Our current understanding of and approach to the management of lung cancer with pulmonary hypertension

References

• Brandt WS, Isbell JM, Jones DR. Defining quality in the surgical care of lung cancer patients. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017;154(4):1397–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzo R, Kelley GA, Recchi L, et al. Complications of lung resection and exercise capacity: a meta-analysis. Respir Med. 2007;101:1790–1797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelli A, Kim AW, Berger KI, et al. Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery. Chest. 2013;143:E166S–E190S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT, et al. ERS/ESTS clinical guidelines on fitness for radical therapy in lung cancer patients (surgery and chemo-radiotherapy). Eur Respir J. 2009;34:17–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim E, Baldwin D, Beckles M, et al. Guidelines on the radical management of patients with lung cancer. Thorax. 2010;65:III1–III27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2002 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery). Circulation. 2007;116 :17.
   Google Scholar
• Pallis AG, Gridelli C, Wedding U, et al. Management of elderly patients with NSCLC; updated expert’s opinion paper: EORTC elderly task force, lung cancer group and international society for geriatric oncology. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:1270–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang MY, Mentzer SJ, Colson YL, et al. Factors predicting poor survival after resection of stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134:850–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okami J, Higashiyama M, Asasmura H, et al. Pulmonary resection in patients aged 80 years or over with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer: prognostic factors for overall survival and risk factors for postoperative complications. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4:1247–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detillon DDEMA, Veen EJ. Postoperative outcome after pulmonary surgery for non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105:287–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng YD, Duan CJ, Dong S, et al. Clinical controlled comparison between lobectomy and segmental resection for patients over 70 years of age with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol J Eur Soc Surg Oncol Br Assoc Surg Oncol. 2012;38:1149–1155.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Feng H, Zhao H, et al. Sublobar resection is associated with better perioperative outcomes in elderly patients with clinical stage i non-small cell lung cancer: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11:1838–1848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okami J, Ito Y, Higashiyama M, et al. Sublobar resection provides an equivalent survival after lobectomy in elderly patients with early lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:1651–1656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bölükbas S, Eberlein MH, Schirren J. Pneumonectomy vs. Sleeve resection for non-small cell lung carcinoma in the elderly: analysis of short-term and long-term results. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;59:142–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salati M, Brunelli A, Xiumè F, et al. Quality of life in the elderly after major lung resection for lung cancer. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;8:79–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okami J. Treatment strategy and decision-making for elderly surgical candidates with early lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11:S987–S997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng X, Schipper M, Kidwell K, et al. Survival outcome after stereotactic body radiation therapy and surgery for stage i non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;90:603–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pricopi C, Mordant P, Rivera C, et al. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after pneumonectomy: a 30-year experience of 2064 consecutive patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2015;20:316–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagès P-B, Delpy J-P, Orsini B, et al. Propensity score analysis comparing videothoracoscopic lobectomy with thoracotomy: a French nationwide study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101:1370–1378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcoz P-E, Puyraveau M, Thomas P-A, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus open lobectomy for primary non-small-cell lung cancer: a propensity-matched analysis of outcome from the european society of thoracic surgeon database. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thorac Surg. 2016;49:602–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H-X, Woo KM, Sima CS, et al. Long-term survival based on the surgical approach to lobectomy for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer: comparison of robotic, video assisted thoracic surgery, and thoracotomy lobectomy. Ann Surg. 2017;265:431–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul S, Isaacs AJ, Treasure T, et al. Long term survival with thoracoscopic versus open lobectomy: propensity matched comparative analysis using seer-medicare database. BMJ. 2014;349.g5575
   Google Scholar
• Lederman D, Easwar J, Feldman J, et al. Anesthetic considerations for lung resection: preoperative assessment, intraoperative challenges and postoperative analgesia. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7:15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcoz PE, Conti M, Brouchet L, et al. The thoracic surgery scoring system (thoracoscore): risk model for in-hospital death in 15,183 patients requiring thoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpole DH, Decamp MM, Daley J, et al. Prognostic models of thirty-day mortality and morbidity after major pulmonary resection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999;117:969–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrisford R, Brunelli A, Rocco G, et al. The European thoracic surgery database project: modelling the risk of in-hospital death following lung resection. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg Off J Eur Assoc Cardio-Thorac Surg. 2005;28:306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelli A, Varela G, Salati M, et al. Recalibration of the revised cardiac risk index in lung resection candidates. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelli A, Cassivi SD, Fibla J, et al. External validation of the recalibrated thoracic revised cardiac risk index for predicting the risk of major cardiac complications after lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:445–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100:1043–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DC, Blasberg JD, Arnold BN, et al. Validating the thoracic revised cardiac risk index following lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2017;104:389–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry S, Arena R, Bhatt DL, et al. A practical clinical approach to utilize cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the evaluation and management of coronary artery disease: a primer for cardiologists. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2018;33:168–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouat A, Naeije R, Weitzenblum E. Pulmonary hypertension in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:1371–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonneau G, Montani D, Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53:1801913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan SD, Barbera JA, Gaine SP, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung disease and hypoxia. Eur Respir J. 2019;53:1801914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger W, Adir Y, Barberà JA, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:D109–D116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker BS-A, Padilla M, Mhango G, et al. Interstitial lung abnormalities and lung cancer risk in the national lung screening trial. Chest. 2019;156:1195–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi W-I, Lee DY, Choi H-G. Lung cancer development and mortality in interstitial lung disease with and without connective tissue diseases: a five-year nationwide population-based study. Respir Res. 2019;20:117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcasoy SM, Christie JD, Ferrari VA, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with advanced lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:735–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greiner S, Jud A, Aurich M, et al. Reliability of noninvasive assessment of systolic pulmonary artery pressure by doppler echocardiography compared to right heart catheterization: analysis in a large patient population. J Am Heart Assoc Cardiovasc Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;3:4.
   Google Scholar
• Nowak J, Hudzik B, Jastrzȩbski D, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in advanced lung diseases: echocardiography as an important part of patient evaluation for lung transplantation. Clin Respir J. 2018;12:930–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkukhun L, Wang X-F, Ahmed MK, et al. Non-invasive screening for pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Med. 2016;117:65–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yagi M, Taniguchi H, Kondoh Y, et al. CT-Determined pulmonary artery to aorta ratio as a predictor of elevated pulmonary artery pressure and survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology. 2017;22:1393–1399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing Z-C, Xu X-Q, Badesch DB, et al. Pulmonary function testing in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Respir Med. 2009;103:1136–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra S, Shah SJ, Thenappan T, et al. Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010;2:181–187.
   Google Scholar
• Wu M-T, Pan H-B, Chiang AA, et al. Prediction of postoperative lung function in patients with lung cancer. Am J Roentgenol 2002 ;178:667-672.
   Google Scholar
• Win T, Laroche CM, Groves AM, et al. Use of quantitative lung scintigraphy to predict postoperative pulmonary function in lung cancer patients undergoing lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1215–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corris PA, Ellis DA, Hawkins T, et al. Use of radionuclide scanning in the preoperative estimation of pulmonary function after pneumonectomy. Thorax. 1987;42:285–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden DA, Rice TW, Stelmach K, et al. Exercise testing, 6-min walk, and stair climb in the evaluation of patients at high risk for pulmonary resection. Chest. 1992;102:1774–1779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cote CG, Pinto-Plata V, Kasprzyk K, et al. The 6-min walk distance, peak oxygen uptake, and mortality in COPD. Chest. 2007;132:1778–1785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudiz RJ, Barst RJ, Hansen JE, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and six-minute walk correlations in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:123–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Kim HK, Kang D, et al. Prognostic value of six-minute walk test to predict postoperative cardiopulmonary complications in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Chest. 2020;157:1665–1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzo RP, Sciurba FC. Oxygen consumption, shuttle walking test and the evaluation of lung resection. Respiration. 2010;80:19–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boujibar F, Gillibert A, Gravier FE, et al. Performance at stair-climbing test is associated with postoperative complications after lung resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THORAX. 2020;75:791–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewen GM, Watson D, Kohman L, et al. Preoperative exercise VO2 measurement for lung resection candidates: results of cancer and leukemia group B protocol 9238. J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer. 2007;2:619–625.
   Google Scholar
• Bolliger CT, Jordan P, Solèr M, et al. Exercise capacity as a predictor of postoperative complications in lung resection candidates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1472–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelli A, Belardinelli R, Refai M, et al. Peak oxygen consumption during cardiopulmonary exercise test improves risk stratification in candidates to major lung resection. Chest. 2009;135:1260–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolliger CT, Wyser C, Roser H, et al. Lung scanning and exercise testing for the prediction of postoperative performance in lung resection candidates at increased risk for complications. Chest. 1995;108:341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni H-J, Pudasaini B, Yuan X-T, et al. Exercise training for patients pre- and postsurgically treated for non–small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Integr Cancer Ther. 2017;16:63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groepenhoff H, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Boonstra A, et al. Exercise testing to estimate survival in pulmonary hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:1725–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua TP, Ponikowski P, Harrington D, et al. Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1585–1590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arena R, Myers J, Abella J, et al. Development of a ventilatory classification system in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 2007;115:2410–2417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchio R, Guglielmo M, Giardino R, et al. Exercise ventilatory inefficiency and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;38:14–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunelli A, Belardinelli R, Pompili C, et al. Minute ventilation-to-carbon dioxide output (E/CO2) slope is the strongest predictor of respiratory complications and death after pulmonary resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93:1802–1806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost A, Badesch D, Gibbs JSR, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53:1801904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freed BH, Collins JD, François CJ, et al. Magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging for the evaluation of pulmonary hypertension. Jacc Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9:715–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranchoux B, Günther S, Quarck R, et al. Chemotherapy-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Pathol. 2015;185:356–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price LC, Seckl MJ, Dorfmüller P, et al. Tumoral pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2019;28:180065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brecker SJ, Gibbs JS, Fox KM, et al. Comparison of doppler derived haemodynamic variables and simultaneous high fidelity pressure measurements in severe pulmonary hypertension. HEART. 1994;72:384–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells JM, Washko GR, Han MK, et al. Pulmonary arterial enlargement and acute exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:913–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devaraj A, Wells AU, Meister MG, et al. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with bronchiectasis: prognostic significance of CT signs. Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196:1300–1304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyer AS, Wells JM, Vishin S, et al. CT scan-measured pulmonary artery to aorta ratio and echocardiography for detecting pulmonary hypertension in severe COPD. Chest. 2014;145:824–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asakura K, Mitsuboshi S, Tsuji M, et al. Pulmonary arterial enlargement predicts cardiopulmonary complications after pulmonary resection for lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;10:113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas J, Díaz O, Barberà JA, et al. Invasive exercise testing in the evaluation of patients at high-risk for lung resection. Eur Respir J. 1998;12:1429–1435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlens E, Hanson HE, Nordenstrom B. Temporary unilateral occlusion of the pulmonary artery; a new method of determining separate lung function and of radiologic examinations. J Thorac Surg. 1951;22:527–536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanita T, Tomoyasu M, Deguchi H, et al. Review of preoperative functional evaluation for lung resection using the right ventricular hemodynamic functions. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;10:6.
   Google Scholar
• Shimohira M, Hashizume T, Ohta K, et al. Unilateral pulmonary artery pre-operative occlusion test: technical feasibility and safety prior to pneumonectomy or pleuropneumonectomy for malignancy. Br J Radiol. 2018;91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda T, Onuki T, Nishiuchi M, et al. Clinical assessment of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion test with dobutamine infusion: expansion of surgical indications in patients with primary lung cancer and impaired cardiopulmonary functions. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;48:802–808.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagamatsu Y, Ohkita A, Kimura NY, et al. Retrospective investigation of pulmonary resection in patients with high total pulmonary vascular resistance during preoperative unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;57:244–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savale L, Weatherald J, Jaïs X, et al. Acute decompensated pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26:170092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeper MM, Benza RL, Corris P, et al. Intensive care, right ventricular support and lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53:1801906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazawa M, Haniuda M, Nishimura H, et al. Longterm effects of pulmonary resection on cardiopulmonary function. J Am Coll Surg. 1999;189:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foroulis C. Study on the late effect of pneumonectomy on right heart pressures using doppler echocardiography. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004;26:508–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venuta F, Sciomer S, Andreetti C, et al. Long-term doppler echocardiographic evaluation of the right heart after major lung resections. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32:787–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potaris K, Athanasiou A, Konstantinou M, et al. Pulmonary hypertension after pneumonectomy for lung cancer. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2014;22:1072–1079.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deslauriers J, Ugalde P, Miro S, et al. Adjustments in cardiorespiratory function after pneumonectomy: results of the pneumonectomy project. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;141:7–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammash NM, Connolly HM, Abel MD, et al. Noncardiac surgery in eisenmenger syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:222–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross AF, Ueda K. Pulmonary hypertension in thoracic surgical patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2010;23:25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishna G, Sprung J, Ravi BS, et al. Impact of pulmonary hypertension on the outcomes of noncardiac surgery: predictors of perioperative morbidity and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1691–1699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai H-C, Lai H-C, Wang K-Y, et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension complicates postoperative outcome of non-cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99:184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreider ME, Hansen-Flaschen J, Ahmad NN, et al. Complications of video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy in patients with interstitial lung disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1140–1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller AR, Litz RJ, Koch T. A fine balance–one-lung ventilation in a patient with eisenmenger syndrome. Br J Anaesth. 2004;92:587–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito R, Shime N, Yamazaki Y, et al. [Anesthetic experience in a case of an adolescent with severe pulmonary hypertension associated with ventricular septal defect]. Masui. 2004;53:309–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasegawa S, Isowa N, Bando T, et al. The inadvisability of thoracoscopic lung biopsy on patients with pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2002;122:1067–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichinokawa M, Hida Y, Kaga K, et al. A case of primary pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary tumor. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Off J Assoc Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Asia. 2010;16:270–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng DCH, Edelist G. Isoflurane and primary pulmonary hypertension. Anaesthesia. 1988;43:22–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong P. Thoracic epidural anaesthesia and primary pulmonary hypertension. Anaesthesia. 1992;47:496–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei B, D’amico T, Samad Z, et al. The impact of pulmonary hypertension on morbidity and mortality following major lung resection. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;45:1028–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson KM, Halank M, Egenlauf B, et al. Decompensated right heart failure, intensive care and perioperative management in patients with pulmonary hypertension: updated recommendations from the cologne consensus conference 2018. Int J Cardiol. 2018;272:46–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nonaka DF, Grichnik KP, Whitener GB. Pulmonary hypertension and thoracic surgery: diagnostics and advances in therapy and intraoperative management. Curr Anesthesiol Rep. 2014;4:135–141.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan B, Puskas F, Fernandez-Bustamante A. Transesophageal echocardiography in noncardiac thoracic surgery. Anesthesiol Clin. 2012;30:657–669.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gille J, Seyfarth H-J, Gerlach S, et al. Perioperative anesthesiological management of patients with pulmonary hypertension. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2012;2012.
   Google Scholar
• Bedetti B, Bertolaccini L, Rocco R, et al. Segmentectomy versus lobectomy for stage i non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9:1615–1623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao C, Chandrakumar D, Gupta S, et al. Could less be more?—a systematic review and meta-analysis of sublobar resections versus lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer according to patient selection. Lung Cancer. 2015;89:121–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berfield KS, Wood DE. Sublobar resection for stage ia non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9:S208–S210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao C, Manganas C, Ang SC, et al. A meta-analysis of unmatched and matched patients comparing video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy and conventional open lobectomy. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;1:16–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Videtic GMM, Donington J, Giuliani M, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: executive summary of an astro evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017;7:295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider BJ, Daly ME, Kennedy EB, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer: american society of clinical oncology endorsement of the american society for radiation oncology evidence-based guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:710–719.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glanville AR, Wilson BE. Lung transplantation for non-small cell lung cancer and multifocal bronchioalveolar cell carcinoma. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machuca TN, KESHAVJEE S. Transplantation for lung cancer. Curr Opin Organ Transplant. 2012;17:479–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kachala SS, Murthy SC. Lung transplantation for multifocal lung adenocarcinoma (multifocal lung carcinoma). Thorac Surg Clin. 2014;24:485–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason DP, Subramanian S, Nowicki ER, et al. Impact of smoking cessation before resection of lung cancer: a society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic surgery database study. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88:2:362–370. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzo R, Wigle D, Novotny P, et al. Preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation before lung cancer resection: results from two randomized studies. Lung Cancer Amst Neth. 2011;74:441–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar