Laboratory and environmental decay of wood–plastic composite boards: flexural properties

References

• American Wood Protection Association (AWPA). (2013) AWPA E10 Standard Method of Testing Wood Preservatives by Laboratory Soil-Block Cultures (Birmingham, AL).
   Google Scholar
• Anon. (2005) Outdoor Durability of Wood-Plastic Lumber. Techline April, 2005 (Madison, WI: USDA Forest Products Laboratory).
   Google Scholar
• ASTM International (2011) ASTM Standard D3418–08, Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (West Conshohocken, PA), pp. 380–383.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM International. (2014a) ASTM Standard D1037–12, Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials (West Conshohocken, PA), 31 pp.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM International. (2014b) ASTM Standard D2244-14. Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates (West Conshohocken, PA), pp. 249–259.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM International. (2014c) ASTM Standard D7032–14, Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products (West Conshohocken, PA), pp. 8.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM International. (2015) ASTM Standard D790-10, Flexural Properties for Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials (West Conshohocken, PA), pp.158–168.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, D. A., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D. J., Ostell, J. and Wheeler, D. L. (2005) “GenBank.” Nucleic Acids Research 33. Database Issue D34–D38. PMC. Web. 9 May 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, N. (2007) Slow crack growth-notches-pressurized polyethylene pipes. Polymer Engineering and Science, 47(11), 1951–1955. doi: 10.1002/pen.20919
   Google Scholar
• Butylina, S., Hyvarinen, M. and Karki, T. (2012a) A study of surface changes in wood-polypropylene composites as the result of exterior weathering. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 97, 337–345. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.12.014
   Google Scholar
• Butylina, S., Hyvarknen, M. and Karki, T. (2012b) Weathering of wood-polypropylene composites containing pigments. European Journal of Wood Products, 70, 719–726. doi: 10.1007/s00107-012-0606-y
   Google Scholar
• Chaochanchaikul, K., Rosarpitak, V. and Sombatsompop, N. (2013) Photodegradation profiles of PVC compound and wood/PVC composites under UV weathering. eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 7(2), 146–160. doi: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2013.14
   Google Scholar
• Clemons, C. M. and Ibach, R. E. (2002) Laboratory Tests on Fungal Resistance of Wood Filled Polyethylene Composites. In Proceedings of ANTEC, 5–9 May San Francisco, CA, Society of Plastics Engineers (Newtown, CT), pp. 2219–2222.
   Google Scholar
• Clemons, C. M. and Ibach, R. E. (2004) The effects of processing method and moisture history on the laboratory fungal resistance of wood-HDPE composites. Forest Products Journal, 54(4), 50–57.
   Google Scholar
• Colom, X., Canavate, J., Pages, P., Saurina, J. and Carrasco, F. (2000) Changes in crystallinity of the HDPE matrix in composites with cellulosic fiber using DSC and FTIR. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 19(10), 818–830. doi: 10.1106/8RMN-D1HE-75V1-7LN0
   Google Scholar
• Darabi, P., Gril, J., Thevenon, M. F., Karimi, A. N. and Azadfalah, M. (2012) Evaluation of high density polyethylene composite filled with bagasse after accelerated weathering followed by biodegradation. BioResources, 7(4), 5258–5267. doi: 10.15376/biores.7.4.5258-5267
   Google Scholar
• Dow Chemical Company, Dow Plastics (1991) 591 Ways to Succeed, Materials Selection Guide (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Company).
   Google Scholar
• Ebe, K. and Sekino, N. (2015) Surface deterioration of wood plastic composites under outdoor exposure. Journal of Wood Science, 61, 143–150. doi: 10.1007/s10086-014-1449-4
   Google Scholar
• Fabiyi, J. S. and McDonald, A. G. (2014) Degradation of polypropylene in naturally and artificially weathered plastic matrix composites. MaderasClencia y technolgia, 16(3), 275–290.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, D. J. and Murdock, D. (2010) Extrusion of Wood Plastic Composites. University of Maine. http://www.entwoodllc.com/PDF/Extrusion%20Paper%2010-11-02.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gnatowski, M. (2009) Water Absorption and Durability of Wood Plastic Composites. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Wood and Biofiber Plastic Composites, 11–13 May, Madison, WI (Madison, WI: Forest Products Society), pp. 90–102.
   Google Scholar
• Gnatowski, M., Stevens, C. and Leung, M. (2007) Radiation Induced Degradation of Wood-Plastic Composites in the Field and in Laboratory Conditions. In Proceedings 9th International Conference on Wood & Biofiber Plastic Composites, 21–23 May (Madison, WI), pp. 277–285.
   Google Scholar
• Gnatowski, M., Ibach, R. E., Leung, M. and Sun, G. (2014) Magnetic resonance imaging used for the evaluation of water presence in wood plastic composite boards exposed to exterior conditions. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 10(1), 94–111. doi: 10.1080/17480272.2014.920418
   Google Scholar
• Haight, J. E., Laursen, G., Glaeser, J. and Taylor, L. (2016) Phylogeny of Fomitopsis pinicola: A species complex. Mycologia, 108, 925–938. doi: 10.3852/14-225R1
   Google Scholar
• Hanawalt, K. (2012) Wood-plastic composites done right. Plastics Technology. www.ptonline.com/articles/wood-plastics-composites-done-right
   Google Scholar
• Ibach, R. E., Clemons, C. M. and Schumann, R. L. (2007) Wood-Plastic Composites with Reduced Moisture: Effect of Chemical Modification on Durability in the Laboratory and Field. In: Proceedings 9th International Conference on Wood and Biofiber Plastic Composites, 21–23 May, Madison, WI (Madison, WI: Forest Products Society), pp. 259–266.
   Google Scholar
• Ibach, R. E., Gnatowski, M. and Sun, G. (2013) Field and laboratory decay evaluations of wood-plastic composites. Forest Products Journal, 63(3/4), 76–87. doi: 10.13073/FPJ-D-12-00115
   Google Scholar
• Ibach, R., Sun, G., Gnatowski, M., Glaeser, J., Leung, M. and Haight, J. (2016) Exterior decay of wood-plastic composite boards: Characterization and magnetic resonance imaging. Forest Products Journal, 66(1/2), 4–17. doi: 10.13073/FPJ-D-15-00011
   Google Scholar
• Jeeson, R., Liew, E. C. Y. and Hyde, K. D. (2004) Phylogenetic evaluation of species nomenclature of Pestalotiopsis in relation to host association. Fungal Diversity, 17, 39–55.
   Google Scholar
• Kallakas, H., Poltimae, T., Suld, T. M., Kers, J. and Krumme, A. (2015) The influence of accelerated weathering on the mechanical and physical properties of wood-plastic composites. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, 64, 94–104. doi: 10.3176/proc.2015.1S.05
   Google Scholar
• Klyosov, A. (2007) Wood-plastic composites. Wiley-Interscience. doi: 10.1002/9780470165935
   Google Scholar
• Lam, T. (2010) Recent Development of WPC in China. In Proceedings 11th International Conference on Biocomposites – Transition to Green Materials, 2–4 May 2010 (Toronto, ON, Canada), 32 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Li, R. (2000) Environmental degradation of wood-HDPE composite. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 70, 135–145. doi: 10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00099-9
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, J. L., Sain, M. and Cooper, P. (2006) Performance of natural-fiber-plastic composites under stress for outdoor applications: Effect of moisture, temperature, and ultraviolet light exposure. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 99, 2570–2577. doi: 10.1002/app.22884
   Google Scholar
• Machado, J. S., Santos, S., Pinho, F. F. S., Luis, F., Alves, A., Simões, R. and Rodrigues, J. C. (2016) Impact of high moisture conditions on the serviceability performance of wood plastic composite decks. Materials and Design. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.030.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, M. J. and Ascherl, F. (2007) Wood–Plastic Composite Durability and the Compelling Case for Field Testing. In 9th International Conference on Wood & Biofiber–Plastic Composites, 21–23 May (Madison, WI: Forest Products Society), pp. 217–224.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell, J. J., Stark, N. M., Pendleton, D. E. and McDonald, A. G. (2009) Durability of Wood-Plastic Composites. In Proceedings 10th International Conference on Wood and Biofiber Plastic Composites, 11–13 May, Madison, WI (Madison, WI: Forest Products Society), pp. 71–75.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, P. I. and Cooper, P. (1998) Recycled plastic/wood composite lumber attacked by fungi. Forest Products Journal, 48, 86–88.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdorfer, G. and Golser, M. (2005) Analysis of Environmental Impact on Highly Filled Wood Plastic Composites by Laboratory Simulation and Full-Scale Testing. In 8th International Conference on Woodfiber–Plastic Composites, 23–25 May (Madison, WI: Forest Products Society), pp. 197–205.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad, A. (1998) A quantitative analysis of low density polyethylene and linear low density polyethylene blends by differential scanning colorimetery and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy methods. Polymer Engineering and Science, 38(10), 1716–1728. doi: 10.1002/pen.10342
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2013) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. (Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Available at: http://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Riemslag, A. C. (1997) Crack Growth in Polyethylene. Thesis (PhD), Delft University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schauwecker, C., Morrell, J., McDonald, A., Armando, G. and Fabiyi, J. S. (2006) Degradation of a wood-plastic composite exposed under tropical conditions. Forest Products Journal, 56(11/12), 123–129.
   Google Scholar
• Scheffer, T. (1971) A climate index for estimating potential for decay in wood structures above ground. Forest Products Journal, 21(10), 25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Schirp, A., Ibach, R., Pendleton, D. E. and Wolcott, M. P. (2008) Biological degradation of wood-plastic composites (WPC) and strategies for improving the resistance of WPC against biological decay. ACS, 29, 480–507.
   Google Scholar
• Stark, N. M. and Matuana, L. M. (2004) Surface chemistry changes of weathered HDPE/wood-flour composites studied by XPS and FTIR spectroscopy. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 86, 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.11.002
   Google Scholar
• Sun, G., Ibach, R. E., Gnatowski, M., Glaeser, J., Leung, M. and Haight, J. (2014) Modern Instrumental Methods to Investigate the Mechanism of Biological Decay in Wood Plastic Composites. In Proceedings IRG Annual Meeting 11–15 May (St. George, UT), pp. 2–20.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, G., Ibach, R. E., Faillace, M., Gnatowski, M., Glaeser, J. and Haight, J. (2015) Laboratory and exterior decay of wood-plastic composite boards: Voids analysis and computed tomography. Wood Materials Science and Engineering, in press. doi: 10.1080/17480272.2016.1164755
   Google Scholar
• Taib, R. M., Zauzi, N. S., Ishak, Z. A. and Rozman, H. D. (2010) Effects of photo-stabilizers on the properties of recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) wood flour (WF) composites exposed to natural weathering. Malaysian Polymer Journal, 5(2), 193–203.
   Google Scholar
• Verhey, S. A., Laks, P. E., Richter, D. L., Keranen, E. D. and Larkin, G. M. (2003) Use of field stakes to evaluate the decay resistance of woodfiber–thermoplastic composites. Forest Products Journal, 53, 67–74.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C. J. K. (1990) Microfungi. In C. J. K. Wang and R. A. Zabel (eds.) Identification Manual for Fungi from Utility Poles in the Eastern United States (Lawrence, KS: Allen Press), pp. 105–348.
   Google Scholar
• Zerbi, G., Galiano, G., Fanti, N. D. and Baini, L. (1989) Structural depth profiling in polyethylene films by multiple internal reflection infra-red spectroscopy. Polymer, 30, 2324–2327. doi: 10.1016/0032-3861(89)90269-3
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, M., He, G., Lv, H., Cheng, Q., Zhang, X. and Song, W. (2012) Preliminary Life Span Study of Outdoor Wood-Plastic Composite Products. In 12th International Conference on Biocomposites, 6–8 May (Toronto, ON, Canada), 40 pp.
   Google Scholar