Pathogenesis and management of emphysema in people with HIV

References

• Burke RM. Vanishing lungs: a case report of bullous emphysema. Radiology. 1937;28(3):367–371. doi: 10.1148/28.3.367
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [internet]. GOLD Report. 2023 [cited 2023 Feb 3]. Available from: https://goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/.
   Google Scholar
• Yang X, Wisselink HJ, Vliegenthart R, et al. Association between Chest CT-defined emphysema and lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 2022;304(2):322–330. doi: 10.1148/radiol.212904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen R, Piscaer I, Franssen FME, et al. Emphysema: looking beyond alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2019;13(4):381–397. doi: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1580575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompe E, de Jong PA, Lynch DA, et al. Computed tomographic findings in subjects who died from respiratory disease in the National lung screening trial. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(4):1601814. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01814-2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty TL. The history of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2006;1(1):3–14. doi: 10.2147/copd.2006.1.1.3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richard Webb W. Thin-section CT of the secondary pulmonary lobule: anatomy and the image-the 2004 Fleischner lecture. Radiology. 2006;239(2):322–338. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2392041968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochhegger B, Langer FW, Irion K, et al. Pulmonary acinus: understanding the Computed tomography findings from an acinar perspective. Lung. 2019;197(3):259–265. doi: 10.1007/s00408-019-00214-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch DA, Austin JHM, Hogg JC, et al. CT-Definable subtypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a statement of the Fleischner Society. Radiology. 2015;277(1):192–205. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2015141579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ringheim H, Thudium RF, Jensen JS, et al. Prevalence of emphysema in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in the current combined antiretroviral therapy era: a systematic review. Front Med. 2022;9:897773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough JE, Yuan R, Suzuki M, et al. Small-airway obstruction and emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(17):1567–1575. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1106955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz PT, Clanton TL, Pacht ER. Emphysema-like pulmonary disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(2):124–128. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-2-124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhlman JE, Knowles MC, Fishman EK, et al. Premature bullous pulmonary damage in AIDS: CT diagnosis. Radiology. 1989;173(1):23–26. doi: 10.1148/radiology.173.1.2781013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris KA, Morris A, Patil S, et al. Pneumocystis colonization, airway inflammation, and pulmonary function decline in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Immunol Res. 2006;36(1–3):175–187. doi: 10.1385/IR:36:1:175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern EJ, Frank MS, Schmutz JF, et al. Panlobular pulmonary emphysema caused by i.V. injection of methylphenidate (ritalin): findings on chest radiographs and CT scans. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1994;162(3):555–560. doi: 10.2214/ajr.162.3.8109495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein DS, Karpel JP, Appel D, et al. Bullous pulmonary damage in users of intravenous drugs. Chest. 1986;89(2):266–269. doi: 10.1378/chest.89.2.266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurney JW, Bates FT. Pulmonary cystic disease: comparison of Pneumocystis carinii pneumatoceles and bullous emphysema due to intravenous drug abuse. Radiology. 1989;173(1):27–31. doi: 10.1148/radiology.173.1.2789412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz PT, King MA, Pacht ER, et al. Increased susceptibility to pulmonary emphysema among HIV-seropositive smokers. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(5):369–372. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-5-200003070-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronit A, Kristensen T, Hoseth VS, et al. Computed tomography quantification of emphysema in people living with HIV and uninfected controls. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(1):1800296. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00296-2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triplette M, Attia E, Akgün K, et al. The differential Impact of emphysema on respiratory symptoms and 6-minute walk distance in HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(1):e23–e9. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triplette M, Justice A, Attia EF, et al. Markers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with mortality in people living with HIV. AIDS. 2018;32(4):487–493. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung JM, Malagoli A, Santoro A, et al. Emphysema distribution and diffusion capacity predict emphysema progression in human immunodeficiency virus infection. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0167247. Epub 20161130. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond MB, Kirk GD. HIV-associated obstructive lung diseases: insights and implications for the clinician. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(7):583–592. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70017-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crothers K, Petrache I, Wongtrakool C, et al. Widespread activation of immunity and pro-inflammatory programs in peripheral blood leukocytes of HIV-infected patients with impaired lung gas exchange. Physiol Rep. 2016;4(8):e12756. doi: 10.14814/phy2.12756
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singhvi D, Bon J, Morris A. Obstructive lung disease in HIV-Phenotypes and pathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2019;16(4):359–369. doi: 10.1007/s11904-019-00456-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingo MR, He J, Wittman C, et al. Contributors to diffusion impairment in HIV-infected persons. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(1):195–203. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00157712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman RB, Fleming J, Coker RJ, et al. Reduced carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO) in human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) infection as a predictor for faster progression to AIDS. Thorax. 1993;48(5):481–485. doi: 10.1136/thx.48.5.481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw RJ, Roussak C, Forster SM, et al. Lung function abnormalities in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with and without overt pneumonitis. Thorax. 1988;43(6):436–440. doi: 10.1136/thx.43.6.436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French PD, Cunningham DA, Fleming J, et al. Low carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO) in HIV-infected patients without lung disease. Respir med. 1992;86(3):253–256. doi: 10.1016/S0954-6111(06)80064-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingo MR, Nouraie M, Kessinger CJ, et al. Decreased lung function and all-cause mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2018;15(2):192–199. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201606-492OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampériz G, Guerrero D, López M, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary abnormalities in HIV‐infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2014;15(6):321–329. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agustí A, Hogg JC, Drazen JM. Update on the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(13):1248–1256. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1900475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Zheng T, Zhu Z, et al. Interferon gamma induction of pulmonary emphysema in the adult murine lung. J Exp Med. 2000;192(11):1587–1600. doi: 10.1084/jem.192.11.1587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Vucic EA, Shaipanich T, et al. Decreased telomere length in the small airway epithelium suggests accelerated aging in the lungs of persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Respir Res. 2018 13;19(1):117. doi: 10.1186/s12931-018-0821-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staudt MR, Buro-Auriemma LJ, Walters MS, et al. Airway basal stem/progenitor cells have diminished capacity to regenerate airway epithelium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(8):955–958. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201406-1167LE
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández Cordero AI, Yang CX, Yang J, et al. Airway aging and methylation disruptions in HIV-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;206(2):150–160. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202106-1440OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick M, Crothers K, Morris A. Future directions: lung aging, inflammation, and human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34(2):325–331. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attia EF, Akgün KM, Wongtrakool C, et al. Increased risk of radiographic emphysema in HIV is associated with elevated soluble CD14 and nadir CD4. Chest. 2014;146(6):1543–1553. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-0543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cribbs SK, Crothers K, Morris A. Pathogenesis of HIV-Related lung disease: immunity, infection, and inflammation. Physiol Rev. 2020;100(2):603–632. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung NPY, Khan KMF, Kaner RJ, et al. HIV induces airway basal progenitor cells to adopt an inflammatory phenotype. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3988. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82143-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung NPY, Khan KMF, Andreoli M, et al. Impaired differentiation of small airway basal stem/progenitor cells in people living with HIV. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2966. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06373-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almodovar S. The complexity of HIV persistence and pathogenesis in the lung under antiretroviral therapy: challenges beyond AIDS. Viral Immunol. 2014;27(5):186–199. doi: 10.1089/vim.2013.0130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yearsley MM, Diaz PT, Knoell D, et al. Correlation of HIV-1 detection and histology in AIDS-associated emphysema. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2005;14(1):48–52. doi: 10.1097/01.pas.0000142168.72253.11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diaz PT, Wewers MD, King M, et al. Regional differences in emphysema scores and BAL glutathione levels in HIV-infected individuals. Chest. 2004;126(5):1439–1442. doi: 10.1378/chest.126.5.1439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassiter C, Fan X, Joshi PC, et al. HIV-1 transgene expression in rats causes oxidant stress and alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction. AIDS Res Ther. 2009;6(1):1. doi: 10.1186/1742-6405-6-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cribbs SK, Guidot DM, Martin GS, et al. Anti-retroviral therapy is associated with Decreased alveolar glutathione levels even in healthy HIV-Infected individuals. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88630. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson WH, Ritzenthaler JD, Peyrani P, et al. Plasma cysteine/cystine and glutathione/glutathione disulfide redox potentials in HIV and COPD patients. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;143:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillon JM, Autran B, Denis M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-related lymphocytic alveolitis. Chest. 1988;94(6):1264–1270. doi: 10.1378/chest.94.6.1264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeno T, Houghton AM, Quintero PA, et al. CD8+ T cells are required for inflammation and destruction in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. J Immunol. 2007;178(12):8090–8096. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.8090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presti RM, Flores SC, Palmer BE, et al. Mechanisms underlying HIV-Associated noninfectious lung disease. Chest. 2017;152(5):1053–1060. Epub 20170417. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.04.154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu I, Drummond MB, Gama L, et al. Activation-induced cell death drives profound lung CD4(+) T-cell depletion in HIV-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190(7):744–755. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1226OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meziane O, Alexandrova Y, Olivenstein R, et al. Peculiar phenotypic and cytotoxic features of pulmonary mucosal CD8 T cells in people living with HIV receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy. J Immunol. 2021;206(3):641–651. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barjaktarevic IZ, Crystal RG, Kaner RJ. The role of interleukin-23 in the early development of emphysema in HIV1(+) smokers. J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:3463104. Epub 20160629. doi: 10.1155/2016/3463104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaner RJ, Santiago F, Crystal RG. Up-regulation of alveolar macrophage matrix metalloproteinases in HIV1(+) smokers with early emphysema. J Leukocyte Biol. 2009;86(4):913–922. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0408240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twigg Iii HL, Weiden M, Valentine F, et al. Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on viral burden in the lungs of HIV-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(1):109–116. doi: 10.1086/523766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twigg HL 3rd, Knox KS. Impact of antiretroviral therapy on lung immunology and inflammation. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34(2):155–164. Epub 20130408. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu I, Drummond MB, Gama L, et al. HIV suppression restores the lung mucosal CD4+ T-Cell viral immune response and resolves CD8+ T-Cell alveolitis in patients at risk for HIV-Associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(10):1520–1530. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. The lungs as anatomical reservoirs of HIV infection. Rev Med Virol. 2014;24(1):35–54. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triplette M, Attia EF, Akgün KM, et al. A low peripheral blood CD4/CD8 ratio is associated with pulmonary emphysema in HIV. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0170857. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170857
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaner RJ. Premature aging of the airway epithelium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in people living with HIV. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;206(2):131–132. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202204-0743ED
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Nagai A. Alveolar cell senescence in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(8):886–893. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200509-1374OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez Cordero AI, Yang CX, Obeidat M, et al. DNA methylation is associated with airflow obstruction in patients living with HIV. Thorax. 2021;76(5):448–455. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenchley JM, Price DA, Schacker TW, et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nat Med. 2006;12(12):1365–1371. doi: 10.1038/nm1511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thudium RF, Ringheim H, Ronit A, et al. Independent Associations of Tumor Necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta with radiographic emphysema in people living with HIV. Front Immunol. 2021;12:668113. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick ME, Singh V, Vallejo AN, et al. Relationships of pulmonary function, inflammation, and T-cell activation and senescence in an HIV-infected cohort. AIDS (London). 2014;28(17):2505–2515. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JC, Leung JM, Ngan DA, et al. Absolute leukocyte telomere length in HIV-infected and uninfected individuals: evidence of accelerated cell senescence in HIV-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0124426. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers E, Rounds S, Lu Q. Pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis in emphysema and acute lung injury. In: Parthasarathi K, editor. Molecular and functional insights into the pulmonary vasculature. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 63–86.
   Google Scholar
• Kasahara Y, Tuder RM, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, et al. Inhibition of VEGF receptors causes lung cell apoptosis and emphysema. J Clin Invest. 2000;106(11):1311–1319. doi: 10.1172/JCI10259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chelvanambi S, Bogatcheva NV, Bednorz M, et al. HIV-Nef protein persists in the lungs of aviremic patients with HIV and induces endothelial cell death. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2019;60(3):357–366. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0089OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson SE, Wilson CL, Crothers K, et al. Impact of HIV infection on α(1)-antitrypsin in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2018;314(4):L583–l92. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00214.2017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thudium RF, Lundgren J, Benfield T, et al. HIV infection is independently associated with a higher concentration of alpha-1 antitrypsin. HIV Med. 2018;19(10):745–750. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twigg HL 3rd, Weinstock GM, Knox KS. Lung microbiome in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Transl Res. 2017;179:97–107. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawani MB, Morris A. The respiratory microbiome of HIV-infected individuals. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14(8):719–729. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2016.1206469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck JM, Schloss PD, Venkataraman A, et al. Multicenter comparison of lung and oral microbiomes of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(11):1335–1344. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201501-0128OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal LN, Dickson RP. The lung microbiome in HIV. Getting to the HAART of the Host–microbe interface. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194(2):136–137. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201602-0280ED
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twigg HL 3rd, Knox KS, Zhou J, et al. Effect of advanced HIV infection on the respiratory microbiome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194(2):226–235. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201509-1875OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Tsai A, Sze MA, et al. Decreased microbiome diversity in the HIV small airway epithelium. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):140. doi: 10.1186/s12931-018-0835-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sze MA, Xu S, Leung JM, et al. The bronchial epithelial cell bacterial microbiome and host response in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. BMC Pulm Med. 2016;16(1):142. doi: 10.1186/s12890-016-0303-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang L, Dunlap DG, Qin S, et al. Alterations in oral microbiota in HIV are related to Decreased pulmonary function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201(4):445–457. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201905-1016OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui L, Lucht L, Tipton L, et al. Topographic diversity of the respiratory tract mycobiome and alteration in HIV and lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(8):932–942. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201409-1583OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Sciurba FC, Norris KA. Pneumocystis: a novel pathogen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? COPD. 2008;5(1):43–51. doi: 10.1080/15412550701817656
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrache I, Diab K, Knox KS, et al. HIV associated pulmonary emphysema: a review of the literature and inquiry into its mechanism. Thorax. 2008;63(5):463–469. doi: 10.1136/thx.2007.079111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris KA, Morris A. Pneumocystis infection and the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Immunol Res. 2011;50(2–3):175–180. doi: 10.1007/s12026-011-8218-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson MP, Christmann BS, Dunaway CW, et al. Experimental Pneumocystis lung infection promotes M2a alveolar macrophage-derived MMP12 production. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012;303(5):L469–75. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00158.2012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Alexander T, Radhi S, et al. Airway obstruction is increased in pneumocystis-colonized human immunodeficiency virus-infected outpatients. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(11):3773–3776. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01712-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kling HM, Shipley TW, Guyach S, et al. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole treatment does not reverse obstructive pulmonary changes in Pneumocystis-colonized nonhuman primates with SHIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;65(4):381–389. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinnapaiyan S, Dutta R, Bala J, et al. Cigarette smoke promotes HIV infection of primary bronchial epithelium and additively suppresses CFTR function. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7984. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26095-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staitieh BS, Malik S, Auld SC, et al. HIV increases the risk of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema via MMP-9. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;92(3):263–270. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisaki KM, Niewoehner DE, Collins G, et al. Pulmonary function in an international sample of HIV-positive, treatment-naïve adults with CD4 counts > 500 cells/μL: a substudy of the INSIGHT strategic timing of AntiRetroviral treatment (START) trial. HIV Med. 2015;16(Suppl 1):119–128. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12240
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Triplette M, Crothers K, Attia EF. Non-infectious pulmonary diseases and HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2016;13(3):140–148. doi: 10.1007/s11904-016-0313-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olloquequi J, Jaime S, Parra V, et al. Comparative analysis of COPD associated with tobacco smoking, biomass smoke exposure or both. Respir Res. 2018;19(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12931-018-0718-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golpe R, Martín-Robles I, Sanjuán-López P, et al. Differences in systemic inflammation between cigarette and biomass smoke-induced COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:2639–2646. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S141068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning KK, Wewers ME, Ferketich AK, et al. Tobacco use and cessation in HIV-infected individuals. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34(2):181–190. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy KP, Kruse GR, Lee S, et al. Tobacco use and treatment of tobacco dependence among people with human immunodeficiency virus: a practical Guide for Clinicians. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(3):525–533. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab1069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirley DK, Kaner RJ, Glesby MJ. Effects of smoking on non-AIDS-Related morbidity in HIV-Infected patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(2):275–282. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helleberg M, Afzal S, Kronborg G, et al. Mortality attributable to smoking among HIV-1-infected individuals: a nationwide, population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(5):727–734. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald DM, Melzer AC, Collins G, et al. Smoking and accelerated lung function decline in HIV-Positive individuals: a secondary analysis of the START pulmonary substudy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;79(3):e85–e92. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verboeket SO, Boyd A, Wit FW, et al. Changes in lung function among treated HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals: analysis of the prospective AGEhIV cohort study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2(4):E202–11. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00033-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besutti G, Santoro A, Scaglioni R, et al. Significant chronic airway abnormalities in never-smoking HIV-infected patients. HIV Med. 2019;20(10):657–667. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond MB, Merlo CA, Astemborski J, et al. The effect of HIV infection on longitudinal lung function decline among IDUs: a prospective cohort. AIDS. 2013;27(8):1303–1311. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835e395d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janus SE, Durieux JC, Hajjari J, et al. Inflammation-mediated vitamin K and vitamin D effects on vascular calcifications in people with HIV on active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2022;36(5):647–655. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt SP, Nath HP, Y-I K, et al. Centrilobular emphysema and coronary artery calcification: mediation analysis in the SPIROMICS cohort. Respir Res. 2018;19(257). doi: 10.1186/s12931-018-0946-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piscaer I, Janssen R, Franssen FME, et al. The Pleiotropic role of Vitamin K in multimorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Med. 2023;12(4):1261. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingo MR, George MP, Kessinger CJ, et al. Pulmonary function abnormalities in HIV-infected patients during the current antiretroviral therapy era. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(6):790–796. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200912-1858OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MP, Kannass M, Huang L, et al. Respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in HIV-infected subjects in the HAART era. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6328. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunisaki KM, Niewoehner DE, Collins G, et al. Pulmonary effects of immediate versus deferred antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive individuals: a nested substudy within the multicentre, international, randomised, controlled strategic timing of antiretroviral treatment (START) trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(12):980–989. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30319-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makinson A, Hayot M, Eymard-Duvernay S, et al. High prevalence of undiagnosed COPD in a cohort of HIV-infected smokers. Eur Respir J England. 2015;45:828–831. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00154914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Force UPST, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK. Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: US preventive services task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022;327(18):1806–1811. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.5692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadaki B, Kronfli N, Vanniyasingam T, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and HIV: are we appropriately screening? AIDS Care. 2016;28(10):1338–1343. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1189499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zifodya JS, Triplette M, Shahrir S, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in people living with HIV: opportunities for improvement. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(37):e27124. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000027124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert AA, Drummond MB, Kisalu A, et al. Implementation of a COPD screening questionnaire in an outpatient HIV clinic. COPD. 2016;13(6):767–772. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2016.1161016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quiros-Roldan E, Pezzoli MC, Berlendis M, et al. A COPD case-finding program in a large cohort of HIV-Infected persons. Respir Care. 2019;64(2):169–175. doi: 10.4187/respcare.06247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirley DK, Kaner RJ, Glesby MJ. Screening for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in an Urban HIV clinic: a pilot study. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2015;29(5):232–239. doi: 10.1089/apc.2014.0265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez FJ, Han MK, Lopez C, et al. Discriminative accuracy of the CAPTURE tool for identifying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in US primary Care settings. JAMA. 2023;329(6):490–501. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.0128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawn BP, Han M, Make BM, et al. Protocol summary of the COPD assessment in primary Care to identify undiagnosed respiratory disease and exacerbation risk (CAPTURE) validation in primary Care study. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2021;8(1):60–75. doi: 10.15326/jcopdf.2020.0155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigel K, Makinson A, Thaler J. Lung cancer in persons with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2017;12(1):31–8. d. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haruna A, Muro S, Nakano Y, et al. CT scan findings of emphysema predict mortality in COPD. Chest. 2010;138(3):635–640. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-2836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson DO, Weissfeld JL, Balkan A, et al. Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(7):738–744. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200803-435OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for lung cancer: US preventive services task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021;325(10):962–970. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers SA, Edmonds A, Ramirez C, et al. Optimal lung cancer screening criteria among persons living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;90(2):184–192. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson MA, Horberg MA, Agwu AL, et al. Primary Care guidance for persons with human immunodeficiency virus: 2020 update by the HIV Medicine association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;73(11):e3572–e605. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1391
