References
- Aaron D, Kriska AM, Dearwater SR, Anderson RL, Olsen TL, Cauley JA, et al. The epidemiology of leisure physical activity in an adolescent population. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993; 25: 847–53
- Caspersen CJ, Pereira MA, Curran KM. Changes in physical activity patterns in the United States by sex and cross-sectional age. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32: 1601–9
- Kimm SY, Glynn NW, Kriska AM, Fitzgerald SL, Aaron DJ, Similo SL, et al. Longitudinal changes in physical activity in a biracial cohort during adolescence. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32: 1445–54
- Sunnegardt J, Bratteby LE, Sjolin S. Physical activity and sports involvement in 8- and 13-year-old children in Sweden. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1985; 74: 904–12
- Bradley CB, McMurray RG, Harrell JS, Deng S. Changes in common activities of 3rd through 10th graders: the CHIC study. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32: 2071–8
- Blumenthal SJ, Hendi JM, Marsillo L. A public health approach to decreasing obesity. JAMA. 2002; 288(17)2178
- Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LC, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006; 295: 1549–55
- Gielen S, Hambrect R. The childhood obesity epidemic: Impact on endothelial function. Circ. 2004; 109: 1911–3
- Riddoch CJ, Boreham CA. The health-related physical activity of children. Sports Med. 1995; 19: 86–102
- McMurray RG, Harrell JS, Deng S, Bradley CB, Cox LM, Bangdiwala SI. The influence of physical activity, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity on the weight status of adolescents. Obes Res. 2000; 8: 130–9
- Dionne I, Almeras N, Bouchard C, Tremblay A. The association between vigorous physical activity and fat deposition in male adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32: 392–5
- Goran MI, Hunter G, Nagy TR, Johnson R. Physical activity related energy expenditure and fat mass in young children. Int J Obes. 1997; 21: 171–8
- Johnson ML, Burke BS, Mayer J. Relative importance of inactivity and overeating in the energy balance of obese high school girls. Am J Clin Nutr. 1956; 4: 37–44
- Rowlands AV, Eston RG, Ingledew DK. Relationship between activity levels, aerobic fitness, and body fat in 8- to 10-yr-old children. J Appl Physiol. 1999; 86: 1428–35
- Ward DS, Trost SG, Felton G, Saunders R, Parsons MA, Dowda M, et al. Physical activity and physical fitness in African-American girls with and without obesity. Obes Res. 1997; 5: 572–7
- Mota J, Santos P, Guerra S, Ribeiro JC, Duarte JA. Differences of daily physical activity levels of children according to body mass index. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2002; 14: 442–52
- Huttunen N, Knip M, Paavilainen T. Physical activity and fitness in obese children. Int J Obes. 1986; 10: 519–25
- Stefanik PA, Heald FP, Mayer J. Caloric intake in relation to energy output of obese and non-obese adolescent boys. Am J Clin Nutr. 1959; 7: 55–62
- Stunkard A, Pestka J. The physical activity of obese girls. Am J Dis Child. 1962; 103: 812–7
- Wilkinson PW, Parkin JM, Pearlson G, Strong H, Sykes P. Energy intake and physical activity in obese children. Brit Med. 1977; 19: 756–60
- Harrell JS, McMurray RG, Bangdiwala SI, Frauman AC, Gansky SA, Bradley CB. Effects of a school-based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in elementary school children: the Cardiovascular Health in Children (CHIC) study. J Pediatr. 1996; 128: 797–805
- McMurray RG, Harrell JS, Bangdiwala SI, Bradley CB, Deng S, Levine A. A school-based intervention can reduce body fat and blood pressure in young adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2002; 31: 125–32
- NHANES/CDC: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/nhanes/growthcharts/datafiles.htm.
- Gilmer MJ, Speck BJ, Bradley C, Harrell JS, Belyea M. The Youth Health Survey: Reliability and validity of an instrument for assessing cardiovascular health habits in adolescents. J School Health. 1996; 66: 106–11
- Peterson AC, Crockett L, Richards M, Boxer A. A self–report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity and initial norms. J Youth Adolesc. 1988; 17: 117–33
- National Center for Health Statistics. Anthropometric reference data and prevalence of overweight: United States, 1976-1980. Vital Health Statistics. 1987;11: No. 87–1688.
- Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Leon AS, Jacobs DR, Montoye HJ, Sallis JF, et al. Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993; 25: 71–80
- Harrell JS, McMurray RG, Baggett CD, Pennell ML, Pearce PF, Bangdiwala SI. Energy costs of physical activities in children and adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005; 37: 329–36
- Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health. NIH Consensus Statement. 1995:13((3)):1–33.
- Rowlands AV, Ingledew DK, Eston RG. The effects of type of physical activity measure on the relationship between body fatness and habitual physical activity in children: A MET analysis. Ann Human Biol. 2000; 27: 479–97
- Maffias C, Talamini G, Tato L. Influence of diet, physical activity and parents’ obesity on children's adiposity: a four-year longitudinal study. Int J Obes. 1998; 22: 758–64
- Thompson AM, Baxter-Jones ADG, Mirwald RL, Bailey DA. Comparison of physical activity in male and female children: Does maturation matter?. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 1684–90
- Gordon-Larsen P, McMurray RG, Popkin BM. Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatr. 2000; 105: e83–e91