99
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Evaluation of full-sized and thick cross-laminated timber using in-line non-destructive techniques

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 660-673 | Received 25 Jul 2023, Accepted 25 Oct 2023, Published online: 29 Nov 2023

References

  • ANSYS, 2020. Academic research mechanical, release 21.1 (R1). Canonsburg: ANSYS Inc.
  • Blass, H., and Fellmoser, P., 2004. Design of solid wood panels with cross layers.
  • Bondsman, B., et al., 2022. Modal analysis of CLT beams: Measurements and predictive simulations. In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics (C. Press Ed.).
  • Bos, F., and Casagrande, S.B., 2003. On-line non-destructive evaluation and control of wood-based panels by vibration analsysis. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 268, 403–412.
  • Brancheriau, L., 2022. Acoustic vibration modelling of wooden thick orthotropic plates. France: CIRAD Dataverse.
  • Brancheriau, L., and Bailleres, H., 2002. Natrural vibration analysis of clear wooden beams: a theoretical review. Wood Science and Technology, 36, 347–365.
  • Brandner, R., 2013. Production and Technology of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT): a state-of-the-art Report. European Conference on Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), 1.
  • Brandner, R., et al., 2016. Cross laminated timber (CLT): overview and development. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 74 (3), 331–351.
  • Brashaw, B.K., and Yin, Y., 2009. Nondestructive testing and evaluation of wood: a worldwide research update. Forest Product Journal, 59 (3), 7–14.
  • Bucar, D.G., and Bucar, B., 2011. Strength grading of structural timber using the single mode transverse damped vibration method. Wood Research, 56 (1), 67–76.
  • Buka-Vaivade, K., et al., 2017. Experimental verification of design procedure for elements from cross-laminated timber. Procedia Engineering, 172, 1212–1219.
  • Cao, Y., et al., 2019. Evaluation of the effect of knots on rolling shear strength of cross laminated timber (CLT). Construction and Building Materials, 222, 579–587.
  • Dackermann, U., et al., 2013. In situ assessment of structural timber using stress-wave measurements. Materials and Structures, 47 (5), 787–803.
  • Deobald, L.R., and Gibson, R.F., 1988. Determination of elastic constants of orthotropic plates by a modal analysis/ Rayleigh-Ritz technique. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 124 (2), 269–283.
  • Dinno, A., 2015. Nonparametric pairwise multiple comparisons in independent groups using Dunn's test. The Stata Journal, 15 (1), 292–300.
  • Eaton, J.W., 2002. Gnu Octave Manual. Network Theory Limited, version 5.1.0 (2019).
  • EN16351, 2015. Timber structures – cross laminated timber – requirements. BSI Standards Publication.
  • EN408, 2010. Timber structures – structural timber and glued laminated timber – Determination of some physical and mechanical properties. British Standard.
  • Faircloth, A., et al., 2021. Experimental modal analysis of appropriate boundary conditions for the evaluation of cross-laminated timber panels for an In-line approach. Forest Products Journal, 71 (2), 161–170.
  • Gagnon, S., and Pirvu, C., 2011. CLT Handbook: cross-laminated timber. FPInnovations.
  • Guan, C., et al., 2017. Experimental and theoretical modal analysis of full-sized wood composite panels supported on four nodes. MPDI.
  • Heaton, J., 2013. Artificial intelligence for humans. Washington University, United States: Heaton Research, Inc.
  • Hutton, D., 2004. Fundamentals of finite element analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 494.
  • Kawrza, M., et al., 2021. Parameter identification for a point-supported cross laminated timber slab based on experimental and numerical modal analysis. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 79, 317–333.
  • Keppel, G., 1991. Design and analysis: a reseracher's handbook (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Kremer, P., and Symmons, M., 2018. Perceived barriers to the widespread adoption of mass timber construction: an Australian construction industry case study. Mass Timber Construction Journal, 1, 1–8.
  • Love, A.E.H., 1906. A treatise on the mathematical theory of elasticity. Cambridge: Cambridge University - at the University Press, 2, 3–29.
  • Machado, J.S., and Palma, P., 2014. Predicting the mechanical behaviour of solid pine timber elements through non and semi-desctructive methods. In: World timber engineering conference 2010.
  • MATLAB, 2020. version 9.8.0.1380330 (R2020a). The MathWorks Inc.
  • McGavin, R.L., Dakin, T., and Shanks, J., 2020. Mass-timber construction in Australia: is CLT the only answer? BioResources, 15 (3), 4642–4645.
  • Mindlin, R.D., 1951. Influence of rotary inertia and shear on flexural motions of isotropic, elastic plates. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 18, 31–38. Available from: https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10004540844/en/.
  • Muthurajan, K.G., Sanakaranarayanasamy, K., and Rao, B., 2004. Evaluation of elastic constants of specially orthotropic plates through vibration testing. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 272, 413–424.
  • Nelder, A., and Mead, R., 1965. A simplex method for function minimization. The Computer Journal, 7 (4), 308–313.
  • Onate, E., 2013. Structural analysis with the finite element model. Volume 2. Beams, plates and shells. Berlin: Springer, 864.
  • Opazo-Vega, A., et al., 2021. Non-Destructive assessment of the elastic properties of Low-grade CLT panels. MDPI, 12 (12), 1–24.
  • Paradis, S., Brancheriau, L., and Bailleres, H., 2017. BING: beam identification by non-destructive grading. CIRAD - BING software.
  • Reissner, E., 1976. On the theory of transverse bending of elastic plates. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 12 (8), 545–554.
  • Ross, J.R., 2015. Nondestructive evaluation of wood: Second Edition. General technical report FPL-GTR-238, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 169p.
  • Santoni, A., et al., 2017. Determination of the elastic and stiffness characteristics of cross-laminated timber plates from flexural wave velocity measurements. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 400, 387–401.
  • Shirmohammadi, M., Faircloth, A., and Redman, A., 2020. Determining acoustic and mechanical properties of Australian native hardwood species for guitar fretboard production. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 78, 1161–1171.
  • So, S., et al., 2022. Development of a non-destructive evaluation system for mass timber panels. Griffith University Brisbane 2022-06-01. Available from: https://griffithuni.on.worldcat.org/oclc/1343864234.
  • Steiger, R., Gluzow, D., and Czaderski, C., 2012. Comparison of bending stiffness of cross-laminated solid timber derived by modal analysis of full panels and by bending tests of strip-shaped specimens. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 70, 141–153.
  • Steiger, R., Gulzow, D., and Gsell, A., 2010. Non-destructive evaluation of elastic materail properties of cross-lamianted timber (CLT). In: World conference on timber engineering 2010.
  • Szilard, R., 2004. Theories and applications of plate analysis: classical, numerical, and engineering methods.
  • Team, R. C. (2020). R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/
  • Timoshenko, S.P., 1922. On the transverse vibrations of bars of uniform cross-section. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 43 (253), 125–131.
  • Timoshenko, S.P., and Woinowsky-Kreiger, S., 1959. Theory of plates and shells. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2.
  • USDA, 2010. Wood Handbook - wood and an engineering material. United States Department of Agriculture - Forest Products Laboratory, 101–102.
  • Vacher, P., Jacquier, B., and Bucharles, A., 2010. Extensions of the MAC criterion to complex modes. In: Proceedings of ISMA2010 including USD2010, noise and vibration engineering(24th), 2713–2716.
  • Wang, J.Y., and Morrell, J.J., 2018. Durability of mass timber structures: a review of the biological risks. Wood and Fiber Science, 50, 111–127.
  • Zhou, J., et al., 2016a. Elastic properties of full-size mass timber panels: characterization using modal testing and comparison with model predictions. Composites Part B: Engineering, 112, 203–212.
  • Zhou, J., et al., 2016b. Simultaneous measurement of elastic constants of full-size engineered wood-based panels by modal testing. Holzforschung, 70 (7), 673–682.
  • Zhou, J., et al., 2017. Comparative study on measurement of elastic constants of wood-based panels using modal testing: choice of boundary conditions and calculation methods. Journal of Wood Science, 63, 523–538.
  • Zhou, J., et al., 2020. Effective bending and shear stiffness of cross-laminated timber by modal testing: method development and application. Composites Part B Engineering, 198, 1–11.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.