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kierstead EC, Harvey E, Sanchez D, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a tailored smoking cessation program for people living with HIV in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. BMC Res Notes. 2021;14(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-05417-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledgerwood DM, Yskes R. Smoking cessation for people living with HIV/AIDS: a literature review and synthesis. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(12):2177–2184. Epub 20160531. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntw126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pool ER, Dogar O, Lindsay RP, et al. Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people living with HIV and AIDS. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2016(6):Cd011120. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011120.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vidrine JI, Shete S, Cao Y, et al. Ask-advise-connect: a New approach to smoking treatment delivery in Health Care settings. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(6):458–464. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.3751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui TC, Piñeiro B, Vidrine DJ, et al. Quitline treatment enrollment and cessation outcomes among smokers linked with treatment via Ask-advise-connect: comparisons among smokers with and without HIV. Nicotine Tob Res. 2020;22(9):1640–1643. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez FJ, Rabe KF, Ferguson GT, et al. Reduced all-cause mortality in the ETHOS trial of Budesonide/Glycopyrrolate/Formoterol for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, parallel-group study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203(5):553–564. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2618OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan J, Fine S, Merrick S, et al. NYSDOH AIDS institute guidance: ART drug-drug interactions. [internet]. (NY) State Department of Health AIDS Institute:Clinical Guidelines Program; 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.hivguidelines.org/antiretroviral-therapy/ddis.
   Google Scholar
• European AIDS Clinical Society. European AIDS clinical Society Guideline 2021. [internet]. European AIDS Clinical Society; 2021. Version 11.0. [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://www.eacsociety.org/guidelines/eacs-guidelines/.
   Google Scholar
• Maltais F, Hamilton A, Marciniuk D, et al. Improvements in symptom-limited exercise performance over 8 h with once-daily tiotropium in patients with COPD. Chest. 2005;128(3):1168–1178. doi: 10.1378/chest.128.3.1168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell DE, Fluge T, Gerken F, et al. Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(6):832–840. doi: 10.1183/09031936.04.00116004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suissa S, Dell’aniello S, Ernst P. Concurrent use of long-acting bronchodilators in COPD and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(5):1602245. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02245-2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernecker C, West TB, Mansmann G, et al. Hypercortisolism caused by ritonavir associated inhibition of CYP 3A4 under inhalative glucocorticoid therapy. 2 case reports and a review of the literature. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2012;120(3):125–127. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1297993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd SD, Hadigan C, McManus M, et al. Influence of low-dose ritonavir with and without darunavir on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled beclomethasone. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63(3):355–361. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31829260d6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byanova K, Kunisaki KM, Vasquez J, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in HIV. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2021;15(1):71–87. doi: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1848556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gingo MR, Morris A, Crothers K. Human immunodeficiency virus-associated obstructive lung diseases. Clin Chest Med. 2013;34(2):273–282. Epub 20130408. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia A, Leader JK, Gingo M, et al. Emphysema is associated with thoracic vertebral bone attenuation on chest CT scan in HIV-infected individuals. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0176719. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe N, Muro S, Hirai T, et al. Impact of exacerbations on emphysema progression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(12):1653–1659. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201009-1535OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt SP, Bodduluri S, Dransfield MT, et al. Acute exacerbations are associated with progression of emphysema. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022;19(12):2108–2111. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202112-1385RL
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dransfield MT, Kunisaki KM, Strand MJ, et al. Acute exacerbations and lung function loss in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(3):324–330. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201605-1014OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depp TB, McGinnis KA, Kraemer K, et al. Risk factors associated with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in HIV-infected and uninfected patients. AIDS. 2016;30(3):455–463. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe KF, Martinez FJ, Ferguson GT, et al. Triple inhaled therapy at two glucocorticoid doses in moderate-to-very-severe COPD. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(1):35–48. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1916046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipson DA, Barnhart F, Brealey N, et al. Once-daily Single-inhaler Triple versus dual therapy in patients with COPD. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(18):1671–1680. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1713901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez FJ, Calverley PM, Goehring UM, et al. Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9971):857–866. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62410-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert RK, Connett J, Bailey WC, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(8):689–698. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1104623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley AK, Kristensen AB, Lay WN, et al. HIV-dependent depletion of influenza-specific memory B cells impacts B cell responsiveness to seasonal influenza immunisation. Sci Rep. 2016 May 25;6(1):26478. doi: 10.1038/srep26478
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemp SV, Slebos DJ, Kirk A, et al. A Multicenter randomized controlled trial of Zephyr Endobronchial Valve treatment in heterogeneous emphysema (TRANSFORM). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(12):1535–1543. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201707-1327OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criner GJ, Sue R, Wright S, et al. A Multicenter randomized controlled trial of Zephyr Endobronchial Valve treatment in heterogeneous emphysema (LIBERATE). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(9):1151–1164. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0590OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster TD, Dijk MV, Slebos DJ. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction for emphysema: review and update. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;43(4):541–551. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1747938
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harvey, Ben-Gary (Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY). Conversation with: Jonah Kreniske (Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY). 2023. Jan 27.
   Google Scholar
• Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Nocturnal oxygen therapy trial group. Ann Intern Med. 1980;93(3):391–398. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-93-3-391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the Medical research Council Working Party. Lancet. 1981;1(8222):681–686. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91970-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ash SY, San José Estépar R, Fain SB, et al. Relationship between emphysema progression at CT and mortality in ever-smokers: results from the COPDGene and ECLIPSE cohorts. Radiology. 2021;299(1):222–231. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2021203531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Fitzpatrick M, Bertolet M, et al. Use of rosuvastatin in HIV-associated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AIDS. 2017;31(4):539–544. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh MA, Aaron CP, Hoffman EA, et al. Angiotensin-converting inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers and longitudinal change in percent emphysema on Computed tomography. The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis lung study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(5):649–658. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201604-317OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker JV, Wolfson J, Collins G, et al. Losartan to reduce inflammation and fibrosis endpoints in HIV disease. AIDS. 2021;35(4):575–583. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald DM, Collins G, Wendt CH, et al. Short communication: a pilot study of the effects of Losartan versus placebo on pneumoproteins in HIV: a secondary analysis of a randomized Double blind study. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2022;38(2):127–130. doi: 10.1089/aid.2020.0285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise RA, Holbrook JT, Brown RH, et al. Clinical trial of Losartan for pulmonary emphysema: pulmonary trials cooperative Losartan effects on emphysema progression clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;206(7):838–845. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202201-0206OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaner R, Spino C, Glesby M Doxycycline for emphysema in people living with HIV (the DEPTH trial) (DEPTH). Clinicaltrials.gov. [cited 2023 Mar 3]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05382208.
   Google Scholar
• Tabyshova A, Hurst JR, Soriano JB, et al. Gaps in COPD guidelines of low- and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review. Chest. 2021;159(2):575–584. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gemert FA, Kirenga BJ, Gebremariam TH, et al. The complications of treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in low income countries of sub-saharan Africa. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(3):227–237. doi: 10.1080/17476348.2018.1423964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezes AM, Perez-Padilla R, Jardim JR, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities (the PLATINO study): a prevalence study. Lancet. 2005;366(9500):1875–1881. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67632-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolbrink M, Mortimer K. Collision of communicable and non-communicable disease epidemics-the case of HIV and COPD. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(2):e126–e7. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30489-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigna JJ, Kenne AM, Asangbeh SL, et al. Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the global population with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(2):e193–e202. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30451-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zifodya JS, Temu TM, Masyuko SJ, et al. HIV, pulmonary infections, and risk of chronic lung disease among Kenyan adults. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021;18(12):2090–2093. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202103-251RL
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayongo A, Wosu AC, Naz T, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevalence and associated factors in a setting of well-controlled HIV, a cross-sectional study. COPD. 2020;17(3):297–305. doi: 10.1080/15412555.2020.1769583
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ddungu A, Semitala FC, Castelnuovo B, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevalence and associated factors in an urban HIV clinic in a low income country. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256121. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar