Protecting the heartwood of wood infrastructure – improving performance with borate dual treatments

References

• Amburgey, T. L. and Sanders, M. G. (2009) Tie dual treatments with TimBor and creosote or copper naphthenate. Crossties (Nov/Dec), Railroad Tie Association. Fayetteville, USA, 20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Amburgey, T. L., Watt, J. L. and Sanders, M. G. (2003) Extending the service life of wooden crossties by using pre-and supplemental preservative treatments. 15-year exposure report. Crossties (May/Jun), Railroad Tie Association. Fayetteville, USA, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. (2010) Norfolk Southern, RTA Showcase Long-Term Research. Crossties. (March/April) 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, L. (1967) Exposure Tests on Timborised Keruing Railway Sleepers. Borax report No:TR. 6742 (Denver, CO: Rio-Tino Minerals).
   Google Scholar
• Baker, C., Wilson, C., McFarling, S. M. and Morris, P. I. (2001) Pressure treatment of Canadian SPF with heated borate solutions. Proceedings Canadian Wood Preservation Association, 21, 69–78.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, H. M., Landers, J. R. W. and Williams, L. H. (1993) Thermal treatment of southern pine timbers with borates. Forest Products Journal, 43, 31–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavendamm, W. (1958) Bor im Holzschutz. Holzkonservierung, 1, 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bescher, R. H. (1977) Creosote crossties. Proceedings American Wood-Preservers’. Association, 73, 117–125.
   Google Scholar
• Bolin, C. A. and Smith, S. T. (2013) Life cycle assessment of creosote-treated wooden railroad crossties in the U.S. with comparisons to concrete and plastic composite railroad crossties. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 3, 149–161. doi: 10.4236/jtts.2013.32015
   Google Scholar
• Bollmus, S., Rangno, N., Militz, H. and Gellerich, A. (2012) Analyses of Premature Failure of Utility Poles. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No. IRG/WP 12-40584.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, D. R. (1959) Boron as a Wood Preservative. Proceedings , Annual Convention of the British Wood Preserving Association, Cambridge, 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Cockroft, R. and Levy, J. F. (1973) Bibliography on the use of boron compounds in the preservation of wood. Journal of Institute of Wood Science, 6, 28–37.
   Google Scholar
• Dicker, P. E., Dickinson, D. J., Edlund, M.-L. and Henningsson, B. (1983) Borate Diffusion Techniques for the in situ Treatment of Joinery. Proceedings, Annual Convention of the British Wood Preserving Association, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson, D. J., Morris, P. I. and Calver, B. (1988) The Secondary Treatment of Creosoted Electricity Poles with Fused Boron Rods. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No. IRG/WP/3485.
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson, D. J. and Murphy, R. J. (1989) Development of Boron-Based Wood Preservatives. British Wood Preserving and Damp Proofing Association’s Annual Convention, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson, D. J. and Murphy, R. J. (1991) The Cause and Control of Pretreatment Decay in Home Grown Poles. Proceedings of the British Wood Preserving and Damp Proofing Association’s Annual Convention, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• ECETOC (1995) Reproductive and General Toxicology of some Inorganic Borates and Risk Assessment for Human Beings. Technical Report No. 63. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• EC European Commision (2012) Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR) 528/2012/EEC (Strasbourg, France: European Commission).
   Google Scholar
• EN 20-1 (1992) Wood Preservatives; Determination of the Effectiveness Against Lyctus Brunneus (Stephens); Part 1: Application by Surface Treatment (Laboratory Method) (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization (CEN)).
   Google Scholar
• EN 20-2 (1993) Wood Preservatives; Determination of the Protective Effectiveness Against Lyctus Brunneus (Stephens); Part 2: Application by Impregnation (Laboratory Method) (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization (CEN)).
   Google Scholar
• EN 113 (1996) Wood Preservatives - Method of Test for Determining the Potective Effectiveness Against Wood Destroying Basidiomycetes - Determination of the Toxic Values (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization (CEN)).
   Google Scholar
• EN 47 (2016) Wood Preservatives – Determination of the Toxic Values Against Larvae of Hylotrupes Bajulus (Linnaeus) – (Laboratory Method) (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization (CEN)).
   Google Scholar
• EN 49-1 (2016) Wood Preservatives – Determination of the Protective Effectiveness Against Anobium Punctatum (De Geer) by egg-Laying and Larval Survival – Part 1: Application by Surface Treatment (Laboratory Method) (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization (CEN)).
   Google Scholar
• EN 49-2 (2015) Wood Preservatives – Determination of the Protective Effectiveness Against Anobium Punctatum (De Geer) by egg-Laying and Larval Survival – Part 2: Application by Impregnation (Laboratory Method) (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization (CEN)).
   Google Scholar
• EN 118 (2014) Wood Preservatives – Determination of Preventive Action Against Reticulitermes Species (European Termites) (Laboratory Method) (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization (CEN)).
   Google Scholar
• EN 599-1 (2014) Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products – Efficacy of Preventive Wood Preservatives as Determined by Biological Tests – Part 1: Specification According to use Class (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization (CEN)).
   Google Scholar
• Falck, R. and Ketkar, V. (1934) Prüfung und Schutzwertbestimmung der Feuerschutzmittel des Holzes. Hausschwammforschungen, Jena 1 Heft 46, cited by Cockroft, R. Levy, J.F. (1973). Bibliography on the use of boron compounds in the preservation of wood. Journal of Institute of Wood Science, 6, 28–37.
   Google Scholar
• Fowlie, D. A., Walcheski, P. J. and Preston, A. F. (1988) Borate diffusion treatments of Douglas-fir lumber. Proceedings on American Wood Protection Association, 84, 156–172.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, R. D. and Corden, M. E. (1982) Conserving energy by safe and environmentally acceptable practices in maintaining and procuring transmission poles for long service. 2nd Annual report. Oregon State University. Cited by Taylor J.A. (1985). Kiln drying of poles as a means of solving the problem of pre-treatment decay. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No: IRG/WP/1263.
   Google Scholar
• Gregori, P. (2018) Sleepers Comparative LCA. Presentation for SNCF, Infrabel, CCB Quantis. Personal Communication. Project Manager, SNCF Reseau. Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Henningsson, B., Friis-Hansen, H., Käärik, A. and Edlund, E. (1989) Remedial Ground Line Treatment of CCA Poles in Service. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No: IRG/WP/3534.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-W., Kose, C., Taylor, A. M. and Lloyd, J. D. (2011) Ambient Temperature Borate Dip-Diffusion Treatment of Green Railroad Crossties. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG-WP 11-40556.
   Google Scholar
• Lebow, S., Lebow, P. and Halverson, S. (2010) Penetration of boron from topically applied borate solutions. Forest Products Journal, 60, 13–22. doi: 10.13073/0015-7473-60.1.13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebow, S. T. and Morrell, J. J. (1989) Penetration of boron in Douglas-fir and western hemlock lumber. Forest Products Journal, 39, 67–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. D., Brischke, C., Bennett, R. and Taylor, A. M. (2018) Dual borate and copper naphthenate treatment of bridge timbers – potential cost savings by various performance enhancements. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 13, 122–128. doi: 10.1080/17480272.2017.1383512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. D. (1993) The Mechanisms of Action of Boron-Containing Wood Preservatives. Doctoral thesis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. London, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. D. (1998) Borates and their Biological Applications. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG-WP 98-30178.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. D. (1997) International Status of Borate Preservative Systems. Second International Conference on Wood Protection by Diffusible Preservatives and Pesticides, Nov. 6–8. 1996, Mobile, AL. Forest Products Society, Madison, 45–54.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. D., Nunes, L. and van den Meiracker, K. G. (2013) Mechanisms of Action and Use of borates in Termite control. Proceedings American Wood Preservers’ Association, 109, 120–124.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. D., Chambers, T. and Kim, J.-W. (2014) Cost effective Extension of Service Life of Bridge Ties (Sleepers) – Effectively Applying Borate During Boulton Conditioning and Treatment with Copper Naphthenate. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG-WP 14-30637.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, J. D., Brischke, C., Bennett, R. and Taylor, A. M. (2017) Dual Borate and Copper Naphthenate Treatment of Bridge Timbers: Potential Performance Enhancements and Cost Savings. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG-WP 17-40797.
   Google Scholar
• MacLean, J. D. (1933) Experiments with the Boulton Process in the Treatment of Green Southern Pine Poles (Chicago: American Wood Preservers’ Association).
   Google Scholar
• Mills, G. B., Neil, W. G. and Streetman, C. (1965) Report on project ME9/64. Proceedings American Wood Preservers’ Association, 61, 140–162.
   Google Scholar
• Morrell, J., Cordon, M., Graham, R., Kropp, B., Przybylowcz, P., Smith, S. and Sexton, C. (1987) Basidiomycete colonization of air-seasoned Douglas fir Poles. Proceedings American Wood Preservers’ Association, 83, 284–294.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, P. I., Byrne, A. and Minchin, D. R. (1996) Achieving ‘‘shell’’ or ‘‘complete’’ penetration of western hemlock and Pacific silver fir with borates by pressure/diffusion treatments. Forest Products Journal, 46, 51–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panek, E. (1963) Pretreatments for the protection of southern Yellow pine Poles during air-seasoning. Proceedings American Wood Preservers’ Association, 59, 189–202.
   Google Scholar
• PMRA Re-evaluation Decision RVD2016-01, Boric Acid and its Salts (Boron), 22 July 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Puettmann, M. E. and Schmidt, E. L. (1997) Boron diffusion treatment of aspen lumber stored under various relative humidities. Forest Products Journal, 47, 47–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribera, J., Gandía, M., Marcos, J. F., Bas, M. d., Fink, S. and Schwarze, F. W. M. R. (2017) Effect of Trichoderma-enriched organic charcoal in the integrated wood protection strategy. PLoS ONE, 12, e0183004. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, B. A. (1978) Wood Preservation (Lancashire, London &. New York: The Construction Press).
   Google Scholar
• Roff, J. W. (1984) Boron Diffusion Treatment of Packaged Utility Grade Lumber Arrests Decay in Storage. Information report VP-X-125. Canadian Dept. Environment. Western Forest Products Laboratory (later Forintek, now FP Innovations), Vancouver Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. T. and McIntyre, C. R. (2011) Life Cycle Assessment Comparison of Treated Wood to Alternate Materials – Overview, Results and Lessons. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG-WP 11-50282.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. N. and Williams, A. I. (1969) Wood preservation by the boron diffusion process: The effect of moisture content on diffusion time. Journal of Institute of Wood Science, 22, 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Schoeman, M. W., Dickinson, D. J. and Lloyd, J. D. (1997) Control of Post-harvest Deterioration of Logs. Second International Conference on Wood Protection by Diffusible Preservatives and Pesticides, Nov. 6-8. 1996, Mobile, AL. Forest Products Society, Madison, 45–54.
   Google Scholar
• Schoeman, M. W., Lloyd, J. D. and Manning, M. J. (1998) Movement of Borates in a Range of Timber Species at Various Moisture Contents. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG-WP 98-30181.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. A. (1985) Kiln drying of Poles as a Means of Solving the Problem of Pre-treatment Decay in Poles. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG/WP/1263.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, A., Bennett, R. M., Harper, D. P. and Lloyd, J. D. (2017) Impacts of preservative ports on bridge tie strength. Forest Products Journal, 67(No. ½), 24–28. doi: 10.13073/FPJ-D-16-00009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, A. M. and Lloyd, J. D. (2009) Phytosanitation of railway crossties with a hot borate solution immersion treatment. Forest Products Journal, 59, 76–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, A. M., Jordan, B. and Lloyd, J. D. (2013) Pretreatment Decay, Strength Loss and their Prevention in Railroad Ties. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG/WP 13-30610.
   Google Scholar
• Townsend, P. and Wagner, C. (2002) Timber as a Building Material-An Environmental Comparison Against Synthetic Building Materials (Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia: National Association of Forest Industries Ltd).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Morris, P. I., McFarling, S. and Byrne, T. (2007) Developments in Borate Treatment of Canadian Species for Decay and Termite Resistance. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Document No: IRG/WP 07-30443.
   Google Scholar
• Wikander, N. (1982) The influence of storage conditions on creosote treatment of European redwood transmission Poles. International Journal of Wood Preservation, 2, 165–168.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox, W. W. (1978) Review of literature on the effects of early stages of decay on wood strength. Wood and Fiber, 9, 252–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel, R. A., Lombard, F. F. and Kenderes, A. M. (1980) Fungi associated with decay in treated Douglas fir transmission Poles in the north eastern United States. Forest Products Journal, 30, 51–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeta-Tech (2011) Determination of Introduction of Dual Treatment (Borate-Creosote) Ties on Average Tie Life and Wood Tie Life Cycle Costs (Cherry Hill, NJ: The Railway Tie Association (RTA)).
   Google Scholar