Discoloration of heat-treated and untreated red alder wood in outdoor, transitional and indoor space

References

• Ahajji, A., et al., 2009. Influence of heat treatment on antioxidant properties and colour stability of beech and spruce wood and their extractives. Wood Science and Technology, 43, 69–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, E.L., et al., 1991. Infrared studies of wood weathering: part I. Softwoods. Applied Spectroscopy, 45 (4), 641–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anish, M.C., et al., 2023. Influences of extractives and thermal modification on the UV resistance of Albizia lebbeck wood. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 18 (2), 540–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM D1006/D1006M-13, 2013. Standard practice for conducting exterior exposure tests of paints on wood. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
   Google Scholar
• Ayadi, N., et al., 2003. Color stability of heat-treated wood during artificial weathering. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 61 (3), 221–226.
   Google Scholar
• Beattie, J.R., and Esmonde-White, F.W.L., 2021. Exploration of principal component analysis: deriving principal component analysis visually using spectra. Applied Spectroscopy, 75 (4), 361–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekhta, P., and Niemz, P., 2003. Effect of high temperature on the change in color, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of spruce wood. Holzforschung, 57 (5), 539–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cetera, P., et al., 2019. Thermo-treatment affects Quercus cerris L. wood properties and the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of its by-product extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 130, 380–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, T.C., et al., 2010. Influences of extractives on the photodegradation of wood. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 95 (4), 516–521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H.T., and Chang, S.T., 2001. Correlation between softwood discoloration induced by accelerated lightfastness testing and by indoor exposure. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 72 (2), 361–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chathoth, A.M., et al., 2022. Influences of extractives and thermal modification on the UV resistance of Albizia lebbeck wood. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 24, 540–548.
   Google Scholar
• Cirule, D., et al., 2016. Spectral sensitivity of thermally modified and unmodified wood. Bioresources, 11 (1), 324–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirule, D., et al., 2021. Photodegradation of unmodified and thermally modified wood due to indoor lighting. Forests, 12 (8), 1060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirule, D., et al., 2022a. Wood photosensitivity to different artificial light sources. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 80 (6), 1507–1519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirule, D., et al., 2022b. Wood discoloration patterns depending on the light source. Heritage Science, 10 (1), 158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirule, D., Kuka, E., and Antons, A., 2015. Disparity in discolouration of thermally modified wood exposed to solar and artificial ultraviolet irradiation. Rural Sustainability Research, 34 (329), 12–20.
   Google Scholar
• CNSA GB/T36744-2018, 2018. Forecasting method for ultraviolet index. Beijing: China National Standardization Administration (CNSA).
   Google Scholar
• Colom, X., et al., 2003. Structural analysis of photodegraded wood by means of FTIR spectroscopy. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 80 (3), 543–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, T., Peng, W.W., and Li, T., 2017. Mechanism of color change of heat-treated white ash wood by means of FTIR and XPS analyses (in Chinese). Journal of Forestry Engineering, 2 (5), 25–30.
   Google Scholar
• Esteves, B., et al., 2008. Heat-induced colour changes of pine (Pinus pinaster) and eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus) wood. Wood Science and Technology, 42, 369–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteves, B., and Pereira, H., 2009. Wood modification by heat treatment: a review. Bioresources, 4 (1), 370–404.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feist, W. C. and Hon, D. N. S., 1984. Chapter 11: Chemistry of weathering and protection. In: R. M. Rowell, ed. The chemistry of solid wood. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 401–451.
   Google Scholar
• Filho, H.L., et al., 2013. Colour stability of aesthetic brackets: ceramic and plastic. Australian Orthodontic Journal, 29 (1), 13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Pena, M.M., and Hale, M.D.C., 2009. Colour in thermally modified wood of beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine: part 1. Colour evolution and colour changes. Holzforschung, 63 (4), 385–393.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C., Altgen, M., and Rautkari, L., 2021. Thermal modification of wood—a review: chemical changes and hygroscopicity. Journal of Materials Science, 56 (11), 6581–6614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hon, D. N. S., 2001. Chapter 11: weathering and photochemistry of wood. In: D. N. S. Hon and N. Shiraishi, eds. Wood and cellulosic chemistry, second edition, revised and expanded. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc, 513–546.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, X.A., et al., 2012a. A spectrocolorimetric and chemical study on color modification of heat-treated wood during artificial weathering. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 258 (14), 5360–5369.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, X.A., et al., 2012b. Study of the degradation behavior of heat-treated jack pine (Pinus banksiana) under artificial sunlight irradiation. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 97 (7), 1197–1214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kačík, F., et al., 2023. Colour and chemical changes of black locust wood during heat treatment. Forests, 14 (1), 73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataoka, V., et al., 2007. Violet light causes photodegradation of wood beyond the zone affected by ultraviolet radiation. Holzforschung, 61 (1), 23–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennepohl, D., Farmer, S., and Reusch, W., 2023. Chapter 11: Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry. In: Wade Textmap, ed. Organic chemistry. Open Education Resource LibreTexts Project, 11.5.2.
   Google Scholar
• Kropat, M., Hubbe, M., and Laleicke, P.F., 2020. Natural, accelerated, and simulated weathering of wood: a review. Bioresources, 15 (4), 9998–10062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kržišnik, D., et al., 2018. Influence of natural and artificial weathering on the colour change of different wood and wood-based materials. Forests, 9 (8), 488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo, M.L., et al., 1988. Applications of infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy for wood samples. Wood and Fiber Science, 20 (1), 132–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X.W., et al., 2020. Effects of UV light irradiation on color changes in thermally modified rubber wood based on FTIR. Bioresources, 15 (3), 5179–5197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miklečić, J., et al., 2011. Discolouration of thermally modified wood during simulated indoor sunlight exposure. Bioresources, 6 (1), 434–446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsui, K., Murata, A., and Tolvaj, L., 2004. Changes in the properties of light-irradiated wood with heat treatment: part 3. Monitoring by DRIFT spectroscopy. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 62 (3), 164–168.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, U., et al., 2003. Yellowing and IR-changes of spruce wood as result of UV-irradiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 69 (2), 97–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, T., Kawamoto, H., and Saka, S., 2007. Condensation reactions of some lignin-related compounds at relatively low pyrolysis temperature. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 27 (2), 121–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 2008. What is solar irradiance? https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sdo/science/Solar%20Irradiance.html.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, K.K., and Vuorinen, T., 2008. Comparative study of photodegradation of wood by a UV laser and a xenon light source. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93 (12), 2138–2146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulsson, M., and Parkås, J., 2012. Review: light-induced yellowing of lignocellulosic pulps – mechanisms and preventive methods. Bioresources, 7 (4), 5995.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piernik, M., et al., 2022. Color as an indicator of properties in thermally modified Scots pine sapwood. Materials, 15 (16), 5776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivrikayaa, H., et al., 2019. Color change and emission of volatile organic compounds from Scots pine exposed to heat and vacuum-heat treatment. Journal of Building Engineering, 26, 100918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stark, N. M., Yelle, D. J., and Agarwal, U. P., 2016. Chapter 4: techniques for characterizing lignin. In: O. Faruk and M. Sain, eds. Lignin in polymer composites. Oxford: Elsevier, 49–66.
   Google Scholar
• Sturgeon, M.R., et al., 2014. A mechanistic investigation of acid-catalyzed cleavage of aryl-ether linkages: implications for lignin depolymerization in acidic environments. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 2 (3), 472–485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidholdová, Z., and Slabejová, G., 2021. Colour stabilisation of surface of four thermally modified woods with saturated water vapour by finishes. Polymers, 13 (19), 3373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikberg, H., and Maunu, S.L., 2004. Characterisation of thermally modified hard- and softwoods by 13C CPMAS NMR. Carbohydrate Polymers, 58 (4), 461–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wikipedia Ultraviolet, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultraviolet&oldid=1119446347.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. S., 2005. Chapter 7: weathering of wood. In: R. M. Rowell, ed. Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 135–181.
   Google Scholar
• Yamauchi, S., Iijima, Y., and Doi, S., 2005. Spectrochemical characterization by FT-Raman spectroscopy of wood heat-treated at low temperatures: Japanese larch and beech. Journal of Wood Science, 51 (5), 498–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildiz, S., et al., 2013. Effect of artificial weathering on the properties of heat treated wood. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 98 (8), 1419–1427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildiz, S., Yildiz, U.C., and Tomak, E.D., 2011. The effects of natural weathering on the properties of heat-treated alder wood. Bioresources, 6 (3), 2504–2521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, Y.F., Berglund, L., and Salmen, L., 2011. Effect of steam treatment on the properties of wood cell walls. Biomacromolecules, 12 (1), 194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zivkovic, V., et al., 2014. Spectral sensitivity in the photodegradation of fir wood (Abies alba Mill.) surfaces: colour changes in natural weathering. Wood Science and Technology, 48 (2), 239–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar