526
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Tuberculosis in children with severe acute malnutrition

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 273-284 | Received 06 Sep 2021, Accepted 15 Feb 2022, Published online: 28 Feb 2022

References

  • Basu Roy R, Whittaker E, Seddon JA, et al. Tuberculosis susceptibility and protection in children. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(3):e96–e108. Available from.
  • Reuter A, Hughes J, Furin J. Challenges and controversies in childhood tuberculosis. Lancet. 2019;394(10202):967–978. Available from.
  • World Health Organization. Roadmap towards ending TB in children and adolescents [Internet]. 2nd ed. Geneva; 2018 Accessed 11 October 2021. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/2018/tb-childhoodroadmap/en/ .
  • World Health Organization. Guideline: updates on the Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants and Children [Internet]. Geneva; 2013 Accessed July 10 2021. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/95584/9789241506328_eng.pdf?ua=1.
  • Ibrahim MK, Zambruni M, Melby CL, et al., Impact of Childhood Malnutrition on Host Defense and Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 30(4): 919–971. 2017.
  • Fry SH, Barnabas S, and Cotton MF. Tuberculosis and HIV - An update on the “cursed duet” in children. Front Pediatr. 2019;7: 159 Accessed 10 June 2021. Available from: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L62727000110.3389/fped.2019.00159
  • World Health Organization. Management of severe malnutrition: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers [Internet]. Geneva; 1999 Accessed 21 June 2021. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41999.
  • World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programs on the management of tuberculosis in children. 1st ed ed. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
  • World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report [Internet]. Geneva; 2020 Accessed 23 July 2021. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/336069/9789240013131-eng.pdf?ua=1.
  • Dodd PJ, Yuen CM, Sismanidis C, et al. The global burden of tuberculosis mortality in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(9):e898–e906. Available from.
  • Frison S, Checchi F, Kerac M. Omitting edema measurement: how much acute malnutrition are we missing? Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(5):1176–1181.
  • World Bank, United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: key findings of the 2019 Edition of the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates [Internet]. Geneva; 2019 Accessed June 10 2021. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/media/files/JME_2015_edition_Sept_2015.pdf.
  • Olofin I, McDonald CM, Ezzati M, et al. Associations of suboptimal growth with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in children under five years: a pooled analysis of ten prospective studies. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e64636.
  • Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2013;382(9890):427–451.
  • Trehan I, O’Hare BA, Phiri A, et al. Challenges in the management of HIV-infected malnourished children in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Res Treat. 2012;2012:790786.
  • Kerac M, Bunn J, Chagaluka G, et al. Follow-up of post-discharge growth and mortality after treatment for severe acute malnutrition (FuSAM study): a prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e96030.
  • Girum T, Kote M, Tariku B, et al. Survival status and predictors of mortality among severely acute malnourished children <5 years of age admitted to stabilization centers in Gedeo Zone: a retrospective cohort study. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2017;13:101–110 Accessed July 5 2021. Available from https://www.dovepress.com/survival-status-and-predictors-of-mortality-among-severely-acute-malno-peer-reviewed-article-TCRM Available from
  • Munthali T, Chabala C, Chama E, et al. Tuberculosis caseload in children with severe acute malnutrition related with high hospital based mortality in Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):1–6.
  • Lacourse SM, Chester FM, Preidis G, et al. Use of Xpert® for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in severely malnourished hospitalized Malawian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;33(11):1200–1202.
  • Bates M, Shibemba A, Mudenda V, et al.Burden of respiratory tract infections at post mortem in Zambian children. BMC Med. 2016;14(1):1–9. Available from
  • Bhat PG, Kumar AMV, Naik B, et al. Intensified tuberculosis case finding among malnourished children in nutritional rehabilitation centres of Karnataka, India: missed opportunities. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):8–14.
  • Wagnew F, Worku W, Dejenu G, et al. An overview of the case fatality of inpatient severe acute malnutrition in Ethiopia and its association with human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis comorbidity-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Health. 2018;10(6):405–411.
  • Kumar R, Singh J, Joshi K, et al. Co-morbidities in hospitalized children with severe acute malnutrition. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(2):125–127.
  • Chisti MJ, Graham SM, Duke T, et al., A prospective study of the prevalence of tuberculosis and bacteraemia in Bangladeshi children with severe malnutrition and pneumonia including an evaluation of Xpert MTB/RIF assay. PLoS One. 9(4): e93776. 2014.
  • De Maayer T, Saloojee H. Clinical outcomes of severe malnutrition in a high tuberculosis and HIV setting. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(6):560–564.
  • Ide LEY. Prevalence of tuberculosis among children with severe acute malnutrition at Ola during Children’s Hospital in Freetown Sierra Leone. J Adv Med Med Res. 2019;30:1–7.
  • Osório D-V, Munyangaju I, Muhiwa A, et al. Lipoarabinomannan antigen assay (TB-LAM) for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis in children with severe acute malnutrition in Mozambique. J Trop Pediatr. 2021;67(3):fmaa072.
  • Aygun D, Akcakaya N, Cokugras H, et al. Evaluation of clinical and laboratory characteristics of children with pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55:1–9.
  • Blount RJ, Tran B, Jarlsberg LG, et al. Childhood tuberculosis in Northern Viet Nam: a review of 103 cases. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e97267.
  • Buck WC, Olson D, Kabue MM, et al. Risk factors for mortality in Malawian children with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis co-infection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(11):1389–1395.
  • Drobac PC, Shin SS, Huamani P, et al. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality among children with tuberculosis: the 25-year experience in Peru. Pediatrics. 2012;130(2):e373–9.
  • Du Preez K, Du Plessis L, O’Connell N, et al. Burden, spectrum and outcomes of children with tuberculosis diagnosed at a district-level hospital in South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(9):1037–1043.
  • Ebonyi AO, Oguche S, and Agbaji OO, et al. Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV-1 co-infected Nigerian children being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis and on antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective cohort study. Germs. 2016;6(4):139–150 Accessed 17 July 2021. Available from http://www.germs.ro/library/downLoad.php?id=343&from=uploads%0Ahttp://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=emed18b&NEWS=N&AN=613761475 Available from.
  • Hesseling AC, Westra AE, Werschkull H, et al. Outcome of HIV infected children with culture confirmed tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90(11):1171–1174.
  • Hicks RM, Padayatchi N, Shah NS, et al. Malnutrition associated with unfavorable outcome and death among South African MDR-TB and HIV co-infected children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(9):1074–1079.
  • Laghari M, Sulaiman SAS, Khan AH, et al. Epidemiology of tuberculosis and treatment outcomes among children in Pakistan: a 5 year retrospective study. PeerJ. 2018;2018:1–17.
  • Nansumba M, Kumbakumba E, Orikiriza P, et al. Treatment outcomes and tolerability of the revised WHO anti-tuberculosis drug dosages for children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22(2):151–157.
  • Seddon JA, Hesseling AC, Willemse M, et al. Culture-confirmed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children: clinical features, treatment, and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(2):157–166.
  • Wobudeya E, Jaganath D, and Sekadde MP, et al. . BMC Public Health. 2010-2015:.Vol. 19.1–6 . 2019.
  • World Health Organization. Systematic screening for active tuberculosis: principals and recommendations [Internet]. Geneva; 2015 Accessed 10 May 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/tb/tbscreening/en/.
  • World Health Organization. Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource-constrained settings [Internet]. WHO Rep. Geneva; 2011 Accessed 10 May 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/ICF_IPTguidelines/en/.
  • Patel LN, Detjen AK. Integration of childhood TB into guidelines for the management of acute malnutrition in high burden countries. Public Health Action. 2017;7(2):110–115.
  • Dunn JJ, Starke JR, Revell PA. Laboratory diagnosis of mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(6):1434–1441.
  • Graham SM, Cuevas LE, Jean-Philippe P, et al. Clinical case definitions for classification of intrathoracic tuberculosis in children: an update. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(suppl 3):S179–S187.
  • World Health Organization. Molecular assays as initial tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults and children: rapid communication [Internet]. Geneva; 2020 Accessed July 10 2021. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330395.
  • Bhutta ZA, Berkley JA, Bandsma RHJ, et al., Severe childhood malnutrition. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 3(1): 17067. 2017.
  • Ashworth A, Khanum S, and Jackson A, et al. Guidelines for the Inpatient Treatment of Severely Malnourished Children [Internet]. Food Nutr. Bull. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003 Accessed 10 May 2021. Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/guide_inpatient_text.pdf.
  • World Health Organization. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Policy update 2019. [Internet]. Geneva; 2019 Accessed 10 July 2021. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/329479/9789241550604-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&ua=1.
  • Lacourse SM, Cranmer LM, Njuguna IN, et al. Urine tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan predicts mortality in hospitalized human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(11):1798–1801.
  • Bjerrum S, Schiller I, Dendukuri N, et al. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay for detecting active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;10:CD011420.
  • Nicol MP, Schumacher SG, and Workman L, et al. Accuracy of a novel urine test, Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM, for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;72(9):e280–e288 Accessed 10 July 2021.https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1052http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0924977X16300050%5Cnhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27139079
  • Nkereuwem E, Togun T, Gomez MP, et al. Comparing accuracy of lipoarabinomannan urine tests for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children from four African countries: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;21(3):376–384.
  • Heuvelings CC, Bélard S, Andronikou S, et al., Chest ultrasound compared to chest X-ray for pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 54(6): 1914–1920. 2019.
  • Bélard S, Heller T, and Orie V, et al. Sonographic findings of abdominal tuberculosis in children with pulmonary tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36(12):1224–1226 Accessed 10 July 2021. Available from http://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00006454-201712000-00035 Available from.
  • Bélard S, Heuvelings CC, Banderker E, et al. Utility of point-of-care ultrasound in children with pulmonary tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018;37(7):637–642.
  • Marcy O, Borand L, Ung V, et al. A treatment-decision score for HIV-infected children with suspected tuberculosis. Pediatrics. 2019;144(3):e20182065.
  • Jaganath D, Mupere E. Childhood tuberculosis and malnutrition. J Infect Dis. 2012;206(12):1809–1815.
  • Thomas TA, Mondal D, Noor Z, et al. Malnutrition and Helminth Infection Affect Performance of an Interferon γ–Release Assay. Pediatrics. 2010;126(6):e1522–29.
  • Mandalakas AM, van Wyk S, Kirchner HL, et al. Detecting tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected children: a study of diagnostic accuracy, confounding and interaction. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013;32(3):e111–e118.
  • Kearns GL, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, et al. Developmental Pharmacology — drug Disposition, Action, and Therapy in Infants and Children. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(12):1157–1167.
  • Oshikoya KA, Senbanjo IO. Pathophysiological changes that affect drug disposition in protein-energy malnourished children. Nutr Metab. 2009;6:1–7.
  • Anderson BJ. My child is unique; the pharmacokinetics are universal. Paediatr Anaesth. 2012;22(6):530–538.
  • Mukherjee A, Velpandian T, Singla M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in Indian children. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):1–11.
  • Justine M, Yeconia A, Nicodemu I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of first-line drugs among children with tuberculosis in rural Tanzania. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020;9(1):14–20.
  • Ramachandran G, Hemanth Kumar AK, Bhavani PK, et al. Age, nutritional status and INH acetylator status affect pharmacokinetics of anti-tuberculosis drugs in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(6):800–806.
  • Dayal R, Singh Y, Agarwal D, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of isoniazid and pyrazinamide in children: impact of age and nutritional status. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(12):1150–1154.
  • Bekker A, Schaaf HS, Draper HR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol in Infants Dosed According to Revised WHO-Recommended Treatment Guidelines. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(4):2171–2179.
  • Seneadza NAH, Antwi S, Yang H, et al. Effect of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of anti-TB drugs in Ghanaian children. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2021;25(1):36–42.
  • Guiastrennec B, Ramachandran G, Karlsson MO, et al. Suboptimal Antituberculosis Drug Concentrations and Outcomes in Small and HIV-Coinfected Children in India: recommendations for Dose Modifications. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018;104(4):733–741.
  • Swaminathan S, Pasipanodya JG, Ramachandran G, et al. Drug concentration thresholds predictive of therapy failure and death in children with tuberculosis: bread crumb trails in random forests. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(suppl 3):63–74.
  • Radtke KK, Dooley KE, Dodd PJ, et al.Alternative dosing guidelines to improve outcomes in childhood tuberculosis: a mathematical modelling study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2019;3(9):636–645. Available from
  • World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children, Second edition [Internet]. Geneva; 2014 Accessed 10 May 2021. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112360/9789241548748_eng.pdf?sequence=1.
  • Grobler L, Nagpal S, Sudarsanam TD, et al. Nutritional supplements for people being treated for active tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006086.pub4 2016 6
  • Mehta S, Mugusi FM, Bosch RJ, et al. A randomized trial of multivitamin supplementation in children with tuberculosis in Tanzania. Nutr J. 2011;10(1):1–9.
  • Detjen AK, Essajee S, Grzemska M, et al. Tuberculosis and integrated child health — rediscovering the principles of Alma Ata. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;80:S9–S12.
  • McQuaid CF, Vassall A, Cohen T, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on TB: a review of the data. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2021;25(6):436–446.
  • Osendarp S, Akuoku JK, Black RE, et al. The COVID-19 crisis will exacerbate maternal and child undernutrition and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Nature Food. 2021;2(7):476–484.
  • United Nations. The sustainable development goals report. New York; 2019.
  • Hamada Y, Getahun H, Tadesse BT, et al. HIV-associated tuberculosis. Int J STD AIDS. 2021;32(9):780–790.
  • Huynh J, Thwaites G, Marais BJ, et al. Tuberculosis treatment in children: the changing landscape. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;36:33–43. Available from.
  • Garcia-Prats AJ, Svensson EM, Weld ED, et al. Current status of pharmacokinetic and safety studies of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22:S15–S23.
  • Osendarp S, Akuoku JK, Black RE, et al. The COVID-19 crisis will exacerbate maternal and child undernutrition and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Nat Food. 2021;2:476–484.
  • McQuaid CF, Vassall A, Cohen T, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on TB: A review of the data. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2021;25:436–446.
  • United Nations. The sustainable development goals report [Internet]. New York; 2019 Accessed 11 June 2021. Available from: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/.
  • Hamada Y, Getahun H, Tadesse BT, et al. HIV-associated tuberculosis. Int J STD AIDS. 2021;32:780–790.
  • Garcia-Prats AJ, Svensson EM, Weld ED, et al. Current status of pharmacokinetic and safety studies of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis treatment in children. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2018;22:S15–S23.
  • Huynh J, Thwaites G, Marais BJ, et al. Tuberculosis treatment in children: The changing landscape. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;36:33–43.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.