148
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

COVID-19 scenario and recommendations on the continuity of immunobiological therapy in patients with atopic asthma in Brazil and Latin America

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 211-220 | Received 29 Jun 2021, Accepted 07 Jan 2022, Published online: 31 Jan 2022

References

  • Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1708–1720.
  • Kimura H, Francisco D, Conway M, et al. Type 2 inflammation modulates ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(80–88.e8):80–88.e8.
  • Wang Y, Ao G, Qi X, et al. The association between COVID-19 and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp. 2020;50:1274–1277.
  • Liu S, Cao Y, Du T, et al. Prevalence of comorbid asthma and related outcomes in COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice. 2021;9:693–701.
  • Castillo JR, Peters SP, Busse WW. Asthma Exacerbations: pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice. 2017;5:918–927.
  • Alkan SS. Legends of allergy/immunology: Georges Köhler and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies. Allergy. 2019;74:1412–1414.
  • Biologics CL. Allergy immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2020;40:687–700.
  • Ozdemir C. Monoclonal antibodies in allergy: updated applications and promising trials. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2015;9:54–65.
  • Lee T, Nair P, Corrigan CJ. Review of monoclonal antibody therapies in asthma and allergic diseases - a new paradigm for precision medicine. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2020;38:78–90.
  • Kröker A, Tirzīte M. Repurposed pharmacological agents for the potential treatment of COVID-19: a literature review. Respir Res. 2021;22:304.
  • JBI manual for evidence synthesis. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. JBI; 2020.
  • Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1199–1207.
  • Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:727–733.
  • Bai Y, Yao L, Wei T, et al. Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19. Jama. 2020;323(14):1406–1407.
  • Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1177–1179.
  • Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, et al. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a Review. Jama. 2020;324:782–793.
  • Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172:577–582.
  • Hu B, Huang S, Yin L. The cytokine storm and COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2021;250–256. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26232
  • Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1–30, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
  • Gao Y, Ding M, Dong X, et al. Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID‐19 patients: a review. Allergy. 2021;76:428–455.
  • Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell. 2020;181(271–280.e8):271–280.e8.
  • Gupta A, Madhavan M, Sehgal K, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2020;Vol. 26:1017–1032.
  • Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581:465–469.
  • Ritchie H, Ortiz-Ospina E, Beltekian D, et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) [Internet]. Our World in Data. 2020 cited 2021 Mar 13. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus.
  • Pfefferbaum B, North CS. Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:510–512.
  • Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55–64.
  • Voysey M, Clemens SAC, Madhi SA, et al. Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK. Lancet. 2021;397:99–111.
  • Ramasamy MN, Minassian AM, Ewer KJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. 2020;396:1979–1993.
  • Gao Q, Bao L, Mao H, et al. Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2020;369:77–81.
  • Zhang Y, Zeng G, Pan H, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21:181–192.
  • Manisty C, Otter AD, Treibel TA, et al. Antibody response to first BNT162b2 dose in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Lancet. 2021;397(10279):1057–1058.
  • Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2603–2615.
  • Prendecki M, Clarke C, Brown J, et al. Effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on humoral and T-cell responses to single-dose BNT162b2 vaccine. Lancet. 2021;397:1178–1181.
  • Bos R, Rutten L, van der Lubbe JEM, et al. Ad26 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine encoding a prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike immunogen induces potent humoral and cellular immune responses. NPJ Vaccines. 2020;5:91.
  • Sadoff J, Le Gars M, Shukarev G, et al. interim results of a phase 1–2a trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021 [January 13];384:1824–1835.
  • Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:2187–2201.
  • Zhu FC, Guan XH, Li YH, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020;396:479–488.
  • De Monchy JG, Demoly P, Akdis CA, et al. Allergology in Europe, the blueprint. Allergy: Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;68:1211–1218.
  • Blumenthal KG, Peter JG, Trubiano JA, et al. Antibiotic allergy. Lancet. 2019;393:183–198.
  • Larché M, Akdis CA, Valenta R. Immunological mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6:761–771.
  • Palomares O, Akdis M, Martín-Fontecha M, et al. Mechanisms of immune regulation in allergic diseases: the role of regulatory T and B cells. Immunol Rev. 2017;278:219–236.
  • Taketomi EA, Miranda JS, Jp Da C-J, et al. Allergen-specific immunotherapy follow-up by measuring allergen-specific IgG as an objective parameter. Immunotherapy - Myths, Reality, Ideas, Future. InTech; 2017. p. 382–401.
  • Hatzler L, Hofmaier S, Papadopoulos NG. Allergic airway diseases in childhood - marching from epidemiology to novel concepts of prevention. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012;23:616–622.
  • Shpakou A, Brozek G, Stryzhak A, et al. Allergic diseases and respiratory symptoms in urban and rural children in Grodno Region (Belarus). Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012;23:339–346.
  • Arrieta M-C, Stiemsma LT, Dimitriu PA, et al. Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7:307ra152.
  • Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. The immunology of the allergy epidemic and the hygiene hypothesis. Nat Immunol. 2017;18:1076–1083.
  • Dharmage SC, Perret JL, Custovic A. Epidemiology of asthma in children and adults. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:246.
  • Pawankar R, Canonica G, and Holgate S, et al. WAO white book on allergy. Milwaukee: World Allergy Organization (WAO); 2013. Update.
  • Keil T, Bockelbrink A, Reich A, et al. The natural history of allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:962–969.
  • Ziyab AH. Prevalence and risk factors of Asthma, Rhinitis, and Eczema and Their Multimorbidity among Young Adults in Kuwait: a cross-sectional study. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:2184193.
  • Ardusso LRF, Neffen HE, Fernandez-Caldas E, et al. Environmental intervention in respiratory disease. Medicina (B Aires). 2019;79(2):123–136.
  • Sur DKC, Plesa ML. Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis. Am Fam Physician. 2015;92(11):985–992.
  • Ellis AK, Frankish CW, O’Hehir RE, et al. Treatment with grass allergen peptides improves symptoms of grass pollen–induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:486–496.
  • Shamji MH, Ceuppens J, Bachert C, et al. Lolium perenne peptides for treatment of grass pollen allergy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:448–451.
  • Boonpiyathad T, Sokolowska M, Morita H, et al. Der p 1-specific regulatory T-cell response during house dust mite allergen immunotherapy. Allergy. 2019;74:976–985.
  • Caffarelli C, Mastrorilli C, Procaccianti M, et al. Use of sublingual immunotherapy for aeroallergens in children with Asthma. J Clin Med. 2020;9:3381.
  • Hanania NA, Alpan O, Hamilos DL, et al. Omalizumab in severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled with standard therapy: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:573–582.
  • Chiarella SE. Immunobiologic treatments for severe asthma, atopic dermatitis, and chronic urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019;40:485–489.
  • Poulakos MN, Cargill SM, Waineo MF, et al. Mepolizumab for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017;74:963–969.
  • Seegräber M, Srour J, Walter A, et al. Dupilumab for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11:467–474.
  • Walsh GM. Reslizumab in the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma: an update. Immunotherapy. 2018;10:695–698.
  • Dávila González I, Moreno Benítez F, Benralizumab: QS. A new approach for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2019;29:84–93.
  • Marone G, Spadaro G, Braile M, et al. Tezepelumab: a novel biological therapy for the treatment of severe uncontrolled asthma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2019;28:931–940.
  • Chen YL, Gutowska-Owsiak D, Hardman CS, et al. Proof-of-concept clinical trial of etokimab shows a key role for IL-33 in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. In: Science Translational Medicine. 2019. p. 11.
  • Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy: Eur J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;75:1730–1741.
  • Yang JM, Koh HY, Moon SY, et al. Allergic disorders and susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19: a nationwide cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146:790–798.
  • Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, et al. Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 states, march 1- 30, 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2020;69:458–464.
  • Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430–436.
  • Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020;323:2052–2059.
  • Jackson DJ, Busse WW, Bacharier LB, et al. Association of respiratory allergy, asthma, and expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(203–206.e3). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.009.
  • Sajuthi SP, DeFord P, Li Y, et al. Type 2 and interferon inflammation regulate SARS-CoV-2 entry factor expression in the airway epithelium. Nat Commun. 2020;11:5139.
  • Du Y, Tu L, Zhu P, et al. Clinical features of 85 fatal cases of COVID-19 from Wuhan. A retrospective observational study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:1372–1379.
  • Ferastraoaru D, Hudes G, Jerschow E, et al. Eosinophilia in Asthma patients is protective against severe COVID-19 Illness. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021;9:1152–1162.e3.
  • Gonzalez-Diaz SN, Martin B, Villarreal-Gonzalez RV, et al. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with allergic diseases. World Allergy Organ J. 2021;14:100510.
  • Cardinale F, Ciprandi G, Barberi S, et al. Consensus statement of the Italian society of pediatric allergy and immunology for the pragmatic management of children and adolescents with allergic or immunological diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ital J Pediatr. 2020;46:1–14.
  • The RECOVERY Collaborative Group. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 — preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:693–704.
  • Ghanei M, Solaymani-Dodaran M, Qazvini A, et al. The efficacy of corticosteroids therapy in patients with moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial. Respir Res. 2021;22:22.
  • Singh K, Kumar S, Shastri S, et al. Black fungus immunosuppressive epidemic with Covid-19 associated mucormycosis (zygomycosis): a clinical and diagnostic perspective from India. Immunogenetics. 2021;1:1.
  • Lansbury L, Lim B, Baskaran V, et al. Co-infections in people with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(2):266–275.
  • Liu W-D, Wang J-T, Hung -C-C, et al. Accelerated progression of pulmonary tuberculosis in a COVID-19 patient after corticosteroid treatment. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2021.08.007.
  • Shionoya Y, Taniguchi T, Kasai H, et al. Possibility of deterioration of respiratory status when steroids precede antiviral drugs in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a retrospective study. PloS One. 2021;16(9):e0256977.
  • Neurath MF. COVID-19: biologic and immunosuppressive therapy in gastroenterology and hepatology. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18:1.
  • Lukin DJ, Kumar A, Hajifathalian K, et al. Baseline disease activity and steroid therapy stratify risk of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2020;159:1541.
  • Chavasse R, Almario A, Christopher A, et al. The Indirect impact of COVID-19 on children with asthma. Archivos de Bronconeumología. 2020;56:768–769.
  • Abe K, Miyawaki A, Nakamura M, et al. Trends in hospitalizations for asthma during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;9:494–496.e1.
  • Pelletier JH, Rakkar J, Au AK, et al. Trends in US pediatric hospital admissions in 2020 compared with the decade before the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4:e2037227–e2037227.
  • Levene R, Fein DM, Silver EJ, et al. The ongoing impact of COVID-19 on asthma and pediatric emergency health-seeking behavior in the Bronx, an epicenter. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;43:109.
  • Ozturk AB, Baççıoğlu A, Soyer O, et al. Change in allergy practice during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2021;182:49–52.
  • Koca Kalkan I, Hale Ates KA, et al. Real-life adherence to subcutaneous immunotherapy: what has changed in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. World Allergy Organ J. 2021;14.
  • Kendirlinan R, Cerci P, Mungan D. Skin prick test practice in allergy clinics during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2021;127:272–274.
  • Pfaar O, Agache I, Bonini M, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and allergen immunotherapy- an EAACI survey. Allergy. 2021;00:38.
  • Kitazawa H, Hizawa N, Nishimura Y, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on asthma treatment in Japan: perspectives based on doctors’ views. Respir Investig. 2021;59:670–674.
  • Crespo-Lessmann A, Plaza V, Almonacid C. Multidisciplinary consensus on sputum induction biosafety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Allergy. 2021;76:2407–2419.
  • Ferraro VA, Zamunaro A, Spaggiari S, et al. Pediatric asthma control during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021;9:561.
  • Matucci A, Caminati M, Vivarelli E, et al. COVID-19 in severe asthmatic patients during ongoing treatment with biologicals targeting type 2 inflammation: results from a multicenter Italian survey. Allergy. 2021;76:871–874.
  • Ferrante G, Licari A, Marseglia GL, et al. Digital health interventions in children with asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2021;51:212–220.
  • Glover RE, Urquhart R, and Lukawska J, et al. Vaccinating against covid-19 in people who report allergies. Bmj. 2021;120:372.
  • Ring J, Beyer K, Biedermann T, et al. Messages for patients and relatives from the 2021 update of the guideline on acute therapy and management of anaphylaxis. Allergo J Int. 2021;30:1–6.
  • Klimek L, Pfaar O, Hamelmann E, et al. COVID-19 vaccination and allergen immunotherapy (AIT) - A position paper of the German Society for applied allergology (AeDA) and the German society for allergology and clinical immunology (DGAKI). Allergol Select. 2021;5:251–259.
  • Caminati M, Guarnieri G, Batani V, et al. COVID-19 vaccination in patients with severe asthma on biologic treatment: safety, tolerability, and impact on disease control. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9:853.
  • Smola A, Samadzadeh S, Müller L, et al. Omalizumab prevents anaphylactoid reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35:e743–e745.
  • Pfaar O, Klimek L, Hamelmann E, et al. COVID-19 vaccination of patients with allergies and type-2 inflammation with concurrent antibody therapy (biologicals) – a position paper of the German society of allergology and clinical immunology (dgaki) and the German society for applied allergology (AeDA). Allergol Select. 2021;5:140.
  • Vultaggio A, Agache I, Akdis CA, et al. Considerations on biologicals for patients with allergic disease in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: an EAACI statement. Allergy. 2020;75:2764–2774.
  • Dreher M, Kersten A, Bickenbach J, et al. The characteristics of 50 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without ARDS. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020;117:271–278.
  • Dong X, Cao Y, Lu X, et al. Eleven faces of coronavirus disease 2019. Allergy. 2020;75:1699–1709.
  • Grasselli G, Zangrillo A, Zanella A, et al. Baseline Characteristics and Outcomes of 1591 Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy. Jama. 2020;323:1574–1581.
  • Agache I, Beltran J, and Akdis C, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 2020;75:1023–1042.
  • Agache I, Song Y, Rocha C, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with dupilumab for severe asthma: a systematic review of the EAACI guidelines—Recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 2020;75(5):1058–1068.
  • Criado PR, Pagliari C, and Criado RFJ, et al. What the physicians should know about mast cells, dendritic cells, urticaria, and omalizumab during COVID-19 or asymptomatic infections due to SARS-CoV-2? Dermatol Ther. 2020:6:33.
  • Esquivel A, Busse WW, Calatroni A, et al. Effects of Omalizumab on rhinovirus infections, illnesses, and exacerbations of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196:985–992.
  • Lommatzsch M, Stoll P, Virchow JC. COVID-19 in a patient with severe asthma treated with Omalizumab. Allergy. 2020;75:2705–2708.
  • Ricardo JW, Lipner SR. Considerations for safety in the use of systemic medications for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Dermatol Ther. 2020;33:e13687.
  • Shaker MS, Oppenheimer J, Grayson M, et al. COVID-19: pandemic contingency planning for the allergy and immunology clinic. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice. 2020;8:1477–1488.e5.
  • WHO. WHO preferred product characteristics of monoclonal antibodies for passive immunization against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. Geneva PP - Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.
  • Atiqi S, Hooijberg F, Loeff FC, et al. Immunogenicity of TNF-Inhibitors. Front Immunol. 2020;11:312.
  • Castelli MS, McGonigle P, Hornby PJ. The pharmacology and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2019;7:e00535.
  • Allergic patients during COVID-19 pandemic [Internet]. World Allergy Organization. 2020 cited 2021 May 11]. Available from 2021 May 11: https://www.worldallergy.org/UserFiles/file/Allergic_patients_during_COVID-19.pdf.
  • Shaker MS, Oppenheimer J, Grayson M, et al. COVID-19: pandemic Contingency Planning for the Allergy and Immunology Clinic. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8:1477–1488.e5.
  • Resolutions: staying COVID free keeping allergy and asthma symptoms under control [Internet]. ACAAI (American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology). 2020 cited 2021 May 11]. Available from 2021 May 11: https://acaai.org/news/resolutions-2021-staying-covid-free-keeping-allergy-and-asthma-symptoms-under-control.
  • [ASBAI makes recommendations for asthma patients in the face of coronavirus pandemic] Portuguese [Internet]. Brazilian Association of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ASBAI). 2020 Accessed 11 May 2021. Available from: https://asbai.org.br/asbai-faz-recomendacoes-para-pacientes-com-asma-diante-da-pandemia-do-coronavirus/.
  • [The Brazilian Association of Allergy and Immunology (ASBAI). supports and disseminates the position of the Latin American Society (SLAAI) on the relationship between COVID-19 and asthma] Portuguese [Internet]. Brazilian Association of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ASBAI). 2020 Accessed 11 May 2021. Available from: https://asbai.org.br/a-associacao-brasileira-de-alergia-e-imunologia-asbai-apoia-e-divulga-o-posicionamento-da-sociedade-latina-americana-slaai-sobre-a-relacao-entre-covid-19-e-asma/
  • Villa L, Cavallo MC, Crisci MS, et al. [General recommendations of the practice of the allergy and clinical immunology during the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina] Spanish [Internet]. Argentinian Association of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2020 cited 2021 May 11]. Available from 2021 May 11: https://alergia.org.ar/index.php/institucional/sobre-aaaeic/newsletter/recomendaciones-generales-2.
  • [Asthma and asthma medication in COVID-19 times] Spanish [Internet]. Colombian Association of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. 2020 [cited 2021 May 11]. Available from: https://acaai.co/asma-y-medicacion-para-el-asma-en-tiempos-de-covid-19/.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.