The effect of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) steaming process on the colour change versus depth of tested wood layer

References

• Abrahão, C. P. (2005) Estimation for some properties of the wood of Eucalyptus urophylla by spectrometry. Thesis (PhD) Federal University of Viçosa, Brasil.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S. and Arocho, I. (2021) Analysis of cost comparison and effects of change orders during construction: Study of a mass timber and a concrete building project. Journal of Building Engineering, 33, 101856. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranski, J., Konopka, A., Vilkovská, T., Klement, I. and Vilkovský, P. (2020) Deformation and surface color changes of beech and oak wood lamellas resulting from the drying process. Bioresources, 15(4), 8965–8980. doi:10.15376/biores.15.4.8965-8980.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcík, Š, Gašparík, M. and Razumov, E. Y. (2015) Effect of temperature on the color changes of wood during thermal modification. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 49(9–10), 789–798.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekhta, P., Proszyk, S., Krystofiak, T., Sedliacik, J., Novak, I. and Mamonova, M. (2017) Effects of short-term thermomechanical densification on the structure and properties of wood veneers. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 12(1), 40–54. doi:10.1080/17480272.2015.1009488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, B. H. and Espinoza, O. (2016) A decade of improved lumber drying technology. Current Forestry Reports, 2(2), 106–118. doi:10.1007/s40725-016-0034-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukauskas, A., Mayencourt, P., Shepherd, P., Sharma, B., Mueller, C., Walker, P. and Bregulla, J. (2019) Whole timber construction: A state of the art review. Construction and Building Materials, 213, 748–769. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cividini, R., Travan, L. and Allegretti, O. (2007) White beech: A tricky problem in the drying process. 24–26 September, Québec City, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Colak, S., Colakoglu, G. and Aydin, I. (2007) Effects of logs steaming, veneer drying and aging on the mechanical properties of laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Building and Environment, 42, 93–98. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geffert, A., Výbohová, E. and Geffertová, J. (2017) Characterization of the changes of colour and some wood components on the surface of steamed beech wood. Acta Facultatis Xylologiae Zvolen, 59(1), 49–57. doi:10.17423/afx.2017.59.1.05.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez de Cademartori, P. H., Schneid, E., Gatto, D. A., Stangerlin, D. M. and Beltrame, R. (2013) Thermal modification of Eucalyptus grandis wood: Variation of colorimetric parameters. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología, 15(1), 57–64. doi:10.4067/S0718-221X2013005000005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Igaz, R., Kminiak, R., Krišák, L., Němec, M. and Gergeľ, T. (2019) Methodology of temperature monitoring in the process of CNC machining of solid wood. Sustainability, 11, 95. doi:10.3390/su11010095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISO 11664-2 (2007) Colorimetry – Part 2: CIE Standard Illuminants (Geneva: International Organization for Standardization).
   Google Scholar
• ISO 11664-4 (2019) Colorimetry — Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour Space (Geneva: International Organization for Standardization).
   Google Scholar
• Kacíková, D., Kubowský, I., Ulbriková, N. and Kačík, F. (2020) The impact of thermal treatment on structural changes of teak and iroko wood lignist. Applied Sciences, 10, 5021. doi:10.3390/app10145021.
   Google Scholar
• Klement, I. and Vilkovská, T. (2019) Color characteristics of red false heartwood and mature wood of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) determining by different chromacity coordinates. Sustainability, 11(3), 690. doi:10.3390/su11030690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klement, I., Vilkovská, T., Uhrín, M., Barański, J. and Konopka, A. (2019a) Impact of high temperature drying process on beech wood containing tension wood. Open Engineering, 9(1), 428–433. doi:10.1515/eng-2019-0047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klement, I., Vilkovská, T., Baranski, J. and Konopka, A. (2019b) The impact of drying and steaming processes on surface color changes of tension and normal beech wood. Drying Technology, 37(12), 1490–1497. doi:10.1080/07373937.2018.1509219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kminiak, R., Orlowski, K. A., Dzurenda, L., Chuchala, D. and Banski, A. (2020) Effect of thermal treatment of birch wood by saturated water vapor on granulometric composition of chips from sawing and milling processes from the point of view of its processing to composites. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 7545. doi:10.3390/app10217545.
   Google Scholar
• Kudela, J. (2009) Permanent changes to structure and properties of beech and ash wood after its hydrothermal plasticization. Part I: Changes in selected properties. Folia Forestalia Polonica, Series B, 40, 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Kudra, V. S., Vitter, R. M. and Gaida, Y. I. (2003) Effect of false heart on the quality of beech wood. Lesnoe Khozyaistvo, 5, 23–24.
   Google Scholar
• McCurdy, M. C., Pang, S. and Keey, R. B. (2005) Measurement of colour development in Pinus radiata sapwood boards during drying at various schedule. Maderas. Ciencia y Technologia, 7(2), 79–85.
   Google Scholar
• McCurdy, M. C., Pang, S. and Keey, R. B. (2006) Surface colour change in wood during drying above and below fibre saturation point. Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnología, 8(1), 31–40. doi:10.4067/S0718-221X2006000100004.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, A. G., Fernandez, M., Kreber, B. and Laytner, F. (2000) The chemical nature of kiln brown stain in Radiata pine. Holzforschung, 54, 12–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miebach, F. (2018) Design ideas for solid timber bridges. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 13(3), 184–189. doi:10.1080/17480272.2018.1463291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemeth, R., Hill, A. S. C., Takats, P. and Tolvaj, L. (2016) Chemical changes of wood during steaming measured by IR spectroscopy. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 11(2), 95–101. doi:10.1080/17480272.2014.961169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peker, H., Tan, H. and Ersen, N. (2015) Effects of steaming, drying temperature, and adhesive type on static bending properties of LVL made of Picea orientalis and Abies nordmanniana veneers. BioResources, 10(1), 79–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg, D., Haller, P. and Navi, P. (2013) Thermo-hydro and thermo-hydro-mechanical wood processing: An opportunity for future environmentally friendly wood products. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 8(1), 64–88. doi:10.1080/17480272.2012.751935.
   Google Scholar
• Sekularac, J. I., Sekularac, N. and Tovarovic, J. C. (2012) Wood as element of façade cladding in modern architecture. Technics Technologies Education Management, 7(3), 1304–1310.
   Google Scholar
• Sekularac, J. I., Tovarovic, J. C. and Sekularac, N. (2016) Application of wood as an element of façade cladding in construction and reconstruction of architectural objects to improve their energy efficiency. Energy and Buildings, 115, 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.03.047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotayo, A., Bradley, D., Bather, M., Sareh, P., Oudjene, M., El-Houjeyri, I., Harte, A. M., Mehra, S., O'Ceallaigh, C., Haller, P., Namari, S., Makradi, A., Belouettar, S., Bouhala, L., Deneufbourg, F. and Guan, Z. (2020) Review of state of the art of dowel laminated timber members and densified wood materials as sustainable engineered wood products for construction and building applications. Developments in the Built Environment, 1, 100004. doi:10.1016/j.dibe.2019.100004.
   Google Scholar
• Šprdlík, V., Brabec, M., Mihailović, S. and Rademacher, P. (2016) Plasticity increase of beech veneer by steaming and gaseous ammonia treatment. Maderas. Ciencia y Technologa, 18(1), 91–98. doi:10.4067/S0718-221X2016005000009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timar, M. C., Varodi, A., Hacibektasoglu, M. and Campean, M. (2016) Color and FTIR analysis of chemical changes in beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) after light steaming and heat treatment in two different environments. Bioresources, 11(4), 8325–8343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolvaj, L., Papp, G., Varga, D. and Lang, E. (2012) Effect of steaming on the colour change of softwoods. Bioresources, 7(3), 2799–2808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varga, D. and van der Zee, M. E. (2008) Influence of steaming on selected wood properties of four hardwood species. Holz als Roh und Werkstoff, 66, 11–18. doi:10.1007/s00107-007-0205-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, R. S., Bond, B. H. and Chen, Z. (2013) Steam bending of wood; embellishments to an ancient technique. BioResources, 8(4), 4793–4796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilgor, N., Unsal, O. and Kartal, S. N. (2001) Physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of steamed beech wood. Forest Products Journal, 51(11/12), 89–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar