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (eighth) edition of the tnm classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(1):39–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birim O, Kappetein AP, Takkenberg JJ, et al. Survival after pathological stage IA nonsmall cell lung cancer: tumor size matters. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(4):1137–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chansky K, Sculier JP, Crowley JJ, et al. The international association for the study of lung cancer staging project: prognostic factors and pathologic TNM stage in surgically managed non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4(7):792–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naidich DP, Marshall CH, Gribbin C, et al. Low-dose CT of the lungs: preliminary observations. Radiology. 1990;175(3):729–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Lung Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AMBerg CD, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365(5):395–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Klaveren RJ, Oudkerk M, Prokop M, et al. Management of lung nodules detected by volume CT scanning. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(23):2221–2229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen JH, Ashraf H, Dirksen A, et al. The Danish randomized lung cancer CT screening trial–overall design and results of the prevalence round. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4(5):608–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infante M, Lutman FR, Cavuto S, et al. Lung cancer screening with spiral CT: baseline results of the randomized DANTE trial. Lung Cancer. 2008;59(3):355–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes Pegna A, Picozzi G, Mascalchi M, et al. Design, recruitment and baseline results of the ITALUNG trial for lung cancer screening with low-dose CT. Lung Cancer. 2009;64(1):34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker N, Motsch E, Gross ML, et al. Randomized study on early detection of lung cancer with MSCT in Germany: study design and results of the first screening round. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2012;138(9):1475–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey LL, Deffebach M, Pappas M, et al. Screening for Lung Cancer: Systematic Review to Update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(6):411-420.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Press release: national coverage determination (NCD) for lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography (LDCT). 2015 June 28. https://www.cms.gov/Newsroom/MediaReleaseDatabase/Press-releases/2015-Press-releases-items/2015-02-05.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kauczor HU, Bonomo L, Gaga M, et al. ESR/ERS white paper on lung cancer screening. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(1):28–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuvelmans MA, Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M. Contributions of the european trials (european randomized screening group) in computed tomography lung cancer screening. J Thorac Imaging. 2015;30(2):101-107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aberle DR, DeMello S, Berg CD, et al. Results of the two incidence screenings in the national lung screening trial. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(10):920–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousaf-Khan U, Van Der Aalst C, De Jong PA, et al. Final screening round of the NELSON lung cancer screening trial: the effect of a 2.5-year screening interval. Thorax. 2017;72(1):48-56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tammemagi MC, Katki HA, Hocking WG, et al. Selection criteria for lung-cancer screening. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(8):728–736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisonneuve P, Bagnardi V, Bellomi M, et al. Lung cancer risk prediction to select smokers for screening CT–a model based on the Italian COSMOS trial. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(11):1778–1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patz EF Jr, Greco E, Gatsonis C, et al. Lung cancer incidence and mortality in national lung screening trial participants who underwent low-dose CT prevalence screening: a retrospective cohort analysis of a randomised, multicentre, diagnostic screening trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(5):590–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuvelmans MA, Oudkerk M. Determination of the optimal screen interval in low-dose CT lung cancer screening: are we there yet?. Transl Cancer Res. 2016;5(6):S1070–S1072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronesi G, Maisonneuve P, Rampinelli C, et al. Computed tomography screening for lung cancer: results of ten years of annual screening and validation of cosmos prediction model. Lung Cancer. 2013;82(3):426–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Early Lung Cancer Action Program Investigators, Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, et al. Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(17):1763–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes RJ, Roberts HC, Paul NS, et al. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography in at-risk individuals: the Toronto experience. Lung Cancer. 2010;67(2):177–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DO, Weissfeld JL, Fuhrman CR, et al. The Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study (PLuSS): outcomes within 3 years of a first computed tomography scan. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(9):956–961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swensen SJ, Jett JR, Hartman TE, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: five-year prospective experience. Radiology. 2005;235(1):259–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wille MM, Dirksen A, Ashraf H, et al. Results of the randomized danish lung cancer screening trial with focus on high-risk profiling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(5):542–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sverzellati N, Silva M, Calareso G, et al. Low-dose computed tomography for lung cancer screening: comparison of performance between annual and biennial screen. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(11):3821-3829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker N, Motsch E, Gross ML, et al. Randomized study on early detection of lung cancer with msct in germany: results of the first 3 years of follow-up after randomization. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(6):890–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infante M, Cavuto S, Lutman FR, et al. Long-term follow-up results of the dante trial, a randomized study of lung cancer screening with spiral computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(10):1166–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field JK, Duffy SW, Baldwin DR, et al. UK Lung cancer rct pilot screening trial: baseline findings from the screening arm provide evidence for the potential implementation of lung cancer screening. Thorax. 2016;71(2):161–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter JE, Heuvelmans MA, De Jong PA, et al. Occurrence and lung cancer probability of new solid nodules at incidence screening with low-dose CT: analysis of data from the randomised, controlled NELSON trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(7):907-916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mario S, Nicola S, Carmelinda M, et al. Long-term surveillance of ground-glass nodules: evidence from the MILD trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7(10):1541–1546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstraw P, Crowley J, Chansky K, et al. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for the revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumours. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2(8):706–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detterbeck FC, Gibson CJ. Turning gray: the natural history of lung cancer over time. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3(7):781–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wao H, Mhaskar R, Kumar A, et al. Survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer without treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2013;2:10-4053-2-10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosen JE, Salazar MC, Wang Z, et al. Lobectomy versus stereotactic body radiotherapy in healthy patients with stage I lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;152(1):44–54.e9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuvelmans MA, Oudkerk M. Management of subsolid pulmonary nodules in CT lung cancer screening. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(7):1103–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yankelevitz DF, Yip R, Smith JP, et al. CT screening for lung cancer: nonsolid nodules in baseline and annual repeat rounds. Radiology. 2015;277(2):555-564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten ET, De Jong PA, De Hoop B, et al. Towards a close computed tomography monitoring approach for screen detected subsolid pulmonary nodules?. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(3):765–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie AV, Senan S, Patel P, et al. When is a biopsy-proven diagnosis necessary before stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for lung cancer?: A decision analysis. Chest. 2014;146(4):1021–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstegen NE, Lagerwaard FJ, Haasbeek CJ, et al. Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy following a clinical diagnosis of stage I NSCLC: comparison with a contemporaneous cohort with pathologically proven disease. Radiother Oncol. 2011;101(2):250–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronesi G, Bellomi M, Veronesi U, et al. Role of positron emission tomography scanning in the management of lung nodules detected at baseline computed tomography screening. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;84(3):959-65;discussion 965-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf H, Dirksen A, Loft A, et al. Combined use of positron emission tomography and volume doubling time in lung cancer screening with low-dose CT scanning. Thorax. 2011;66(4):315–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howington JA, Blum MG, Chang AC, et al. Treatment of stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(5 Suppl):e278S–313S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Chest Physicians, Scott WJ, Howington J, Feigenberg S, et al. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer stage I and stage II: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest. 2007;132(3 Suppl):234S–242S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luchtenborg M, Riaz SP, Coupland VH, et al. High procedure volume is strongly associated with improved survival after lung cancer surgery. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(25):3141–3146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donington J, Ferguson M, Mazzone P, et al. American college of chest physicians and society of thoracic surgeons consensus statement for evaluation and management for high-risk patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Chest. 2012;142(6):1620–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Drift MA, Karim-Kos HE, Siesling S, et al. Progress in standard of care therapy and modest survival benefits in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients in the Netherlands in the last 20 years. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7(2):291–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelli A, Kim AW, Berger KI, et al. Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013;143(5 Suppl):e166S–90S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little AG, Gay EG, Gaspar LE, et al. National survey of non-small cell lung cancer in the United States: epidemiology, pathology and patterns of care. Lung Cancer. 2007;57(3):253–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma L, Xiang J. Clinical outcomes of video-assisted thoracic surgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer. 2016;7(4):442–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CF, Sun Z, Speicher PJ, et al. Use and outcomes of minimally invasive lobectomy for stage i non-small cell lung cancer in the national cancer data base. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101(3):1037–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt BM, Kosinski AS, Shrager JB, et al. Thoracoscopic lobectomy is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality in patients with predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second or diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide less than 40% of normal. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(1):19-28, dicussion 28-29.e1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medbery RL, Gillespie TW, Liu Y, et al. Nodal upstaging is more common with thoracotomy than with vats during lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer: an analysis from the national cancer data base. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(2):222–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson SJ, Herndon JE, D’Amico TA, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: report of CALGB 39802–a prospective, multi-institution feasibility study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(31):4993–4997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson SJ, Meyers BF, Gunnarsson CL, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy is less costly and morbid than open lobectomy: a retrospective multiinstitutional database analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(4):1027–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcoz PE, Puyraveau M, Thomas PA, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open lobectomy for primary non-small-cell lung cancer: a propensity-matched analysis of outcome from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeon database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016;49(2):602–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nwogu CE, D’Cunha J, Pang H, et al. VATS lobectomy has better perioperative outcomes than open lobectomy: CALGB 31001, an ancillary analysis of CALGB 140202 (Alliance). Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99(2):399–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendixen M, Jorgensen OD, Kronborg C, et al. Postoperative pain and quality of life after lobectomy via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or anterolateral thoracotomy for early stage lung cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):836–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronesi G, Galetta D, Maisonneuve P, et al. Four-arm robotic lobectomy for the treatment of early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(1):19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Skylizard L, et al. Initial consecutive experience of completely portal robotic pulmonary resection with 4 arms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;142(4):740–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahieu J, Rinieri P, Bubenheim M, et al. Robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung lobectomy: can a robotic approach improve short-term outcomes and operative safety?. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;64(4):354–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks P. Robotic-assisted thoracic surgery for early-stage lung cancer: A review. Aorn J. 2015;102(1):40–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sienel W, Dango S, Kirschbaum A, et al. Sublobar resections in stage IA non-small cell lung cancer: segmentectomies result in significantly better cancer-related survival than wedge resections. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;33(4):728–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altorki NK, Kamel MK, Narula N, et al. Anatomical segmentectomy and wedge resections are associated with comparable outcomes for small cT1N0 non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(11):1984-1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai C, Shen J, Ren Y, et al. Choice of surgical procedure for patients with nsclc 1 to 2 cm among lobectomy, segmentectomy, and wedge resection: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(26):3175-3182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutani Y, Miyata Y, Nakayama H, et al. Appropriate sublobar resection choice for ground glass opacity-dominant clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma: wedge resection or segmentectomy. Chest. 2014;145(1):66–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khullar OV, Liu Y, Gillespie T, et al. Survival after sublobar resection versus lobectomy for clinical stage ia lung cancer: an analysis from the national cancer data base. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(11):1625–1633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang F, Sui X, Chen X, et al. Sublobar resection versus lobectomy in surgical treatment of elderly patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (STEPS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17:191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao C, Gupta S, Chandrakumar D, et al. Meta-analysis of intentional sublobar resections versus lobectomy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;3(2):134–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao C, Chandrakumar D, Gupta S, et al. Could less be more?-A systematic review and meta-analysis of sublobar resections versus lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer according to patient selection. Lung Cancer. 2015;89(2):121–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sesti J, Donington JS. Sublobar Resection: ongoing controversy for treatment for stage i non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Surg Clin. 2016;26(3):251–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang JY, Senan S, Paul MA, et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy versus lobectomy for operable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer: a pooled analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(6):630–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirvani SM, Jiang J, Chang JY, et al. Comparative effectiveness of 5 treatment strategies for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in the elderly. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84(5):1060–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louie AV, Van Werkhoven E, Chen H, et al. Patient reported outcomes following stereotactic ablative radiotherapy or surgery for stage IA non-small-cell lung cancer: results from the ROSEL multicenter randomized trial. Radiother Oncol. 2015;117(1):44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma DA, Senan S. Early-stage non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients: should stereotactic radiation therapy be the standard of care?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84(5):1058–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senthi S, Lagerwaard FJ, Haasbeek CJ, et al. Patterns of disease recurrence after stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for early stage non-small-cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(8):802–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung cancer. Jama. 2010;303(11):1070–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda RH, Liu Y, Gillespie TW, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy versus no treatment for early stage non-small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable elderly patients: a National Cancer Data Base analysis. Cancer. 2015;121(23):4222–4230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini BR, Park HS, Harder EM, et al. Elderly patients undergoing SBRT for inoperable early-stage NSCLC achieve similar outcomes to younger patients. Lung Cancer. 2016;97:22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri V, Crabtree TD, Bell JM, et al. Treatment outcomes in stage i lung cancer: a comparison of surgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(12):1776–1784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eba J, Nakamura K, Mizusawa J, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy versus lobectomy for operable clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma: comparison of survival outcomes in two clinical trials with propensity score analysis (JCOG1313-A). Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2016;46(8):748-753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong L, Dupuy DE. Lung ablation: whats new?. J Thorac Imaging. 2016;31(4):228–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Abtin F, Shepard JA. Image-guided ablative therapies for lung cancer. Radiol Clin North Am. 2012;50(5):975–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraki T, Gobara H, Iguchi T, et al. Radiofrequency ablation for early-stage nonsmall cell lung cancer. Biomed Res Int. 2014;152087:2014.
   Google Scholar
• Dupuy DE, Fernando HC, Hillman S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable patients: results from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z4033 (Alliance) trial. Cancer. 2015;121(19):3491–3498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobara H, Arai Y, Kobayashi T, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for patients with malignant lung tumors: a phase II prospective multicenter study (JIVROSG-0702). Jpn J Radiol. 2016;34(8):556-563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf FJ, Grand DJ, Machan JT, et al. Microwave ablation of lung malignancies: effectiveness, CT findings, and safety in 50 patients. Radiology. 2008;247(3):871–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belfiore G, Ronza F, Belfiore MP, et al. Patients’ survival in lung malignancies treated by microwave ablation: our experience on 56 patients. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(1):177–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Ye X, Zheng A, et al. Percutaneous microwave ablation of stage I medically inoperable non-small cell lung cancer: clinical evaluation of 47 cases. J Surg Oncol. 2014;110(6):758–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Littrup PJ, Duan Y, et al. Thoracic masses treated with percutaneous cryotherapy: initial experience with more than 200 procedures. Radiology. 2005;235(1):289–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zemlyak A, Moore WH, Bilfinger TV. Comparison of survival after sublobar resections and ablative therapies for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2010;211(1):68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi Y, Izumi Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Percutaneous cryoablation for the treatment of medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Plos One. 2012;7(3):e33223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore W, Talati R, Bhattacharji P, et al. Five-year survival after cryoablation of stage I non-small cell lung cancer in medically inoperable patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(3):312–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang JY, Jabbour SK, De Ruysscher D, et al. Consensus statement on proton therapy in early-stage and locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;95(1):505–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simone CB, Cengel KA. Photodynamic therapy for lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Semin Oncol. 2014;41(6):820–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar