Short-term performance of wooden windows and facade elements made of thermally modified and non-modified Norway spruce in different natural environments

References

• Ayadi, N., Lejeune, F., Charrier, F., Charrier, B. and Merlin, A. (2003) Colour stability of heat treated wood during artificial weathering. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 61 (3), 221–226. doi: 10.1007/s00107-003-0389-2
   Google Scholar
• Bencsik, B., Kovács, Z. and Dénes, L. (2011) Sealing influence on windows air tightness performance. PRO LIGNO, 7 (4), 83–91.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. and Meyer-Veltrup, L. (2017) Durability of wood in ground contact – Effects of specimens size. PRO LIGNO, 13 (2), 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Connell, M. (2004) Issues Facing Preservative Suppliers in Changing Market for Treated Wood (COST E22, Brussels), 8 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Deka, M. and Petrič, M. (2008). Photo-degradation of water borne acrylic coated modified and non-modified wood during artificial light exposure. BioResources, 3 (2), 346–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EN 335 (2013) Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products – Use Classes: Definitions, Application to Solid Wood and Wood Based Panels.
   Google Scholar
• EN 350 (2016) Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products. Testing and Classification of the Durability to Biological Agents of Wood and Wood-Based Materials.
   Google Scholar
• EN 152-1 (1996) Test Methods for Wood Preservatives. Laboratory Methods for Determining the Protective Effectiveness of a Preservative Treatment Against Blue Stain in Service. Part 1: Brushing Procedure.
   Google Scholar
• Esteves, B. M. and Pereira, H. M. (2009) Wood modification by heat treatment: A review. Bioresources, 4 (1), 370–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobakken, L. R. and Alfredsen, G. (2018) In-service performance of wood claddings and windows – A Norwegian survey. IRG49 scientific conference on wood protection, Johannesburg, South Africa, 29 April–3 May 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Hon, D. N. S. (2001) Weathering and photochemistry of wood. In D. N. S. Hon and N. Shiraishi (eds.) Wood and Cellulosic Chemistry (2nd ed., New York, NY, Marcel Dekker), pp. 512–546.
   Google Scholar
• Hrovatin, J., Prekrat, S., Berginc, J., Šernek, M., Zupančič, A., Oblak, L. and Medved, S. (2013) Strength comparison of joints at window frames. Drewno, 56 (189), 127–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humar, M., Kržišnik, D., Lesar, B., Ugovšek, A., Rep, G., Šubic, B., Thaler, N. and Žlahtič, M. (2015). Monitoring of window, door, decking and façade elements made of thermally modified spruce wood in use. In M. Hughes (ed.) Proceedings of the Eight European Conference on Wood Modification: In Association with COST FP 1303 Performance of Bio-Based Building Materials (Paasitorni, Helsinki, Finland, 26–27 October 2015; Helsinki: Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology), pp. 419–426.
   Google Scholar
• Humar, M., Kržišnik, D., Lesar, B., Thaler, N., Ugovšek, A., Zupančič, K. and Žlahtič Zupanc, M. (2017) Thermal modification of wax-impregnated wood to enhance its physical, mechanical, and biological properties. Holzforschung: International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Wood, 71 (1), 57–64. doi: 10.1515/hf-2016-0063
   Google Scholar
• Kržišnik, D., Lesar, B., Thaler, N. and Humar, M., (2018). Micro and material climate monitoring in wooden buildings in sub-Alpine environments. Construction & Building Materials, 166, 188–195. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesar, B. and Humar, M. (2011) Use of wax emulsions for improvement of wood durability and sorption properties. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 69 (2), 231–238. doi: 10.1007/s00107-010-0425-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes, D. and Oksanen, O. (2002) ThermoWood Handbook. Thermowood, Finnforest, Stora Enso Timber.
   Google Scholar
• Otten, K. A., Brischke, C. and Meyer, C. (2017) Material moisture content of wood and cement mortars – Electrical resistance-based measurements in the high ohmic range. Construction and Building Materials, 153, 640–646. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rep, G., Pohleven, F. and Bucar, B. (2004) Characteristics of Thermally Modified Wood in Vacuum (The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No. IRG/WP 04-40287, Stockholm, Sweden).
   Google Scholar
• Rep, G., Pohleven, F. and Košmerl, S. (2012) Development of the industrial kiln for thermal wood modification by a procedure with an initial vacuum and commercialisation of modified Silvapro wood. In D. Jones et al. (eds) Proceedings, The Sixth European Conference on Wood Modification (Ljubljana, Slovenia, 17–18 September; Ljubljana: Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology), pp. 11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Sohngen, B., Mendelsohn, R. and Sedjo, R. (1999) Forest management, conservation, and global timber markets. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 81 (1), 1–13. doi: 10.2307/1244446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarantini, M., Dominici Loprieno, A. and Porta, P. L. (2011) A life cycle approach to green public procurement of building materials and elements: A case study on windows. Energy, 36, 2473–2482. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2011.01.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiis, T. K., Burud, I., Kraniotis, D. and Gobakken, L. R. (2016) Simulation of Surface Climate and Mould Growth on Wooden Façades, International Research Group on Wood Protection, p. 12.
   Google Scholar
• Ugovšek, A., Šubic, B., Rep, G. and Humar, M. (2015) Thermally modified wood – Applicable material for passive windows – Theory and practice. In W. Feist (ed.) 19th International Passive House Conference 2015, 17–18 April 2015 (Leipzig: Passive House Institute), pp. 241–245.
   Google Scholar
• Wagenführ, R. (1996) Holzatlas, Leipzig, Fachbuchverlag, pp. 688.
   Google Scholar
• Zink, P. and Fengel, D. (1989) Studies on the colouring matter of blue-stain fungi part 2. Electron Microscopic observations of the hyphae walls. Holzforschung, 43 (6), 371–374. doi: 10.1515/hfsg.1989.43.6.371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar